家兔实验性胃溃疡期间甲状腺的组织学和组织化学变化(Ⅰ.滤泡细胞)

用成年雄性家兔52只,分为溃疡组、盐水组和空白组。溃疡组在无菌条件下打开腹腔,将少量冰醋酸注入胃粘膜下层,造成实验性胃溃疡;盐水组模拟手术,用生理盐水注入胃粘膜下层;空白组为未经处理的正常家兔。三组动物饲养条件相同,分别在手术后1～40天取材,进行组织学和组织化学的观察。盐水组:手术后3～28天,甲状腺滤泡细胞的酶活性比空白组的低,手术后7～28天,滤泡细胞变低,滤泡腔增大;溃疡组:手术后1～3天,滤泡细胞的各种变化与盐水组的相同,手术后7天,部分酶活性增高。手术后14～28天,溃疡组的AcP、SDH、G6PD、PO、ATP酶和AIP活性都比盐水组的高。滤泡细胞内PAS阳性的胶体小滴数量,也比盐水组的多,细胞较高,滤泡腔直径较小。手术后40天,两组动物的各项观察指标都恢复正常。本文结果提示,在家兔实验性胃溃疡期间,甲状腺滤泡细胞可能参与了抗疾患的代谢活动。     

大鼠实验性胃溃疡期间胰岛A、B细胞酶组织化学研究

用成年雄性Wistar大鼠65只,分溃疡实验组、盐水对照组和空白对照组。在无菌条件下,将0.01 ml冰醋酸注入动物胃粘膜下层,造成实验性胃溃疡;盐水组模拟手术,注入0.01ml生理盐水;空白组为未经任何处理的正常大鼠。3组动物在相同条件下饲养,在手术后2～28d,分7批取材,取出胰尾进行酶组织化学观察。盐水组:A细胞在手术后2～4 d,AlP活性减弱,5～Nase活性增强,10 d恢复;B细胞在手术后2～4 d,AcP及5-Nase活性增强,ATPase活性减弱,10 d基本恢复。溃疡组:A细胞在手术后2～4d酶活性变化与盐水组相同。手术后6d,AlP、ATPase、SDH、LDH、G-6-PD及α-GPD活性均显示出不同程度增强,至手术后28 d恢复;B细胞在手术后21 d的变化与盐水组基本一致,但手术后4 d,AcP、5-Nase、SDH及LDH活性均减低,21 d恢复。本文实验结果提示,在大鼠实验性胃溃疡期间,胰岛A、B细胞共同参与了机体自然抗病过程。     

家兔实验性胃溃疡期间甲状腺的组织学和组织化学变化(Ⅱ.滤泡旁细胞)

用成年雄性家兔49只,分为正常组、溃疡组和盐水组。正常组是未经处理的正常家兔;溃疡组为在无菌条件下,打开动物腹腔,用少量冰醋酸注入胃粘膜下层,造成实验性胃溃疡;盐水组模拟手术,用生理盐水注入胃粘膜下层。手术后1～28天,分批取甲状腺,进行组织学和组织化学的观察。实验结果表明,各组甲状腺滤泡旁细胞没有明显的组织学变化。正常家兔甲状腺滤泡旁细胞的乙酰胆碱酯酶、非特异性酯酶和酸性磷酸酶反应很强,乙酰胆碱酯酶有一定的特异性;硫胺素焦磷酸酶反应很弱;琥珀酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶反应弱阳性。盐水组的甲状腺滤泡旁细胞在手术后1～7天,某些组织化学产生一定的变化;在手术后14～28天恢复正常。溃疡组的甲状腺滤泡旁细胞在手术后1～3天,各组织化学反应与盐水组相似;手术后7～28天,许多组织化学反应均在一定程度上比盐水组的反应增强。本文讨论了以上组织化学变化的意义,提示在实验性胃溃疡期间,甲状腺滤泡旁细胞可能参与了调节活动。     

大鼠实验性胃溃疡自愈过程中甲状腺滤泡细胞的超微结构变化

本实验采用雄性Wistar大鼠39只,体重180～220 g,分成溃疡组、盐水组和空白组。溃疡组在无菌条件下打开腹腔,将少量冰醋酸注射入胃粘膜下层,造成胃溃疡;盐水组模拟手术,用等量生理盐水代替冰醋酸;空白组为正常大鼠。于手术后4～28天分批取材,进行超微结构的观察。盐水组:手术后4～6天,甲状腺滤泡细胞变得扁平,顶部质膜光滑,微绒毛减少。胶体小滴、溶酶体和分泌颗粒的数目减少,粗面内质网和高尔     

大鼠实验性胃溃疡期间胰岛A、B细胞酶组织化学研究

本实验共用成年雄性Wistar大鼠65只,分为3组:实验溃疡组、盐水对照组和空白对照组。溃疡组在无菌条件下,将0.01 ml冰醋酸注入胃粘膜下层,造成实验性胃溃疡;盐水组模拟手术;空白组为未经处理的正常大鼠。在手术后2、4、6、10、14、21及28天的不同时间内,共分7批取材。取     

大鼠实验性胃溃疡期间胰岛A、B细胞的免疫细胞化学研究

本实验共用成年雄性大鼠40只,分为溃疡组、盐水对照组和空白对照组。溃疡组在无菌条件下,将0.01ml冰醋酸注入胃粘膜下层,造成实验性胃溃疡,盐水组模拟手术,注入生理盐水0.01ml;空白组为未经处理的正常大鼠。三组动物于相同条件下饲养。术后6、10、14、21天分别取材,每批动物均包括溃疡组5只、盐水组3只和空白组2只。用免疫细胞化学PAP法,分别显示胰岛A、B细胞,     

大鼠实验性胃溃疡期间胃窦粘膜胃泌素细胞的免疫组织化学和放射自显影研究

成年雄性Wistar大鼠16只,分为实验溃疡组和对照组,后者又分为盐水组和空白组。在手术后4、6、10和21天取胃窦粘膜,经离体~3H-TdR掺入,用免疫组织化学和放射自显影方法观察胃泌素细胞(G细胞)的变化。正常大鼠胃窦粘膜G细胞标记指数为1.59±0.78,细胞百分率为4.27±0.27。溃疡组G细胞标记指数在手术后4天比对照组降低,10天的比对照组增高;G细胞百分率在手术后4、6、和10天低于对照组,21天的则高于对照组;经统计学处理,其中21天的G细胞百分率与4或6天的相比有显著性差异。溃疡组手术后6天的新生粘膜内出现G细胞,其数目随时间增加。6、10和21天的新生粘膜内可见少量~3H-TdR标记的G细胞。G细胞形状有多种,有的G细胞伸出突起,与幽门腺其他腺细胞接触。本研究结果提示,在大鼠实验性胃溃疡修复期间,G细胞可能与其他内分泌细胞共同参与了机体自然抗病活动。     

家兔实验性胃溃疡期间对肾上腺皮质的组织化学观察

本实验用成年雄性家兔38只,分为胃溃疡实验组和对照组。实验组用少量冰醋酸注入胃粘膜下层,造成实验性胃溃疡。对照组分盐水对照组,即用生理盐水注入胃粘膜下层,模拟手术;空白对照组,不做手术。手术后3～49天之内,分批取肾上腺,进行组织化学观察。在实验性胃溃疡期间,肾上腺皮质的组织化学变化以束状带和网状带比较明显。在胃溃疡手术后早期,束状带和网状带充满嗜苏丹黑B脂类小滴,并充满用Schultz氏法显示的胆固醇小滴,随后,脂类和胆固醇小滴减少。抗坏血酸稍减少,随后稍增多。琥珀酸脱氢酶的活性稍增强。这些变化在胃溃疡手术后10天之内比较明显,14天开始恢复,18天以后逐渐恢复正常。在盐水对照组于手术后早期,即出现束状带和网状带的脂类和胆固醇减少,抗坏血酸稍增多,琥珀酸脱氢酶的活性稍增强。以上变化在手术后3天比较明显,10天开始恢复,14天以后恢复正常。讨论了以上组织化学变化的意义,并提示在实验性胃溃疡期间,还存在内分泌调节途径。     

大鼠实验性胃溃疡期间前脑β-内啡肽神经元的变化

1　材料与方法1 1　材料　成年雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠 (1 80～ 2 3 0 ｇ) 3 8只。实验性胃溃疡组 (溃疡组 ) 1 9只 ,戊巴比妥钠 40ｍｇ·ｋｇ- 1ｉｐ注射麻醉 ,常规消毒 ,剖开腹腔 ,在胃前壁近胃窦处 ,注入 0 0 1ｍＬ冰醋酸至胃粘膜下层 ,造成实验性胃溃疡。对照组 (盐水组 )     

大鼠实验性胃溃疡期间胃窦粘膜上皮及幽门腺的组织化学和放射自显影研究

用成年雄性Wistar大鼠16只,分为溃疡组和对照组,后者又分为盐水组和空白组。在实验性胃溃疡术后4、6、10和21天取胃窦粘膜,经体外培养,~3H-TdR摻入,在放射自显影前后,分别进行PAS反应与醛复红、Alcian蓝(pH2.5)及HE染色,观察胃窦粘膜上皮和幽门腺细胞标记指数、细胞百分率及组织化学变化。正常大鼠胃窦粘膜上皮和幽门腺细胞标记指数为10.03±0.40、细胞百分率为95.73±0.26。溃疡组术后6、10和21天粘膜上皮和腺细胞标记指数增高,与对照组相比有高度显著性差异。21天时新生上皮和腺细胞标记指数增高,与空白组相比,也有高度显著性差异。溃疡组细胞百分率在6天增加,与空白组相比有显著性差异;其中21天与4天和6天相比,均有高度显著性差异。新生粘膜上皮和腺细胞的PAS反应、醛复红和Alcian蓝染色呈强阳性或阳性。本研究的结果提示,实验性胃溃疡自愈期间,胃窦粘膜和新生粘膜上皮及腺细胞增殖活跃,分泌粘液的功能旺盛。上述变化对溃疡局部的修复具有重要作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.