孕晚期高分辨率超声检测妊娠期高血压疾病血管内皮功能的研究

目的孕晚期应用高分辨力超声检测妊娠期高血压疾病患者的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能。方法对孕晚期76例妊娠期高血压疾病患者（研究组）和30例正常孕妇（对照组）,应用高分辨率超声测量静息状态下、反应性充血后、舌下含服硝酸甘油后的肱动脉内径,并计算反应性充血后和硝酸甘油诱发的内径变化率。结果（1）反应性充血试验诱发的肱动脉内径变化率研究组显著小于对照组,有极显著性差异（P〈0.01）,且研究组重度子痫前期组显著低于轻度子痫前期组及妊娠期高血压组,差异均有极显著性（P〈0.01）。（2）硝酸甘油诱发的肱动脉内径变化率研究组和对照组无显著性差异。结论妊娠期高血压疾病患者存在血管内皮依赖性舒张功能受损,可被高分辨超声检测,对其诊断、治疗、反映病情有一定指导意义。     

福辛普利对老年冠心病患者内皮功能影响的临床观察

目的:观察血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂福辛普利对老年冠心病患者血管内皮功能的影响。方法:30例老年冠心病患者口服福辛普利(1次/日,5～10mg/次)治疗8个月前后检测血浆内皮素-1(ET-1)浓度变化和肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应。结果:药物治疗8个月后,患者血浆ET-1浓度由117.00±12.00Pg/ml下降至93.00±9.77Pg/ml(P<0.05);充气后反应性肱动脉内径增加率由5.20±2.70%上升为12.00±3.00%(P<0.01)。结论:福辛普利治疗能够改善老年冠心病患者的内皮功能。     

高血压病人血管内皮标志物与内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的关系

目的：探讨高血压病人血管内皮标志物与内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的关系。方法：用放射免疫分析和酶联荧光免疫法检测56例高血压病人和32例正常对照组血浆内皮素（ET-1）和血管性假血友病因子（vWF）,并用高分辨彩色多谱勒超声仪检测肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。56例高血压病人按危险度分层,分为低/中危险度30例,高/极高危险度26例;其中50例用药物治疗后复查血浆ET-1、vWF和肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。结果：高血压组血浆ET-1、vWF水平显著高于正常对照组[（53.3±16.2）pg/ml vs（42.5±8.5）pg/ml,（158.2±28.6）%vs（130.6±35.2）%],高/极高危组明显高于低/中危组（P〈0.001）;高血压组肱动脉反应性充血诱导下血管内径舒张率较正常对照组明显减弱（7.5±4.2）%vs（12.3±4.3）%,高/极高危组明显高于低/中危组（P〈0.001）,低/中危组也较正常对照组明显减弱（P〈0.05）。经抗高血压药物治疗后,血浆内皮标志物和内皮依赖性血管舒张功能明显改善。相关分析显示,血浆内皮标志物和内皮依赖性血管舒张功能存在显著的负相关关系（P〈0.01）。结论：高血压病人存在血浆vWF、ET-1水平升高和内皮依赖性血管舒张功能障碍,且与靶器官的损伤相关;血浆内皮细胞标志物可反映内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。     

2型糖尿病患者ACE基因与肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒展功能的关系

目的　研究 2型糖尿病患者血管紧张素转换酶 (angiotensin convertingenzyme ,ACE)基因与内皮功能异常的关系。方法　选择 110例无血管并发症的 2型糖尿病患者 ,应用PCR技术检测其ACE基因型 ,同时采用高分辨血管外超声法检测肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒展功能和硝酸甘油 (glyc eryltrinitrate ,GNT)介导的内皮非依赖性血管舒展功能。同时 ,选择年龄、性别匹配的 5 0名健康个体作为对照。结果　在 2型糖尿病组和对照组中 ,内皮依赖性血管舒展功能在DD型分别为 3 .3 8%和 3 67% ,明显低于II型的 4 12 %和 4.68% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;基础血管内径 (D0 ) ,GNT诱导的内皮非依赖性血管舒展功能及基础血流在不同基因型组间差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。多元逐步回归分析显示 ,在 2型糖尿病患者中 ,血流介导的血管舒张功能与年龄、血管内径、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、脂蛋白 (a)、D等位基因、病程、空腹血糖、餐后 2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白呈负相关 (P <0 .0 0 0 5 )。结论　ACEDD基因型降低早期 2型糖尿病患者及正常人内皮依赖性血管舒展功能。     

超声检测高血压病人血管内皮依赖性舒张功能

目的 采用Ｃｅｌｅｒｍａｊｅｒ等的方法对照观察高血压（ＥＨ）患者在休息时,反应性充血,再休息以及含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径向血流的变化,以介高血压患者血管内皮依赖性舒功能的变化。方法 采用高分辨超声技术,对５１例ＥＨ患者和３５例正常对照者的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能进行测定评价,并测定其血浆一氧化氮（ＮＯ）,内皮素（ＥＴ）血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）和前列腺环素（ＰＧＩ２）等血管活性物质的浓度变化。结果 发现     

腔隙性脑梗死患者血管内皮功能的临床研究

目的 探讨腔隙性脑梗死患者血管内皮功能变化.方法 超声检测180名腔隙性脑梗死患者及180名健康者的肱动脉血流介导性扩张及含服硝酸甘油后变化,并测定血清ET、NO、PGI2、vWF水平.结果 腔隙性脑梗死患者血流介导性舒张较对照组减弱,两组对硝酸甘油的反应无差异.脑梗死组ET和vWF水平要高于对照组（P〈0.05,P〈0.001）.NO和PGI2水平低于对照组（P〈0.001,P〈0.05）.结论 腔隙性脑梗死患者存在血管内皮依赖性舒张障碍,血管内皮功能检查可以作为腔隙性脑梗死监测和评估病情变化的指标之一.     

冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征患者内皮功能变化和C反应蛋白水平的研究

目的 研究冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征患者血管内皮功能及是否伴有炎症标记物C反应蛋白(CRP)的增高.方法 使用TIMI血流分级TIMI帧数(TIMI Frame Count,TFC)方法评价冠状动脉血流速度,应用高分辩多谱勒超声仪研究15例冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征病人、21例对照组的肱动脉内皮依赖的血流量介导的扩张反应(FMD),并采用硝酸还原酶法同接测定血清一氧化氮(NO),采用酶标免疫检测法检测CRP.结果 冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征组的内皮依赖的血流量介导的扩张反应较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉的内径变化在两组相似;血浆NO水平在冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征组明显低于正常对照组(18.4±4.41μmol/L VS 25.2±6.3 μmol/L,P<0.01);冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征组的CRP显著高于对照组(1.17±0.93mg/l VS 0.65±0.28mg/l,P<0.05).结论 冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征患者不仅存在系统性的内皮功能失常亦存在导致内皮功能失常的致动脉粥样硬化的慢性炎症反应.     

冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征患者内皮功能变化和C反应蛋白水平的研究

目的研究冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征患者血管内皮功能及是否伴有炎症标记物C反应蛋白（CRP）的增高。方法使用TIMI血流分级TIMI帧数（TIMI Frame Count,TFC）方法评价冠状动脉血流速度,应用高分辨多谱勒超声仪研究15例冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征病人、21例对照组的肱动脉内皮依赖的血流量介导的扩张反应（FMD）,并采用硝酸还原酶法间接测定血清一氧化氮（NO）,采用酶标免疫检测法检测CRP。结果冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征组的内皮依赖的血流量介导的扩张反应较对照组显著降低（P〈0.05）,含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉的内径变化在两组相似;血浆NO水平在冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征组明显低于正常对照组（18.4&#177;4.4μmol/LVS25.2&#177;6.3μmol/L,P〈0.01）;冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征组的CRP显著高于对照组（1.17&#177;0.93mg/lVS0.65&#177;0.28mg/l,P〈0.05）。结论冠状动脉血流缓慢综合征患者不仅存在系统性的内皮功能失常亦存在导致内皮功能失常的致动脉粥样硬化的慢性炎症反应。     

降钙素基因相关肽基因转导对内皮损伤兔髂动脉血管环？…

目的探讨降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)基因转导兔动脉内膜对其舒缩功能的影响.方法利用逆转录病毒载体,将CGRP基因在体转导兔髂动脉内膜,取动脉环做灌流试验,研究其对血管活性物质的反应.结果转基因血管内皮细胞的增殖较对照组活跃,动脉的内皮依赖性舒张反应较强,10-6mol/L的乙酰胆碱引起的舒张为33.08%±10.01%,对照组为-17.57%±5.59%,P＜0.01.结论CGRP基因转导损伤的免髂动脉内膜可促进内皮细胞增殖,并使动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应改善.     

高血压患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能失调的研究

目的 :观察不同程度高血压对血管内皮依赖性舒张功能失调的影响 ,并探讨其发生的可能机制。方法 :71例原发性高血压患者按照高血压程度分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级三组。另设正常血压对照组 3 0例。采用高分辨超声影像技术 ,测量肱动脉反应性充血前后血管内径和血流速度的变化。测定各组受试者反应性充血前后血浆NO、PGI2 、TXB2 、ET等血管活性物质。结果 :随高血压分级程度增加 ,肱动脉血管内皮依赖性舒张能力逐步变小 ,血浆NO、PGI2 逐渐下降 ,TXB2 、ET逐渐增高。结论 :随着高血压程度的加重 ,血管内皮依赖性舒张功能受损也加重 ,可能是由于内皮源性NO、PGI2 等舒张性因子合成释放减少而缩血管因子ET、TXB2 合成释放增加有关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.