黄芩汤抗 TNBS诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎活性研究

目的：研究黄芩汤水煎液中主要成分及对2,4,6－三硝基苯磺酸钠（ TNBS）造模balb／c小鼠的溃疡性结肠炎的作用。方法 HPLC－MS法分析水煎液成分。雄性balb／c小鼠随机分为空白对照组,TNBS模型组,柳氮磺嘧啶阳性对照组（500 mg · kg－1）,黄芩汤水煎液1,2,4 g· kg－1治疗组。 TNBS造模7 d后,研究各组小鼠的结肠病理评分、微观评分、体质量、小鼠结肠长度和血清髓过氧化物酶（ MPO）。结果与标准品对照,黄芩汤水煎液中含有复方中主要成分,黄芩汤水煎液可使TNBS造模balb／c小鼠的体质量明显增加,改善身体的一般状况和小鼠结肠黏膜的损伤,下调MPO。结论黄芩汤水煎液中含有各药物的主要成分,对TNBS诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎具有较好的治疗作用。     

枫蓼提取物对小鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎的防治作用

目的探讨枫蓼提取物对小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的防治作用。方法通过小肠推进实验和番泻叶致小鼠腹泻模型观察小肠推进率、稀便率及腹泻指数。用4%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)建立小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,对正常组、模型组、美沙拉嗪组、枫蓼提取物11.7,23.4和46.8 g·kg-1剂量组小鼠进行疾病活动指数(DAI)评分,测定结肠组织中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性。结果枫蓼提取物46.8 g·kg-1能抑制小鼠小肠推进率,显著减少番泻叶致腹泻小鼠腹泻次数,降低腹泻率和腹泻指数(P<0.05)。结肠炎结果显示,与正常组比较,模型组小鼠体质量减轻,DAI评分增高(P<0.05),结肠组织中MPO活性、IL-1β、TNF-α、MDA和NO含量升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,枫蓼提取物46.8 g·kg-1组小鼠DAI评分降低29.1%(P<0.05);23.4和46.8 g·kg-1组结肠组织中MPO活性、TNF-α、MDA和NO含量均降低(P<0.05)。结论枫蓼提取物能改善DSS诱导小鼠溃疡性结肠炎,可能与解痉、止泻、抗炎、抗氧化及减少炎性介质释放等有关。     

2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸与不同浓度乙醇诱导大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型的建立及其稳定性评价

目的建立2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)-乙醇混合液诱导大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型并判断不同浓度的乙醇对模型稳定性的影响。方法将80只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、模型Ⅰ组、模型Ⅱ组、模型Ⅲ组共4组,每组各20只,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组大鼠分别给予TNBS(100 mg·kg~(-1))-无水乙醇0.25 mL、TNBS(100 mg·kg~(-1))-50%乙醇0.25 mL、TNBS(100 mg·kg~(-1))-25%乙醇0.25 mL混合液灌肠,空白组大鼠给予等量生理盐水灌肠。造模后每日观察大鼠精神状态及死亡情况,计算大鼠的疾病活动指数(DAI),并于2、7、14、21、28 d分批处死相同数量的大鼠,采集结肠组织,计算结肠黏膜损伤指数(CMDI),同时进行HE染色,计算组织学损伤指数(TDI)。结果除空白组外,各模型组造模后均有明显的溃疡性结肠炎临床症状和病理学改变(P<0.05);各模型组的死亡率、DAI、CMDI、TDI评分均在造模后7 d高于其他时间点,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);模型Ⅲ组无死亡,与模型Ⅰ组、模型Ⅱ组相比,DAI、CMDI、TDI评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均能成功诱导溃疡性结肠炎模型,以模型Ⅲ组死亡率较低、模型稳定性较好。     

三硝基苯磺酸诱导Balb/c小鼠结肠炎的实验研究

目的建立三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)小鼠结肠炎模型。方法采用不同剂量的TNBS给♀Balb/c小鼠灌肠后制备结肠炎模型。观察动物的存活率、疾病活动度指数、结肠肉眼观和组织学变化,并检测结肠组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活力及小鼠脾T淋巴细胞增殖情况。结果随着TNBS剂量的提高,模型组小鼠存活率下降。存活的多数小鼠疾病活动度指数及MPO活力升高,病理切片显示结肠固有层及粘膜下层有大量淋巴细胞、单核巨噬细胞以及中性白细胞浸润,伴有肠腺扭曲、减少,杯状细胞丢失,隐窝脓肿,血管增生,肠壁增厚等病理改变,表明均建立了慢性结肠炎模型。结论每只小鼠给予1.5mgTNBS灌肠,动物死亡较少,并能够成功制备小鼠结肠炎模型。     

肠泻停胶囊对实验性结肠炎大鼠的影响

目的:探讨肠泻停胶囊对三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导大鼠实验性结肠炎的影响.方法:120只SD大鼠随机分为6组,每组20只:正常组、模型组、阳性对照组、肠泻停胶囊高、中、低组.除正常对照组未行造模外,其余五组大鼠均采用TNBS造模.肠泻停胶囊高、中、低组分别灌胃给药(1.80,0.90,0.45 g /kg体质量)、阳性对照组灌胃给予地塞米松剂量(0.2 mg/kg体质量)、其余组灌胃给予0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液连续3 周、4周;观察肠泻停胶囊对大鼠腹泻率、死亡率、血白细胞计数、淋巴细胞百分率、脾脏及胸腺重量、组织形态学评分、组织MPO活性的影响.结果:经肠泻停胶囊干预后各剂量组动物腹泻明显缓解,腹泻率降低,动物死亡率降低,外周血WBC、LYM值及组织MPO值降低,剖检可见结肠组织溃疡面积明显缩小,水肿缓解,坏死减轻,未见肠壁增厚.结论:肠泻停胶囊连续给药,对实验性结肠炎治疗作用显著.     

肠炎冲剂对溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠的治疗作用

目的：研究肠炎冲剂对三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)所致慢性溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠的治疗作用。方法：TNBS的50％乙醇溶液一次性注人大鼠直肠，造成大鼠的慢性溃疡性结肠炎模型后，连续给药，观察腹泻率、死亡率，分别于连续给药3周及4周后麻醉处死动物，测定组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活力。地塞米松为阳性对照药。结果：地塞米松组动物症状减轻，但解剖学检查可见胸腺明显萎缩；连续给予不同剂量的肠炎冲剂药液(给药剂量为11．4、5．7、2．9g生药／kg体重)，各剂量组动物腹泻明显缓解，动物死亡率、腹泻率、结肠组织MPO活力明显降低，病理学检查或尸检可见结肠组织溃疡面积明显缩小，水肿缓解，坏死减轻，未见肠壁增厚。肠炎冲剂能显著缓解TNBS所致慢性溃疡性结肠炎症状，且未见地塞米松所致免疫器官萎缩的免疫抑制作用。结论：肠炎冲剂连续给药，对慢性溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠治疗作用明显，并且未见地塞米松所致严重不良反应，是治疗慢性溃疡性结肠炎的较合适药物。     

灰绿黄堇总生物碱对实验性溃疡性结肠炎的作用研究

目的研究灰绿黄堇总生物碱（ACAM）对小鼠结肠炎的作用及其机制。方法实验设正常、模型、柳氮磺胺吡啶组（SASP,520mg/kg）和ACAM组（100、200、400mg/kg）。正常组小鼠饮用蒸馏水,其余组自由饮用4%葡聚糖硫酸钠（DSS）水溶液,同时分别灌胃给予溶剂或干预药物（0.2ml/10g,1次/d×7d）。记录小鼠疾病活动指数（DAI）;测定结肠组织MDA含量,SOD、MPO活性及ICAM-1、NF-κBp65表达水平。结果模型组DAI显著增高,结肠黏膜损伤严重;MDA舍量、MPO活性及ICAM-1和NF-κBp65表达明显升高。SOD活性下降（P〈0.01）。SASP520mg/kg能明显逆转上述改变;ACAM100mg具有相似的作用。结论ACAM可能通过抗氧自由基作用,抑制炎性细胞活化、迁移及NF-κB激活,缓解小鼠结肠炎性反应。     

褪黑激素调节巨噬细胞功能减轻结肠免疫损伤

目的:研究褪黑素(MT)对大鼠结肠免疫损伤的影响及与巨噬细胞功能的关系.方法:利用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)和乙醇灌肠制备大鼠结肠炎模型.实验设正常对照组、模型对照组、5-氨基水杨酸给药组(100 mg/kg)和MT给药组(2.5,5.0,10.0 mg/kg),每大灌肠给药一次,从制备模型d 7开始共21 d.测定结肠粘膜损伤指数(CMDI)、粘膜病理组织学评分(HS)、粪便隐血实验(OBT)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、IL-1、TNF-α、NO水平.结果:大鼠经TNBS和乙醇处理后CMDI、HS、OBT和MPO水平以及结肠和血浆中IL-1、TNF-α和NO水平明显高于正常,MT可不同程度逆转上述变化,减轻大鼠结肠免疫损伤.结论:MT灌肠能减轻结肠炎大鼠粘膜损伤,此与MT调节巨噬细胞功能有关.     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的保护作用

目的观察N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)灌肠对小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎的作用。方法5%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)自由饮用7 d诱导小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎,同时予以生理盐水(NS)、5-氨基水杨酸(5-ASA)、NAC保留灌肠,观察小鼠体重、粪便性状、隐血便血,计算疾病活动度(DAI)积分,检测结肠长度、结肠过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、血清过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量及肠黏膜病理改变。结果NAC组小鼠隐血、便血、体重下降、DAI积分、病理改变等均好于模型组、NS组(P<0.05),与5-ASA组疗效相似。NAC组SOD活力高于模型组,MPO活性、MDA含量则低于模型组(P<0.05)。结论NAC对DSS诱导的小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎黏膜损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化应激有关。     

白术黄芪汤及其单药提取部位组方对溃疡性结肠炎的治疗作用

目的探讨白术黄芪汤(DAA)益气健脾作用的物质基础。方法DAA以原方配伍水提,煮沸浓缩至相当于药材1500g.L-1;DAA单药提取部位组方(PEAAG)以组成DAA的3个单药白术、黄芪和甘草提取部位白术糖复合物(AMPS-Ⅱ)、黄芪总皂苷(TSA)和甘草总黄酮(TFG)以4∶3∶3比例混合,加蒸馏水混匀研磨配成储存液,含提取物100g.L-1。用三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)制备大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,造模d2分别灌胃给予DAA(相当于药材15g.kg-1)和PEAAG(含提取部位0.3g.kg-1)连续15d,肉眼观察大鼠结肠病变并进行组织病理学检查。用TNBS制备小鼠结肠炎模型,于d2分别灌胃给予PEAAG及其3个组成部位(剂量均为0.2g.kg-1)连续10d,观察结肠组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性的变化。用一次最大耐受量实验观察DAA和PEAAG的小鼠急性毒性。结果与模型对照组比较,PEAAG组结肠的肉眼和组织病理学评分均降低,DAA组变化不明显。PEAAG和AMPS-Ⅱ可降低TNBS致小鼠结肠炎结肠组织MPO的活性,PEAAG作用更明显,TSA和TFG作用不明显。DAA和PEAAG一次最大耐受量分别为60g.kg-1和4g.kg-1,相当于临床用量的180倍和300～600倍。结论单药提取部位组方PEAAG对溃疡性结肠炎具有较好的治疗作用,在所观察的剂量条件下可能优于原方DAA和3个提取部位,且毒性未增加。     

布地奈德脂质体温敏凝胶对溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠的药效研究

目的:研究布地奈德脂质体温敏凝胶剂(Bud-Lip-TSG)对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium salt,DSS)致急性溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)昆明小鼠的药效作用。方法:建立DSS诱导的小鼠UC模型。实验动物分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组及Bud-Lip-TSG低、中、高剂量组。测定小鼠给药前后疾病活动指数(DAI)、肠黏膜损伤评分(CMDI)、脏器指数、结肠组织病理评分,血清中IL-6、IL-10水平,结肠组织中的TNF-α、IL-10、髓过氧化酶(MPO)水平变化。结果:Bud-Lip-TSG各剂量组小鼠的DAI评分、CMDI、结肠组织病理评分、脾脏指数降低;结肠长度、结肠湿质量、结肠指数增加;各给药组结肠组织中IL-10显著升高,TNF-α水平、MPO活力显著降低,;Bud-Lip-TSG高剂量组血液中IL-6显著降低、IL-10显著升高,Bud-Lip-TSG中、高剂量组胸腺指数显著增加。结论:Bud-Lip-TSG可改善模型小鼠UC症状,对结肠黏膜有修复作用,可改善炎症因子的表达失衡状态。     

Potential of Moringa oleifera root and Citrus sinensis fruit rind extracts in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice

Context: The plant Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae), commonly known as the drumstick tree, is an indigenous species in India. This species has been of interest to researchers because traditionally its roots are reported in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Traditionally it is reported that Citrus sinensis Linn (Rutaceae) fruit rind when combined with M. oleifera will increase the efficacy of the plant in the treatment of UC. Objective: The present work was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of M. oleifera root alone and in combination with C. sinensis fruit rind in the treatment of UC. Materials and methods: Ethanol and aqueous extracts of M. oleifera roots (100 and 200?mg/kg, body weight) were screened alone and in equal combination with ethanol extract of C. sinensis fruit rind, i.e., 50?mg/kg each of C. sinensis and M. oleifera for their activity on acetic acid-induced UC in mice. Results: Treatment with combination of extracts of M. oleifera root and C. sinensis fruit rind (50?mg/kg, each) showed less ulceration and hyperemia than individual extract (200?mg/kg) in histopathological observation. Acetic acid increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) level in blood and colon tissue to 342?U/mL and 384?U/mg, respectively. Combination of ethanol extract of M. oleifera root with C. sinensis fruit rind extract significantly (p?相似文献   

石榴皮水提物治疗溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠的实验研究

目的：观察石榴皮水提物对慢性溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠的治疗作用。方法：将80只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、柳氮磺吡啶（SASP）组、石榴皮水提物低、中、高剂量组（200、400、800 mg/kg）。用2,4-二硝基氯苯（DNCB）复合乙酸法建立大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型。连续给药4周后麻醉处死动物,观察大鼠结肠大体形态的变化并进行结肠黏膜损伤指数（CMDI）评分,并测定大鼠结肠重量、肠重指数、组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活力、白介素1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：与模型组比较,石榴皮水提物中、高剂量组及SASP组大鼠腹泻症状明显缓解。IL-1β、TNF-α、MDA含量和MPO活力显著降低（P〈0.05）;病理学检查或尸检可见结肠组织溃疡面积明显缩小,水肿缓解,组织坏死减轻,未见肠壁增厚。石榴皮水提物高、中剂量组治疗效果明显优于SASP组（P〈0.05）。结论：石榴皮水提物能显著缓解DNCB复合乙酸法所致慢性溃疡性结肠炎的症状,治疗作用明显。     

Ginkgo biloba attenuates mucosal damage in a rat model of ulcerative colitis.

Intestinal inflammatory states, regardless of specific initiating events, share common immunologically mediated pathways of tissue injury and repair. The efficacy of various drugs used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) was investigated. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of ginkgo biloba extract on the extent and severity of UC caused by intracolonic administration of acetic acid in rats. The inflammatory response was assessed by histology and measurement of myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) levels in colon mucosa. Oral pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba in doses of (30, 60, 120 mg kg(-1) body weight) and sulfasalazine in a dose of (500 mg kg(-1) body weight used as reference) for 2 days before induction of colitis and continued for 5 consecutive days, significantly decreased colonic MPO activity, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta levels and increased GSH concentration. Moreover, Ginkgo biloba attenuated the macroscopic colonic damage and the histopathological changes-induced by acetic acid. These results suggest that Ginkgo biloba may be effective in the treatment of UC through its scavenging effect on oxygen-derived free radicals.     

美洲大蠊提取物Ento-A对湿热型溃疡性结肠炎模型大鼠的改善作用研究

目的:研究美洲大蠊提取物Ento-A对湿热型溃疡性结肠炎(UC)模型大鼠的改善作用。方法:将70只大鼠随机分为正常对照组(n=8)和造模组(n=62),造模组大鼠采用高糖高脂、辛辣饮食联合2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸灌肠法复制湿热型UC动物模型。将造模成功的48只大鼠随机分为模型对照组、美沙拉嗪组(300 mg/kg)、肠炎宁(300 mg/kg)和Ento-A低、中、高剂量组(50、100、200 mg/kg,以提取物计),每组8只。正常对照组和模型对照组大鼠灌胃生理盐水,其余各组大鼠灌胃相应药物,每天1次,连续给药14 d。末次给药后,对大鼠疾病活动指数(DAI)、结肠黏膜损伤指数(CMDI)及病理组织学(HS)进行评分,测定大鼠脾指数、肝指数和结肠指数,并采用酶联免疫吸附法测定大鼠血清中白细胞介素8(IL-8)、IL-17、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平和结肠组织中IL-2、前列腺素E2(PGE2)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型对照组大鼠DAI评分、CMDI评分、HS评分、结肠指数以及血清中IL-8、IL-17、MDA水平和结肠组织中MPO、PGE2水平显著升高(P<0.01),血清中SOD水平和结肠组织中IL-2水平显著降低(P<0.01)。与模型对照组比较,Ento-A高剂量组大鼠DAI评分、CMDI评分及血清中IL-17、MDA水平和结肠组织中PGE2水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),血清中SOD水平和结肠组织中IL-2水平显著升高(P<0.01);Ento-A中剂量组大鼠CMDI评分、HS评分以及血清中IL-8、IL-17、MDA水平和结肠组织中PGE2、MPO水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),结肠组织中IL-2水平显著升高(P<0.01);Ento-A低剂量组大鼠HS评分以及血清中IL-17、MDA水平和结肠组织中MPO、PGE2水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),血清中IL-2水平显著升高(P<0.01)。结论:美洲大蠊提取物Ento-A可能通过调节免疫系统平衡、减少炎症损伤,发挥其对湿热型UC模型大鼠的改善作用。     

葡萄籽原花青素对复发性结肠炎大鼠血清抗氧化能力及NO含量的影响

目的：观察葡萄籽原花青素（GSPE）对复发性结肠炎大鼠血清抗氧化能力及NO含量的影响,初步探讨葡萄籽原花青素治疗复发性结肠炎的作用机制。方法：直肠给予雄性Wistar大鼠80mg/kg2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）/50%乙醇溶液复制结肠炎模型,在第16天时,用30mg/kgTNBS/50%乙醇溶液诱导结肠炎复发的模型。大鼠第二次致炎24h后,分别应用GSPE低、中、高剂量（100、200、400mg/kg）灌胃对其进行治疗,并以柳氮磺吡啶（SASP,500mg/kg）作为阳性对照。连续给药7d后处死所有大鼠,取结肠标本评价结肠湿重指数,生化法检测血清中髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活力及丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）和NO含量。结果：与模型对照组比较,GSPE各剂量组大鼠体重下降程度较轻（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,结肠湿重指数明显降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01） 大鼠血清中MPO和iNOS活力及MDA和NO含量均明显降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01） 大鼠血清中SOD和GSH-Px活力及GSH含量明显升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：GSPE可能通过提高复发性结肠炎大鼠血清抗氧化能力,抑制NO生成,来减轻复发性结肠炎炎症反应。     

5-Aminoisoquinolinone reduces colon injury by experimental colitis

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme activated by strand breaks in DNA, plays an important role in the colon injury associated with experimental colitis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of 5-aminoisoquinolinone (5-AIQ), a novel and potent inhibitor of PARP activity, in the development of experimental colitis. To address this question, we used an experimental model of colitis, induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). Compared with DNBS-treated mice, mice treated with 5-AIQ (3 mg/kg i.p.) or 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB; 10 mg/kg i.p. twice a day) and subjected to DNBS-induced colitis experienced a significantly lower rate in the extent and severity of the histological signs of colon injury. DNBS-treated mice experienced diarrhea and weight loss. Four days after administration of DNBS, the mucosa of the colon exhibited large areas of necrosis. Neutrophil infiltration (determined by histology as well as an increase in myeloperoxidase [MPO] activity in the mucosa) was associated with an up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Immunohistochemistry for PAR showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. On the contrary, the treatment of DNBS-treated mice with 5-AIQ or with 3-AB significantly reduced the degree of hemorrhagic diarrhea and weight loss caused by administration of DNBS. 5-AIQ also caused a substantial reduction in the degree of colon injury, in the rise in MPO activity (mucosa), in the increase in staining (immunohistochemistry) for PAR, as well as in the up-regulation of ICAM-1 caused by DNBS in the colon. Thus, 5-AIQ treatment reduces the degree of colitis caused by DNBS. We propose that 5-AIQ treatment may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.     

Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway Does Not Contribute to Prevention of Ulcerative Colitis by Novel Indoline Carbamates

Indoline carbamates, AN680 and AN917 decrease cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6 in peritoneal macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in mouse tissues after LPS injection. They prevent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1. Only AN917 inhibits cholinesterase (ChE) at relevant concentrations. ChE inhibitors decrease NF-κB by activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR). The current study compared the effect of rivastigmine, a ChE inhibitor, AN680 and AN917 on ulcerative colitis induced in mice by ingestion of dextran sodium sulfate (4.5%) solution. Rivastigmine (1 mg/kg), AN680 (2.5–10 mg/kg) and AN917 (2–5 mg/kg) were injected subcutaneously once daily for 8 days. Disease severity was assessed by disease activity index (DAI), colonoscopy, colon length and body weight loss, colonic levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and myeloid peroxidase (MPO) activity. AN680 (5 mg/kg) reduced DAI, colon shrinkage, weight loss, histopathological signs of colon damage, MPO activity, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels without inhibiting ChE. AN917 (5 mg/kg) and rivastigmine (1 mg/kg) inhibited ChE in plasma and colon by 65%, reduced DAI, MPO activity and IL-6, but not TNF-α or IL-1β. AN917 did not prevent weight loss or colon shrinkage. Mecamylamine abolished the reduction of DAI, MPO activity and IL-6 by AN917 and rivastigmine, indicating they were mediated by α7nAChR. Conclusions: AN680 is very effective in preventing DSS-induced UC in mice and may therefore have potential therapeutic application in humans. Addition of ChE inhibition and indirect activation of α7nAChR lessens the efficacy of AN917 in this model.     

Potential of Vitex negundo roots in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice

Context: Vitex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae) is an indigenous tree species in India. This tree species has been of interest to researchers because traditionally its roots are reported in the treatment of ulcer and colic pain.

Objective: The present work was undertaken to validate its folk use in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) by using the method of acetic acid-induced colitis in mice.

Materials and methods: Ethanol and aqueous extracts of roots of V. negundo (100?mg/kg) were screened for use in the treatment of UC by the method of acetic acid-induced UC in mice. Macroscopical study of the colon, level of myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) in colon tissue and blood and histopathology of the colon tissue were studied for the assessment.

Results: Ethanol extract (100?mg/kg) reduced the level of MPO in blood from 355?±?0.39 to 240?±?0.36?U/mL and from 385?±?0.35 to 257?±?0.36?U/mg in tissue. Similarly, it reduced the level of MDA in blood from 9.40?±?0.42 to 6.10?±?0.36 nmol/mL and from 9.38?±?0.56 to 5.89?±?0.56?U/mg in tissue. Both the results are comparable with the standard drug, prednisolone (5?mg/kg). This preventive effect was observed by morphological and histopathological study.

Discussion and conclusion: Results showed that ethanol extract of V. negundo root is effective in the treatment of UC and results are comparable with the standard drug, prednisolone, and thus possessing a great potential in the treatment of UC.     

Potential of Moringa oleifera root and Citrus sinensis fruit rind extracts in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice

Context: The plant Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae), commonly known as the drumstick tree, is an indigenous species in India. This species has been of interest to researchers because traditionally its roots are reported in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Traditionally it is reported that Citrus sinensis Linn (Rutaceae) fruit rind when combined with M. oleifera will increase the efficacy of the plant in the treatment of UC.

Objective: The present work was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of M. oleifera root alone and in combination with C. sinensis fruit rind in the treatment of UC.

Materials and methods: Ethanol and aqueous extracts of M. oleifera roots (100 and 200?mg/kg, body weight) were screened alone and in equal combination with ethanol extract of C. sinensis fruit rind, i.e., 50?mg/kg each of C. sinensis and M. oleifera for their activity on acetic acid-induced UC in mice.

Results: Treatment with combination of extracts of M. oleifera root and C. sinensis fruit rind (50?mg/kg, each) showed less ulceration and hyperemia than individual extract (200?mg/kg) in histopathological observation. Acetic acid increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) level in blood and colon tissue to 342?U/mL and 384?U/mg, respectively. Combination of ethanol extract of M. oleifera root with C. sinensis fruit rind extract significantly (p?<?0.05) decreased MPO in blood and tissue to 278?U/mL and 291?U/mg, respectively. MPO in blood and tissue in control group was 85?±?1.2?U/mL and 96?±?1.3?U/mg, respectively. Similarly this combination significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) level in blood and tissue to 7.11 nmol/mL and 8.19 nmol/mg, from 11.20 nmol/mL and 13.20 nmol/mg, respectively. MDA in blood and tissue in control group was 2.76?±?1.2 nmol/mL and 3.76?±?1.2 nmol/mg, respectively.

Discussion and conclusion: Results show that a combination of M. oleifera root extracts with C. sinensis fruit rind extract is effective in the treatment of UC and results are comparable with the standard drug prednisolone.