浓缩原代地鼠肾细胞狂犬病疫苗接种人体反应及血清学效果

选择被动物咬伤的７１人接种浓缩２～３倍的狂犬病疫苗，以观察接种后的临床反应和免疫效果。结果５针全程免疫后，未见体温中、强反应及其它全身反应；局部反应发生率为１０１％。应用小鼠脑内中和试验检测血清中和抗体，其阳转率为１００％，其中９０％具有保护水平，几何平均滴度（ＧＭＴ）为１：４８２４，几何平均效价为５５２ＩＵ／ｍｌ。     

脊髓灰质炎Ⅲ型液体活疫苗人体接种反应和免疫效果观察

对卫生部北京生物制品研究所制备的脊髓灰质炎Ⅲ型液体疫苗（４５７－ⅢＰＦＩＺＥＲ－ＳｏＲｔ１），进行了人体接种反应和免疫效果观察。用加样枪口腔深部滴入疫苗后第６、８、１０、１２、１４天，有３０３％、６０６％、３０３％、１２１２％、９１０％接种儿出现全身弱反应，未见到中、强反应。未有发生皮疹、腹痛和腹泻者。免疫一个月后用中和试验查中和抗体，９６５５％（２８／２９）婴儿中和抗体升至１：１２８～１：１０２４，ＧＭＲＴ为４１２９０±３４７。结果表明，一次该疫苗免疫后Ⅲ型中和抗体的阳转率，和国内常规三价脊灰活疫苗３次免疫的一致。     

建德市肾综合征出血热Ⅰ型灭活疫苗随机对照现场试验

在建德市肾综合征出血热Ⅰ型灭活疫苗随机对照现场,采集免前ＨＦＲＳ抗体阳性者系列血清,检测血清中间接免疫荧光抗体（ＩＦＡ）和中和抗体（ＭＣＰＥＮＴ）;观察疫苗保护发病的效果。结果疫苗副反应率为３７８％。免后二周、加强前、加强后二周、加强后二年和三年血清抗体ＩＦＡ和ＭＣＰＥＮＴ阳性率分别为６５６％、５００％、３８％、００％、８３３％、７５０％,１６７％、６７％、１２０％、４０％;其血清抗体ＩＦＡ和ＭＣＰＥＮＴ滴度分别是１３３、３９、５１、２５,１４１、４９、１７、１１、１３、１１。经过４８个月（４年）的随访期,全程接组种无一病例发生,全程对照组发病１５人,其余未种组发病２０人,疫苗保护率１００％。在３５例ＨＦＲＳ病例中,Ⅰ型病例２３人,Ⅱ型病例１０人,２例未分型。表明疫苗的中期防病效果较好,免后四年抗体水平下降很快;该现场还需继续随访以获得更长时间疫苗保护发病的情况。     

对苯二甲酸诱导膀胱和肾结石实验研究

分别用含 ００５％ 、０５％ 和 ５％ Ｔ Ｐ Ａ 染毒 Ｓ Ｄ 大鼠 ９ ０ 天,实验发现,０５ ％ 、５％ 剂量组均有肾脏和膀胱结石发生。０５％ 剂量组膀胱和肾脏结石发病率分别为 １０％ （２ ／２０）和 ５％ （１／２０）, ５％ 剂量组膀胱和肾结石发病率分别为 ５５％（１１／２０） 和 ２５％ （ ５／２０）。膀胱和肾脏结石发病率存在明显的性别差异。０５％ 、５％ 剂量组雌性大鼠均未发现肾脏结石,雄性大鼠发病率分别为 １０％ （ １／１０）、５ ０％ （５／１ ０）。０５％ 剂量组雌性大鼠未见膀胱结石,５％ 剂量组雌性大鼠发现 ２ 例,雄性大鼠 ０５％ 、５％ 剂量组膀胱结石发病率分别为 ２０％ （２／１０） 、９０％ （ ９／１０）。膀胱结石中最大的一块重 ５ ５１ｍ ｇ,粒径 ３９６×４０２ｍ ｍ 。肾脏结石中最大的一块重 ４ ７６ｍ ｇ ,粒径 ３９６ ×３７４ｍ ｍ 。     

接种浓缩狂犬病疫苗反应和抗体阳转率观察

随着养犬猫的不断增加,被咬伤者越来越多,接种狂犬病疫苗者也大量增加。为进一步了解疫苗接种后的反应及免疫应答状况,提高免疫效果,１９９６至１９９８年我们对濮阳市犬猫咬伤接种浓缩狂犬病疫苗的１２６６人进行了调查。１　材料与方法１１　地鼠肾细胞培养灭活浓缩狂犬病疫苗：兰州生物制品研究所生产,效价２５％ＩＵ／ｍｌ,在有效期内使用。接种程序按０、３、７、１４、３０天各接种１针（２５ＩＵ／支）。１２　调查方法与对象：凡来濮阳市防疫站门诊就诊的犬猫咬伤者为调查对象,接种狂犬病疫苗前和全程注射疫苗后２周…     

国产血源性乙型肝炎疫苗接种后九年效果评价

目的观察乙型肝炎疫苗接种后９年效果。方法对９年前经随机、双盲、有安慰剂对照严格设计的，曾完成疫苗全程接种的疫苗组１２６名、安慰剂组１３５名５～９岁儿童进行随访并采血，询问发病情况，检测乙型肝炎３项指标（ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗ＨＢｃ和抗ＨＢｓ）。对抗体下降原因进行多因素分析。结果经９年观察，失访率控制在４％～１９％。第九年（Ｔ１０８）疫苗组抗体阳性率和ＧＭＴ仍显著高于安慰剂组，分别为６５３％、５４７和２８２％、１４６。但与第六年（Ｔ７２）相比，疫苗组两指标均明显下降。对４、６、９年抗体下降原因做多因素分析均显示，Ｔ１２抗体滴度高低是抗体是否能持续存在的重要因素，自然加强可能也起一定作用。９年中，Ｔ１０８时安慰剂组发生１例临床乙型肝炎病人，疫苗组无病例；对ＨＢＶ感染的保护率为８１４％，对ＨＢｓＡｇ阳转的保护率为８４６％。与第六年相比基本相同。结论乙肝疫苗接种后９年效果仍是完好的，无需复种     

洗头、足浴场所卫生学调查

我们于１９９８年在合肥、安庆两市对５０家洗头、足浴场所的卫生现场进行了调查。结果报告如下。调查方法　每个场所对角线设３个监测点,采样高度１２ｍ,部分场所每日测３次（早、中、晚）,部分一次性监测。卫生指标的监测均按《公共场所卫生标准检验方法》进行。调查结果　（１）微小气候：空气中温度２４℃～３０℃,平均值２６８℃;相对湿度为５３％～９０％,平均值７２９％;风速００４ｍ／ｓ～０２２ｍ／ｓ,平均值０１１ｍ／ｓ。（２）空气质量：环境ＣＯ浓度０２ｍｇ／ｍ３～１９ｍｇ／ｍ３,平均值０９４ｍ…     

接种狂犬疫苗后抗体阳转结果分析

为确切了解狂犬病疫苗的接种效果 ,对１９９７～１９９９年４４０人在接受过狂犬疫苗全程免疫后进行血清抗体测定 ,现将结果报告如下。１材料和方法对被犬咬伤者按０、３、７、１４、３０天免疫程序注射狂犬病疫苗（浓缩人用狂犬病疫苗≥２．５ＩＵ） ,疫苗是卫生部武汉生物制品研究所及兰州生物制品研究所生产 ,均在有效期内使用。注射部位是臀部或上臂三角肌肌肉注射 ,每次２．０ｍｌ,注射完５针后１５天采静脉血 ,分离血清 ,用兰州生物制品研究所生产的狂犬抗体检测酶标试剂测定人体血清抗体（按说明书使用）。显蓝色程度已达到或超过阳…     

重组酵母乙肝疫苗3年免疫效果观察

采用０ 、１ 、２ 月免疫程序,对４８０ 名 Ｈ Ｂｓ Ａｇ 、抗 Ｈ Ｂｓ 、抗 Ｈ Ｂｃ 均阴性的６ ～１２ 岁小学生进行为期３ 年的３ 批国产重组酵母乙肝疫苗和１ 批美国同类疫苗免疫效果观察。首剂疫苗免疫后３ 个月时,两种疫苗的抗体阳转率达９２ ％ ;６ 个月时,阳转率均在９８ ％ 以上;３ 年时,仍维持在９０ ％ 以上;３ 个月、６ 个月及３６ 个月４ 批疫苗的抗体滴度（ Ｇ Ｍ Ｔ） 分别在８２５７ ｍ Ｉ Ｕ／ｍｌ 、９２６１ ｍ Ｉ Ｕ／ ｍｌ 和１１９７２ ｍ Ｉ Ｕ／ ｍｌ 以上。但６ 个月及３ 年时,两种疫苗的抗体滴度有显著性差异。结果显示：国产重组酵母乙肝疫苗具有较好的免疫效果和安全性;采用０ 、１ 、２ 月免疫程序,可较早地诱导机体产生较高水平的抗体,但其免疫效果稍逊于美国疫苗。     

湖南省肾综合征出血热Ⅰ型灭活疫苗效果免疫(感染)增强和免疫策略研究

采用ＩＦＡＴ法检测特异ＩｇＧ荧光抗体,用ＭＣＰＥＮＴ法检测中和抗体滴度,追踪流行病学防病效果。结果表明,该疫苗的安全性较好,总反应率为３１９％,中强反应１８２％,反应以局部一过性疼痛多见,无异常反应。疫苗３针全程免疫后２周、加强前、加强后２周、１年和２年,３年中和抗体阳转率分别为３１４０％、９３３％、８７５０％、５３８５％、３８１０％和３５００％。荧光抗体阳转率分别为８４９１％、２２５０％、８５００％、１５７９％、１０２０％和９０５％。疫苗的流行病学防病效果好,３针全程免疫后（１９９５４）至今（１９９９．３）接种者无人发病,对照组发病８例,保护率为１００００％,观察到试区疫情较四周非试区低,疫苗复盖率达５０％以上,似可有效控制疫情。发现有１例接种者在经过一个流行高峰期后荧光抗体较前呈４周以上增高,但无临床表现。未发现接种人群中有免疫（感染）增强问题。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.