嗜酸乳杆菌与大肠埃希菌及无乳链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌交互作用

目的 对嗜酸乳杆菌与大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及无乳链球菌间交互作用及pH、乳酸、乙酸、H2O2对其生长影响进行评价,为需氧菌性阴道炎患者经乳杆菌属短期治疗疗效不佳原因提供依据.方法 嗜酸乳杆菌与大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌混合培养;4种细菌经不同pH值培养基培养、不同浓度乳酸、乙酸、H2O2作用,检测其浓度变化.结果 嗜酸乳杆菌与3种菌之间存在交互作用;嗜酸乳杆菌抑菌作用时间、浓度依赖性;pH 3.5～5.0时,嗜酸乳杆菌增殖最快,抑菌作用最强;乙酸、H2O2对4种细菌均具强抑制作用;乳酸对嗜酸乳杆菌无抑制作用,对其他3种细菌均有浓度依赖性抑制作用.结论 嗜酸乳杆菌主要是通过代谢产物乳酸等而不是H2O2直接产生抑菌或杀菌作用;需氧菌性阴道炎患者经乳杆菌短期治疗疗效不佳主要与阴道内乳杆菌定植数量不足、产酸能力低及阴道内存在耐酸的病原菌有关.     

嗜酸乳杆菌与白色假丝酵母菌交互作用

目的对嗜酸乳杆菌与白色假丝酵母菌间的交互作用及pH、乳酸、乙酸、H2O2等对白色假丝酵母菌生长影响进行评价,为细菌性阴道病治疗后易转为外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的原因提供依据。方法不同浓度嗜酸乳杆菌、白色假丝酵母菌混合培养;白色假丝酵母菌经不同pH值培养基培养、1%乳酸、1%乙酸、3%H2O2作用,检测其浓度变化,形态学观察白色假丝酵母菌形态变化。结果嗜酸乳杆菌浓度依赖性抑制白色假丝酵母菌生长,白色假丝酵母菌可促进嗜酸乳杆菌生长;pH值为3.5~5.5时,嗜酸乳杆菌具有较强的抑菌能力,当pH值为4.0时,嗜酸乳杆菌抑菌能力最强;乳酸、乙酸均对白色假丝酵母菌生长有明显抑制作用且具有浓度和时间依赖性,H2O2对白色假丝酵母菌生长并无直接抑制作用。结论嗜酸乳杆菌主要通过其代谢产物乳酸而不是H2O2直接产生抑菌作用,细菌性阴道病治疗后转为外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的发生,主要与乳杆菌因某些因素生长受抑,导致数量降低及其产酸能力下降有关。     

益生菌对缓解期溃疡性结肠炎的维持缓解作用

目的 观察口服益生菌即双歧、嗜酸乳杆菌,肠球菌三联活菌胶囊对缓解期溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的维持缓解作用,比较美沙拉秦与双歧、嗜酸乳杆菌,肠球菌三联活菌胶囊对维持缓解期UC的疗效.方法 采用随机对照方法 观察78例活动期UC经治疗后处于缓解期的患者,给予美沙拉秦钠或口服双歧、嗜酸乳杆菌,肠球菌三联活菌胶囊,疗程为1 a.结果 治疗1年末,口服双歧、嗜酸乳杆菌,肠球菌三联活菌胶囊组维持缓解率为69.44%,复发率为30.56%;美沙拉秦组维持缓解率为72.22%,复发率为27.78%;2组复发率相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 口服双歧、嗜酸乳杆菌,肠球菌三联活菌胶囊对缓解期UC维持缓解有较好的疗效,与美沙拉秦的疗效相近.     

牛奶中抗生素残留对婴儿双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌影响

目的 研究牛奶中不同浓度抗生素残留对婴儿双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌标准菌株生长的影响.方法 牛奶中残留的抗生素在经过离体肠道模拟系统作用后,与婴儿双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌标准菌株共同厌氧培养一定时间,观察低浓度氨苄青霉素、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、硫酸链霉素对婴儿双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌生长的影响.结果 牛奶中氨苄青霉素浓度在2、100 μg/L时,嗜酸乳杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌菌株的菌落生长数分别是494、285菌落形成单位(cfu)/皿,低于对照组的577、451 cfu/皿,差异均有统计学意义(u =2.52、9.15,P＜0.05),表明从这2个剂量开始对这2种细菌生长有抑制作用并存在剂量效应关系;牛奶中硫酸链霉素在20 mg/L时嗜酸乳杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌的菌落生长数分别是429、127 cfu/皿,低于对照组的598、174 cfu/皿,差异均有统计学意义(u =5.26、2.68,P＜0.05),表明此浓度对这2种细菌生长有抑制作用;牛奶中磺胺间甲氧嘧啶浓度在800 μg/L时,嗜酸乳杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌的菌落生长数分别是56、79 cfu/皿,低于对照组的80、111 cfu/皿,差异均有统计学意义(u=2.02、2.29,P＜0.05),表明此浓度对这2种细菌生长有抑制作用.结论 嗜酸乳杆菌对氨苄青霉素敏感,浓度低于中国农业部颁布的牛奶中氨苄青霉素最大允许残留限量(MRL) 10μg/kg水平时生长即受到抑制.     

嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019联用对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

目的探究嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019联用对Balb/c小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。方法使用低、中、高剂量的嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019混合菌粉灌胃雄性Balb/c小鼠14 d,收集0、7、14 d小鼠粪便,梯度稀释后平板培养计数粪便中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌的数量以及双歧杆菌与肠杆菌的比值(B/E值)。结果益生菌低剂量组小鼠第7天肠道双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量显著高于基质对照组(P0.05);低、中剂量组小鼠第7天肠道产气荚膜梭菌数量显著低于干预前(P0.05);高剂量组小鼠肠道B/E值显著高于空白对照组和基质对照组(P0.05)。结论嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019联用对Balb/c小鼠肠道菌群具有很好的调节作用。     

嗜酸乳杆菌控制肠出血性大肠杆菌感染性腹泻效果评价

目的 :使用嗜酸乳杆菌对肠出血性大肠杆菌 (E.coli O15 7:H 7)感染性腹泻病人进行治疗和对高危人群进行预防控制爆发疫情并评价效果。方法 :采用 ICT技术快速检测患者粪便标本 ,阳性用免疫磁珠集菌后常规培养鉴定菌株 ,确认 E.coli O15 7:H 7感染者。肾功能指标检测血清β2 -微球蛋白采用放射免疫法 (RIA)。结果 :2 0 0 0年腹泻病流行期感染性腹泻病例比上年同期下降了 7.74% (P<0 .0 5 ) ,出血性肠炎 (HC)病例约减少 16 83例 ,溶血性尿毒综合症 (H US)病例减少 5 9.14% ,HC病人血清β2 - MG全部异常 ,嗜酸乳杆菌治疗后逐步恢复至正常值范围 ,对腹泻病人的治愈率可达94.4%。结论 :口服嗜酸乳杆菌具有较好控制 E.coli O15 7:H7感染性腹泻疫情作用     

嗜酸乳杆菌对抗生素诱导小鼠肠道菌群失调的作用

目的:用传统的微生物培养法和无需预先培养的PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)法,分析嗜酸乳杆菌对经头孢曲松处理后的小鼠肠道菌群的效果影响. 方法: SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠随机饮用头孢曲松水溶液5 d,造成小鼠抗生素相关性菌群失调模型后,自然恢复组灌服等渗盐水;治疗组灌服嗜酸乳杆菌菌液(108CFU/mL),处理7 d后,对各组小鼠进行解剖,并取其盲肠内容物,运用活菌计数和PCR-DGGE技术,分析抗生素对小鼠盲肠内细菌的影响和嗜酸乳杆菌对已失调的肠道菌群的调整作用. 结果: 经头孢曲松处理后,使小鼠肠道内乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量减少,肠球菌异常增殖,与正常对照组比有极显著差异;嗜酸乳杆菌的治疗使乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量得到恢复,同时肠球菌数量也降至正常水平;抗生素处理使优势菌群发生改变,菌群多样性减少,与正常对照组相比有极显著差异;灌服嗜酸乳杆菌后,菌群多样性指数回升至正常水平,与抗生素处理组及自然恢复组比较有显著性差异,而与正常对照组比较无显著性差异. 结论: 嗜酸乳杆菌对头孢曲松引起的肠道菌群失调具有调整作用;与传统微生物培养法相比,PCR-DGGE法是一种快速、有效并能直观反映整个微生态动态变化的分子生物学方法.     

几种乳酸菌发酵牛肉对比研究

研究了植物乳杆菌,短乳杆菌,明串株菌,嗜热链球菌对牛肉发酵中亚硝酸盐总酸度的影响。     

3种稀释液制备的菌悬液存活时限比较

目的了解不同稀释液制备的试验菌菌悬液的存活时限,为微生物实验室的菌悬液制备及使用提供参考。方法参照2010年版《中国药典》微生物限度检查的菌悬液制备,用0.9%氯化钠溶液、0.1%蛋白胨水溶液、p H值为7的氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液作为稀释液,分别对6种试验菌制备成含菌数约100 cfu/ml的菌悬液,于4℃保存,并进行活菌计数。结果黑曲霉菌悬液和枯草芽孢杆菌的芽孢菌悬液在3种稀释液中3个月的活菌数相对稳定;白色念珠菌在p H值为7的氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液中1个月的活菌数相对稳定;大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌等在p H值为7的氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液中的稳定性优于另外2种稀释液。结论采用适宜的稀释液制备试验菌的菌悬液,可提高其稳定性,延长存活时限,从而提高工作效率,节约实验成本,更适应微生物实验室的工作需要。     

臭氧水杀灭弓形杆菌效果及影响因素的研究

目的 研究臭氧水杀灭弓形杆菌(Arcobacter)的效果及其影响因素.方法 取含菌量为5×105～5×106 cfu/ml的弓形杆菌菌悬液,在不同臭氧水浓度(1.34、2.44、2.88、3.36、3.47、4.03、4.27、4.48 mg/L)、pH值(3、5、7、9、11)、温度(4、20、30、37、60℃)...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.