微创全髋关节置换术的研究进展

从40多年前被骨科医生正式采用以来，全髋关节置换术（THA）已经成为骨科开展的最多和最成功的手术之一。在这期间，植入假体的设计，生物材料改良等方面得到了很大发展，但是在手术方式上的进展却非常缓慢。直到最近几年，随着微创技术在腹腔镜、关节内镜等方面的广泛运用，微创全髋关节置换术这个概念被正式提出并重视起来，     

髋关节表面置换技术新进展

全髋关节置换术（THA）对于髋关节炎无疑是一种彻底而且耐用的治疗方法，特别是针对老年患者有非常良好的效果。但是，对于患有髋关节炎的青年人群来说，全髋置换术存在比较明显的缺陷——较高的早期翻修率，尤其体现在那些男性、从事活动量较大的工作、在术后参加体育运动的人群中。对于这一问题，髋关节表面置换具有独特的优势。髋关节表面置换是一种具有创伤小、术后活动度好、能保留较多股骨侧骨量等优点的髋关节重建技术，现就其近年来的进展以及趋势简述如下。     

微创全髋关节置换手术入路进展

微创全髋置换术作为一项新技术在近几年有了很大的发展,许多学者在临床实践中提出多种不同的微创全髋置换手术入路.该文就文献报道的微创全髋关节置换术手术入路及其特点、争议和未来展望作一综述.     

一种新颖的髋关节置换微创技术

AMIS（anterior minimally invasive surgery）系统是瑞士Medacta公司推出的一种新的髋关节置换技术。该系统采用了独特的前入路技术,可有效避开髋部重要的肌肉与神经,明显降低了对肌腱、血管和神经损伤的发生率,是一种新颖的髋关节置换微创技术。传统的微创手术需要较长的学习曲线,要求术者有较高的专业技能。Medacta公司则在全球开展了AMIS技术培训课程,     

微创全髋关节置换的疗效分析

目的 比较前外侧微创全髋关节置换术早期临床效果,探讨其手术要点及适应证.方法 2004年12月～2005年10月行微创前外侧人路全髋关节置换术治疗63例髋关节疾患与同期行后外侧人路单侧全髋关节置换手术的72例比较,手术由同一组医师完成,分别记录纳入研究患者的一般状况、围手术期测量指标和术后功能随访指标,并进行统计分析.结果 前外侧微创入路手术切口长度、出血量、围手术期输血量、输血例数及术后24 h疼痛评分显著减少.术后3个月随访显示前外侧微创人路患者Harris评分及Barthel指数高于后外侧人路,而术后30个月随访结果没有差别.结论 前外侧微创全髋关节置换能减轻手术创伤、减少出血、促进机体康复.但此种术式需要一定特殊设备,对手术医师亦有较高要求.     

老年股骨颈骨折的小切口微创人工全髋关节置换

目的探讨采用前路小切口人工全髋关节微创置换治疗老年股骨颈囊内骨折的可行性和治疗效果。方法自2002年8月～2003年2月,将47例老年股骨颈囊内移位骨折患者随机分为三组。A组15例,术中控制性降压加小切口微创置换;B组13例,小切口微创置换;C组19例,后路全髋置换。结果平均随访11周(5～22周)。三组手术持续时间相似。A、B组的切口(平均8.0cm)明显比C组(14cm)小(P<0.05)。A组采用控制性降压技术,术中平均出血量比B、C组少。C组手术出血量比其它两组显著增多(P<0.01)。术后A组4例、B组7例需输血,平均350ml;C组19例需输血,平均460ml。C组无论输血病例数或输血量均多于A、B组(P<0.01)。A、B组术后均未发生全身及局部并发症,术后4～6周均可负重行走。C组有1例术后1周内发生深静脉栓塞,1例术后第2天出现言语不清、嗜睡。结论术中控制性降压可减少出血。小切口全髋关节置换具有少出血、创伤小、少输血、恢复快等优点,尤其适合老年股骨颈骨折患者。     

微创髋关节置换手术的临床研究

目的评价微创髋关节置换手术的优越性、可行性及临床效果。方法对52例53个髋关节进行微创髋关节置换手术,采用后外侧切口,长6~10 cm。同时,比较了微创髋关节置换术与传统髋关节置换术在切口长度、术中出血、术后引流、术前术后红细胞变化、输血情况、手术时间、术后疼痛、早期活动情况、近期和远期疗效、并发症、Harris评分等方面的不同。结果手术切口平均长8 cm,切口长短与肥胖正相关,在相同条件下,微创髋关节置换手术明显减少了术中出血、术后引流、手术时间、术后疼痛,无并发症,可早期活动、近期疗效良好,远期疗效待随访,Harris评分平均87分。结论微创技术在人工髋关节置换手术中是行之有效的,值得推广。     

微创全髋关节置换术研究进展

微创全髋关节置换术是近几年才出现的一种新的手术方法,它是在传统的全髋关节置换术的基础上通过对手术入路、操作方法和手术工具的改进,在一个相对较小的切口(5～10cm)内完成对关节假体的置换。与传统全髋关节置换术相比,它具有损伤小、恢复快、关节功能保存好等优点。     

髋关节发育不良的全髋关节置换

髋关节发育不良(DDH)的全髋置换不同于一般全髋置换。从作者经治的61例76髋置换的经验和体会,髋关节发育不良的解剖特点决定了全髋置换(THR)的特殊性,稍不慎,就会造成不良后果。医生不仅必须面对发育不良的髋关节,同时还必须制定适于这类畸形的手术方案、假体安置和功能重建后的评估。因此,每一个病例都是一个系统工程。DDH在近年积累的经验表明,实施THR的对象都是DDH成人髋关节炎和疼痛、跛行是这类患者迟早出现、不可逾越的厄运。因此,笔者认为面对渴求获得正常人的功能康复,实施THR重建术,必须充分考虑患者的要求与术者可能提供…     

人工全髋关节置换治疗髋关节结核2例

髋关节结核较多见，占全身骨结核的第二位，常造成患者关节功能障碍，给病人留下一定残疾。近年来，有报道髋关节结核行人工关节置换者，初步观察结果较好，我科于2003年行髋关节结核人工关节置换2例，随访效果较好，现报道如下：     

微创人工全髋关节置换术的临床研究

[目的]比较微创与常规全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty THA)的短期临床随访结果.[方法]将2008年1月至2011年1月施行THA的200例患者随机分成两组,前外侧入路微创组和标准后外侧入路组,各100例患者,对两组手术时间、围手术期出血量、引流量、切口长度、术后住院时间、并发症、疼痛评分、Harris评分进行比较.[结果]平均随访20个月(12 ～30个月).两组患者均无骨折、感染、脱位、血管神经损伤、血栓形成等并发症.两组相比平均手术时间、末次随访VAS评分、平均Harris评分及术后影像学评价,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);平均切口长度、围手术期出血量、引流量、输血量、平均住院时间,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]前外侧入路微创全髋关节置换具有创伤小、出血少、疼痛小、恢复快的特点,是一种安全、有效、可靠的方法.     

Two-incision technique for minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty

Recently, there has been considerable interest and debate over the application of minimally invasive surgical approaches to primary total hip arthroplasty. The 2-incision technique employs intermuscular and internervous planes to gain access to the hip joint while minimizing the disruption of muscles and tendons. Through the anterior incision, the femoral neck is osteotomized and the head removed, followed by preparation and cementless reconstruction of the acetabulum. The posterior incision permits femoral preparation and reconstruction with a cementless stem. The potential benefits of this technique include decreased perioperative blood loss and pain, more rapid recovery of hip function and return to normal activity, a reduced length of hospital stay, and cosmetically appealing small scars. Other essential considerations include appropriate patient selection, adherence to surgical principles, and familiarity with specialized instruments and implants.     

Bilateral simultaneous two-incision minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty

Background  

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of bilateral simultaneous minimally invasive two-incision total hip arthroplasty in terms of clinical and radiological outcomes, complications, and patient satisfaction.     

微创技术在人工全髋关节置换术中的应用

目的探讨微创人工全髋关节置换术的优点及手术风险。方法2006年2月至2008年4月,对16例17髋患者行前外侧入路微创人工全髋关节置换术。结果手术切口平均长度9．5cm,平均手术时间75min,术中平均出血量260ml,术后平均引流量170ml。随访12个月未发现Trendelenburg征阳性。结论前外侧入路微创人工全髋关节置换术具有单一切口内完成髋臼和股骨假体安装、不须切断肌肉、手术风险小、并发症少等优点。     

The economic impact of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty

We compared hospital length of stay (LOS) and costs between (1) minimally invasive total hip surgery (MIS) combined with an active hip pathway (AHP) and (2) long incision total hip surgery (LIS) with a passive hip pathway (PHP). A prospective consecutive cohort of 214 MIS/AHP patients was compared to a concurrent cohort of 265 LIS/PHP patients. The MIS/AHP cohort had significantly decreased LOS (1.5 days vs. 3.8 days, P < .001) and hospital costs ($12.8 thousand vs. $16.7 thousand, P < .001). The complication rates were similar for MIS/AHP and LIS/PHP. We conclude that, compared to LIS/PHP, MIS/AHP significantly shortened LOS by an average of 2.3 days, and significantly reduced hospital costs by an average of $3.9 thousand per patient.     

OCM前外侧入路在微创全髋关节置换中的应用

[目的]探讨慕尼黑骨科医院（OCM）前外侧入路在微创全髋关节置换术中的初步应用。[方法]于2005年2月-2006年12月开展OCM入路微创全髋关节置换术18例，应用小切口技术，从臀中肌与阔筋膜张肌间隙进入，保留后方关节囊与肌肉完整性，两步法进行股骨颈截骨，合理使用特殊器械安置髋臼及股骨假体。[结果]18例患者随访时间平均12．5个月，手术切口平均长度9．2cm；术中平均出血量230ml，术后平均引流量90ml；术中1例发生股骨假体周围骨折，1例发现髋臼前倾角过大。下地活动时间平均6．5d，术后6个月Harris评分平均值从术前46．2提高为87．1分。[结论]OCM入路应用于微创全髋关节置换术，可获得满意的临床疗效，具有明确的学习曲线并要求特殊手术器械。     

Posterior single-incision approach to minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty

Enhanced surgical techniques and instrumentation enable surgeons to perform total hip arthroplasties through minimally invasive approaches. Using incisions typically less than 10 cm in length, surgeons can achieve adequate visualization of the surgical site while minimizing trauma to deep soft tissues. Associated reductions in morbidity should allow for improved rehabilitation and recovery. Although these techniques have been met with some controversy, a number of recent studies appear to attest to their safety and efficacy. Many of these studies have concentrated on a posterior single-incision technique for total hip arthroplasty. Favorable results for such outcomes as operative times, complication rates, pain, functional recovery, and blood loss have been reported, and patient satisfaction has been high. If surgeons and their patients are to achieve maximum benefit from minimally invasive total hip arthroplasties, it will be necessary to design effective educational tools that address the learning curve associated with these approaches.     

Component position in 2-incision minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty compared to standard total hip arthroplasty

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for total hip arthroplasty (THA) has sparked controversy in the orthopedic community, including debate regarding the reliability and reproducibility of component placement. We reviewed a single surgeon's 1-year experience by comparing postoperative radiographs of 67 MIS 2-incision THA and 28 standard THA for acetabular inclination, acetabular version, and femoral stem angulation. Acetabular inclination/version averaged 42.2 degrees/16.5 degrees and 38.7 degrees/15.5 degrees for MIS and THA, respectively. Femoral angulation averaged 0.007 degrees varus and 0.411 degrees varus for MIS and standard THA approaches, respectively. Radiographic assessment of component position of THA in 2-incision MIS vs a standard direct lateral approach reveals no significant differences. Components are placed in acceptable positions with both techniques.