不同镇痛方法对子宫切除术后病人血清细胞因子和HSP70水平的影响

目的 评价不同镇痛方法对子宫切除术后患者血清细胞因子IL-6、IL-10和热休克蛋白70（HSP70）水平的影响。方法 择期行子宫切除术患者48例，随机分为4组（n=12）；术后分别采用罗哌卡因混合芬太尼硬膜外镇痛（Ⅰ组）；芬太尼静脉镇痛（Ⅱ组）；罗哌卡因混合曲马多硬膜外镇痛（Ⅲ组）；曲马多静脉镇痛（Ⅳ组）。所有患者均行硬膜外麻醉，手术关腹时开始病人自控镇痛（PCA），均以LCP模式给药：负荷剂量5ml＋背景剂量lml／h＋PCA剂量1ml，锁定时间10min。检测麻醉前、术后2、24、48和72h时患者血清IL-6、IL-10和HSP70水平。结果四组术后VAS评分均在4分以下，术后患者血清IL-6、IL-10和HSP70水平均升高。术后24h，Ⅰ、Ⅲ组血清IL-6和HSP70水平低于Ⅱ、Ⅳ组（P〈0，01）；术后2、24h，Ⅳ组血清IL-10水平高于其它各组，且Ⅳ组IL-6／IL-10小于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）。结论 硬膜外镇痛较静脉镇痛更能有效地降低子宫切除术后患者血清IL-6和HSP70水平升高程度。硬膜外罗哌卡因复合曲马多更适合用于术后镇痛。     

不同浓度罗比卡因术后硬膜外镇痛效果的观察

目的 比较三种不同浓度罗比卡因伍用芬太尼及氟哌利多用于术后硬膜外镇痛效果。方法 60例择期下肢手术病人,随机分为0.25％罗比卡因组(Ⅰ组)、0.20％罗比卡因组(Ⅱ组)和0.15％罗比卡因组(Ⅲ组),均复合芬太尼(5μg／ml)和氟哌利多(0.025mg／ml),硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA),速率2ml／h。以VAS评分比较三组术后PCEA的镇痛效果,Bromage评分评定运动阻滞情况。结果 术后6、12、24和48h VAS评分,Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组;Bromage评分Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组。无明显不良反应。结论 0.20％罗比卡因复合芬太尼和氟哌利多对下肢手术病人术后镇痛效果确切,适合临床应用。     

曲乃多和芬太尼用于硬膜外自控镇痛的比较

目的:观察曲乃多和芬太尼用于术后病人硬膜外自控镇痛的效果比较。方法:41例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级的术后病人随机分为曲乃多组(T组)16例和芬太尼组(F组)25例,所有病人的麻醉为连续硬膜外麻醉,术后接PCEA,T组配方0.2％布比卡因+曲乃多2mg／ml+氟派利多5mg／100ml,F组配方0.2％布比卡因+芬太尼2μg/ml+氟哌利多5mg／100ml,两组PCA量为2ml／h,锁定时间15min,Bolus0.5ml,术后24h和48h观察疼痛评分(VRS)和并发症。结果:曲乃多组和芬太尼组病人镇痛效果相似,无显著性差异,曲乃多组发生恶心1例,下肢麻木1例;芬太尼组发生嗜睡1例,尿潴留1例。结论:PCEA曲乃多用于术后镇痛可提供满意的镇痛效果,不良反应少。     

术后镇痛对剖宫产术后母乳喂养及新生儿的影响

目的 研究剖宫产术后不同镇痛模式对母乳喂养及新生儿神经和适应能力评分(NACS)的影响.方法 120例单胎足月妊娠拟行剖宫产的产妇,采用持续硬膜外麻醉.依术后镇痛用药不同,随机均分为四组.Ⅰ组:0.2%甲磺酸罗哌卡因;Ⅱ组:吗啡80 μg/h+0.2%甲磺酸罗哌卡因;Ⅲ组:芬太尼3 μg/h+0.2%甲磺酸罗哌卡因;Ⅳ组:术后疼痛时采用盐酸哌替啶肌注作为对照.Ⅰ～Ⅲ组均采用镇痛泵,负荷量为0.2%甲磺酸罗哌卡因5 ml.记录术后2、6、24、48 h的疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分.观察恶心、呕吐等不良反应发生情况;随访术后24 h内及术后6w母乳喂养情况;记录术后24 h内新生儿NACS.结果 Ⅰ组术后24、48 h VAS评分高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),Ⅳ组术后各时点VAS评分均高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),且术后2、6 h VAS评分高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).术后24 h内及术后6 W母乳喂养情况以及术后24 h内新生儿NACS各组差异无统计学意义.结论 吗啡或芬太尼复合甲磺酸罗哌卡因持续硬膜外镇痛均可有效用于剖宫产产妇术后镇痛,对新生儿和母乳喂养无不良影响.     

罗比卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛在术后镇痛中的应用

目的探讨罗比卡因和芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)时容积与镇痛效果的关系。方法68例腹部手术后患者随机均分为四组Ⅰ组,0.05%罗比卡因 芬太尼1μg/ml,8ml/h;Ⅱ组,0.1%罗比卡因 芬太尼2μg/ml,4ml/h;Ⅲ组,0.2%罗比卡因 芬太尼4μg/ml,2ml/h;Ⅳ组,0.1%布比卡因 芬太尼2μg/ml,4ml/h。各组患者PCEA每次2ml,锁定时间15min。各组负荷量为芬太尼50μg 0.75%罗比卡因或布比卡因2ml 生理盐水至4ml。观察患者静息和咳嗽疼痛评分及不良反应。结果镇痛效果及术后48h疼痛评分,I、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组之间差异无显著意义,但明显优于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),且48hPCEA消耗量、总按压次数与有效按压次数之比(TPCA/EPCA)Ⅲ组明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组(P<0.05)。Ⅲ组术后当日还需辅助使用其他镇痛药。瘙痒、恶心、呕吐、镇静程度各组之间差异无显著意义。均未观察到呼吸抑制或下肢运动神经阻滞。Ⅳ组出现血压下降6例,自觉咳嗽无力3例,Ⅲ组自觉咳嗽无力2例。结论Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组有相同的良好镇痛效果。证明相同剂量而不同药物浓度的镇痛液,其镇痛效果与镇痛液的一定容积有关。     

不同浓度的罗哌卡因分娩镇痛效果观察

目的比较三种不同浓度罗哌卡因伍用芬太尼用以硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果。方法90例要求分娩镇痛的孕妇随机分成0.15%罗哌卡因组(Ⅰ组)、0.125%罗哌卡因组(Ⅱ组)、0.1%罗哌卡因组(Ⅲ组),均复合芬太尼(2μg/ml),硬膜外自控镇痛(PECA)速率6ml/h,自控3ml/次,锁定时间15min。以VAS评评分比较三组分娩镇痛后PCEA的效果。Bromage评分评定运动阻滞情况。结果镇痛后10、30、60、120、180、240minVAS评分Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组;Bromage评分Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,Apgar评分差异无统计学意义。无明显不良反应。结论0.125%罗哌卡因复合芬太尼对孕妇行分娩镇痛效果确切,无明显不良反应,适合临床应用。     

硬膜外腔罗比卡因的浓度及容量对镇痛效果的影响

目的　观察不同浓度、不同速率罗比卡因在开胸术后硬膜外腔的镇痛效果及不良反应。方法　 6 0例开胸手术后病人随机均分为四组 :Ⅰ组 ,0 0 5 %罗比卡因 +芬太尼 1μg/ml,8ml/h ;Ⅱ组 ,0 1%罗比卡因 +芬太尼 2 μg/ml,4ml/h ;Ⅲ组 ,0 2 %罗比卡因 +芬太尼 4 μg/ml,2ml/h ;Ⅳ组 ,0 1%布比卡因 +芬太尼 2 μg/ml,4ml/h。各组病人硬膜外自控镇痛 (PCEA)每次 2ml,锁定时间15min。各组负荷量为芬太尼 5 0 μg +0 75 %罗比卡因或布比卡因 (2ml) +生理盐水至 4ml。观察病人静息和咳嗽疼痛评分及不良反应。结果　镇痛效果及术后 4 8h疼痛评分 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组之间无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但明显优于Ⅲ组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且 4 8hPCEA消耗量、总按压次数与有效按压次数之比 (TPCA/EPCA)Ⅲ组明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组 (P <0 0 5 )。Ⅲ组术后当日还需辅助使用其他镇痛药(5 / 15 )。瘙痒、恶心、呕吐、镇静程度各组之间差异无显著性。均未观察到呼吸抑制或下肢运动神经阻滞。Ⅳ组出现血压下降 6例 (4 0 % ) ,自觉咳嗽无力 3例 (2 0 % ) ,Ⅲ组自觉咳嗽无力 2例 (13 33% )。结论　 0 0 5 %罗比卡因 +芬太尼 1μg/ml、背景 8ml/h或 0 1%罗比卡因 +芬太尼 2 μg/ml、背景 4ml/h对开胸手术后病人不仅有良好的镇痛效果 ,     

0.2%左旋布比卡因与罗哌卡因持续硬膜外泵注镇痛效应的比较

目的 研究0.2％左旋布比卡因(LBUP)硬膜外持续泵注的镇痛效应,并与0.2％罗哌卡因(ROP)比较。方法 60例妇科下腹部择期手术ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级病人随机分为两组,LBUP组(L组)和ROP组(R组),每组30例。术毕采用双泵法镇痛,一泵持续泵注0.2％ LBUP或0.2％ ROP 4ml/h;另一泵病人硬膜外自控镇痛(PCA)0.01％吗啡2ml/次,锁定时间为10min。结果 两组的镇痛效果均满意,术后24h VAS评分L组略低、BCS及Ramsey镇静评分两组基本相似,L组和R组分别有7例(23％)和5例(17％)未按压PCA泵,两组24h吗啡需求量分别为(0.6±0.4)mg、(0.7±0.6)mg。下肢运动完全恢复时间L组(7.8±2.8)h长于R组(5.9±2.5)h,P<0.05,术后4h时Bromage评分分别为1.3±0.9和1.1±1.0。结论 硬膜外0.2％LBUP 4ml/h 吗啡硬膜外PCA术后镇痛效果满意,同等浓度的LBUP阻滞效果比ROP强。     

肝脏术后舒芬太尼病人自控镇痛对胃肠动力的影响

目的评价舒芬太尼自控镇痛对肝脏手术病人术后胃肠动力的影响。方法择期肝脏手术病人30例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,年龄18～64岁,随机分为3组,每组10例,B组应用0．25％布比卡因术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛,BS组应用0．125％布比卡因混合0．4μg/ml舒芬太尼术后病人自控硬膜外镇痛,S组应用0．8μg/ml舒芬太尼术后病人自控静脉镇痛。B组和BS组背景剂量4 ml/h、PCEA剂量4 ml/次,锁定时间10 min;S组背景剂量2．5 ml/h、PCIA剂量5 ml/次,锁定时间8 min。记录3组术后48 h胃肠消化间期移行性复合运动（MMC）、病人术后排气时间、胃肠引流量、术后24、48 h VAS评分及住院时间,观察循环、呼吸变化及不良反应。结果术后30 min内所有病人MMC均消失,术后30 min后出现的MMC仅由Ⅰ相和Ⅲ相构成,缺乏MMCⅡ相。B组MMCⅢ相的曲线下面积最大,收缩持续时间最长,收缩幅度最高（P＜0．05）。3组病人均镇痛良好,BS组术后48 h VAS评分最低（P＜0．05）。与B组比较,BS组和S组低血压发生率降低（P＜0．05）。结论与布比卡因硬膜外镇痛相比,肝脏术后病人舒芬太尼硬膜外或静脉镇痛时胃肠动力的恢复延迟。     

罗哌卡因硬膜外持续输注下氯诺昔康PCIA的临床效应

目的 研究硬膜外持续输注罗哌卡因期间氯诺昔康静脉PCA的临床效应和不良反应,并以吗啡对照比较。方法 选择60例(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ)妇科经腹子宫全切手术病人,随机分为L组与M组,双盲观察,均采用双泵行PCA治疗。其PCA设置为Bolus 1ml/次,锁定时间为5min,1h限量12ml。镇痛效果和副作用评定:(1)采用视觉模拟评分(VAS),0为无痛、10为剧痛。(2)BCS舒适评分。(3)病人对PCA总体印象评分。(4)记录可能出现的并发症和不良反应。结果 两组病人的一般情况相似,24h硬膜外罗哌卡因使用剂量均为192mg,L组与M组未按压PCA泵的病人各为5例(21.7％),静脉PCA用药剂量分别为(3.4±2.8)mg(L组)和(4.7±3.5)mg(M组),两药用量比值为1:1.4(P>0.05);相同时间段内两组间VAS、BCS、Bromage评分及D1/D2比值均无统计学差异。结论0.2％罗哌卡因硬膜外持续输注(4ml/h)能明显减少静脉PCA用量,新型非甾体类抗炎药氯诺昔康与吗啡静脉用药效价相似,但氯诺昔康对病人恶心呕吐的不良反应具有明显减少的优点。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。