Effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity of herpes simplex virus type 1 （HSV-1）

To observe the effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) so as to explore the mechanism of its antiviral activity, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was used as the fluorescent probe to label viruses and heparin sodium was used as control. Meanwhile , the effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity on the surface of Hep-2 cells was determined by flow cytometry. It was demonstrated that adsorption of HSV-1 on the surface of Hep-2 cells exhibited the character of saturation and specificity and heparin sodium could prevent attachment of viruses on these cells. These results are in accord with those reported previously. It was also proved that the manner of drug-use prior to adsorption or simultaneous use of drug and adsorption was better than adsorption prior to drug-use, and the inhibition rates of the former and latter manner were 84. 76% and 82.92% respectively. Three manners of drug-use with Gardenia extract ZG were all effective to reduce the adsorption quantity of viruses, especially the manner of simultaneous use of drug and adsorption with an adsorption inhibition rate of 68.46% . From the above observation, it is apparent that the mechanism of anti-viral activity of Gardenia extract ZG may be via several steps involved in the HSV-1 adsorption.     

The chloroxoquinolinic derivative 6-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl) quinoline-3-carboxylic acid inhibits HSV-1 adsorption by impairing its adsorption on HVEM

Summary In this paper, we describe that the oxoquinolinic acid derivative (compound A) inhibited HSV-1 adsorption on Vero cells. This effect was achieved with an EC₅₀ value of 10 ± 2.0 μM and with low cytotoxicity, since the CC₅₀ value for compound A was >1000 μM. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that adsorption inhibition was due to the blockage of the interactions between HSV-1 and the cellular receptor herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). These results show that compound A can prevent HSV-1 infection in Vero cells, encouraging further studies to determine at what level compound A inhibits HSV-1-HVEM interactions.     

The effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by lines SGC-7901 human γδT cell

Objective To explore the effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by human γδT cells. Methods Isopentenyl pyrophosphate method was used to amplify human peripheral blood γδT cells in vitro. Fufangkushen at various concentrations was used to induce γδT cells and gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 for 24 hours, MTr assays was used to detect inhibitory effect of Fufangkushen on these cell lines, LDH assays was used to measure the cytotoxic activity of γδT cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis of γδT cells and SGC-7901 before and after the treatment. Results Ten days after cultivation, proliferation ra-tio of γδT cells increased from 4.21% to 70.35% and CD44 was up to 94.0%. Inhibitory rate of Fufangkush-en on SGC-7901 at various concentrations was significantly higher than that on γδT cells (22.3% vs-22.4%, P<0.05). The negative inhibitory ratio on γδT cells showed a dose-dependent manner with Fufangkushen's concentrations ranging from 1/5 to 1/400. γδT cells cytotoxic activity to SGC-7901 induced by Fufangkushen for 24 h was higher than control group, (83.6% vs 71.2%, P<0.05). Apoptotic rate was significantly lower in γδT cells than in SGC-7901 (4.64% vs49.23%, P<0.05). Conclusion Fufangkushen, within routine concentration ranges, can promote γδT cells' proliferation, inhibit tumor cell growth and enhance γδT cells' cytotoxic activity. This may be beneficial to tumor adoptive immunotherapy and provide evidence for the appli-cation of Fufangkushen in the treatment of tumors.     

The effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by lines SGC-7901 human γδT cell

Objective To explore the effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by human γδT cells. Methods Isopentenyl pyrophosphate method was used to amplify human peripheral blood γδT cells in vitro. Fufangkushen at various concentrations was used to induce γδT cells and gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 for 24 hours, MTr assays was used to detect inhibitory effect of Fufangkushen on these cell lines, LDH assays was used to measure the cytotoxic activity of γδT cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis of γδT cells and SGC-7901 before and after the treatment. Results Ten days after cultivation, proliferation ra-tio of γδT cells increased from 4.21% to 70.35% and CD44 was up to 94.0%. Inhibitory rate of Fufangkush-en on SGC-7901 at various concentrations was significantly higher than that on γδT cells (22.3% vs-22.4%, P<0.05). The negative inhibitory ratio on γδT cells showed a dose-dependent manner with Fufangkushen's concentrations ranging from 1/5 to 1/400. γδT cells cytotoxic activity to SGC-7901 induced by Fufangkushen for 24 h was higher than control group, (83.6% vs 71.2%, P<0.05). Apoptotic rate was significantly lower in γδT cells than in SGC-7901 (4.64% vs49.23%, P<0.05). Conclusion Fufangkushen, within routine concentration ranges, can promote γδT cells' proliferation, inhibit tumor cell growth and enhance γδT cells' cytotoxic activity. This may be beneficial to tumor adoptive immunotherapy and provide evidence for the appli-cation of Fufangkushen in the treatment of tumors.     

The effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by lines SGC-7901 human γδT cell

Objective To explore the effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by human γδT cells. Methods Isopentenyl pyrophosphate method was used to amplify human peripheral blood γδT cells in vitro. Fufangkushen at various concentrations was used to induce γδT cells and gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 for 24 hours, MTr assays was used to detect inhibitory effect of Fufangkushen on these cell lines, LDH assays was used to measure the cytotoxic activity of γδT cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis of γδT cells and SGC-7901 before and after the treatment. Results Ten days after cultivation, proliferation ra-tio of γδT cells increased from 4.21% to 70.35% and CD44 was up to 94.0%. Inhibitory rate of Fufangkush-en on SGC-7901 at various concentrations was significantly higher than that on γδT cells (22.3% vs-22.4%, P<0.05). The negative inhibitory ratio on γδT cells showed a dose-dependent manner with Fufangkushen's concentrations ranging from 1/5 to 1/400. γδT cells cytotoxic activity to SGC-7901 induced by Fufangkushen for 24 h was higher than control group, (83.6% vs 71.2%, P<0.05). Apoptotic rate was significantly lower in γδT cells than in SGC-7901 (4.64% vs49.23%, P<0.05). Conclusion Fufangkushen, within routine concentration ranges, can promote γδT cells' proliferation, inhibit tumor cell growth and enhance γδT cells' cytotoxic activity. This may be beneficial to tumor adoptive immunotherapy and provide evidence for the appli-cation of Fufangkushen in the treatment of tumors.     

The effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by lines SGC-7901 human γδT cell

Objective To explore the effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by human γδT cells. Methods Isopentenyl pyrophosphate method was used to amplify human peripheral blood γδT cells in vitro. Fufangkushen at various concentrations was used to induce γδT cells and gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 for 24 hours, MTr assays was used to detect inhibitory effect of Fufangkushen on these cell lines, LDH assays was used to measure the cytotoxic activity of γδT cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis of γδT cells and SGC-7901 before and after the treatment. Results Ten days after cultivation, proliferation ra-tio of γδT cells increased from 4.21% to 70.35% and CD44 was up to 94.0%. Inhibitory rate of Fufangkush-en on SGC-7901 at various concentrations was significantly higher than that on γδT cells (22.3% vs-22.4%, P<0.05). The negative inhibitory ratio on γδT cells showed a dose-dependent manner with Fufangkushen's concentrations ranging from 1/5 to 1/400. γδT cells cytotoxic activity to SGC-7901 induced by Fufangkushen for 24 h was higher than control group, (83.6% vs 71.2%, P<0.05). Apoptotic rate was significantly lower in γδT cells than in SGC-7901 (4.64% vs49.23%, P<0.05). Conclusion Fufangkushen, within routine concentration ranges, can promote γδT cells' proliferation, inhibit tumor cell growth and enhance γδT cells' cytotoxic activity. This may be beneficial to tumor adoptive immunotherapy and provide evidence for the appli-cation of Fufangkushen in the treatment of tumors.     

The effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by lines SGC-7901 human γδT cell

Objective To explore the effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by human γδT cells. Methods Isopentenyl pyrophosphate method was used to amplify human peripheral blood γδT cells in vitro. Fufangkushen at various concentrations was used to induce γδT cells and gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 for 24 hours, MTr assays was used to detect inhibitory effect of Fufangkushen on these cell lines, LDH assays was used to measure the cytotoxic activity of γδT cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis of γδT cells and SGC-7901 before and after the treatment. Results Ten days after cultivation, proliferation ra-tio of γδT cells increased from 4.21% to 70.35% and CD44 was up to 94.0%. Inhibitory rate of Fufangkush-en on SGC-7901 at various concentrations was significantly higher than that on γδT cells (22.3% vs-22.4%, P<0.05). The negative inhibitory ratio on γδT cells showed a dose-dependent manner with Fufangkushen's concentrations ranging from 1/5 to 1/400. γδT cells cytotoxic activity to SGC-7901 induced by Fufangkushen for 24 h was higher than control group, (83.6% vs 71.2%, P<0.05). Apoptotic rate was significantly lower in γδT cells than in SGC-7901 (4.64% vs49.23%, P<0.05). Conclusion Fufangkushen, within routine concentration ranges, can promote γδT cells' proliferation, inhibit tumor cell growth and enhance γδT cells' cytotoxic activity. This may be beneficial to tumor adoptive immunotherapy and provide evidence for the appli-cation of Fufangkushen in the treatment of tumors.     

The effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by lines SGC-7901 human γδT cell

Objective To explore the effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by human γδT cells. Methods Isopentenyl pyrophosphate method was used to amplify human peripheral blood γδT cells in vitro. Fufangkushen at various concentrations was used to induce γδT cells and gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 for 24 hours, MTr assays was used to detect inhibitory effect of Fufangkushen on these cell lines, LDH assays was used to measure the cytotoxic activity of γδT cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis of γδT cells and SGC-7901 before and after the treatment. Results Ten days after cultivation, proliferation ra-tio of γδT cells increased from 4.21% to 70.35% and CD44 was up to 94.0%. Inhibitory rate of Fufangkush-en on SGC-7901 at various concentrations was significantly higher than that on γδT cells (22.3% vs-22.4%, P<0.05). The negative inhibitory ratio on γδT cells showed a dose-dependent manner with Fufangkushen's concentrations ranging from 1/5 to 1/400. γδT cells cytotoxic activity to SGC-7901 induced by Fufangkushen for 24 h was higher than control group, (83.6% vs 71.2%, P<0.05). Apoptotic rate was significantly lower in γδT cells than in SGC-7901 (4.64% vs49.23%, P<0.05). Conclusion Fufangkushen, within routine concentration ranges, can promote γδT cells' proliferation, inhibit tumor cell growth and enhance γδT cells' cytotoxic activity. This may be beneficial to tumor adoptive immunotherapy and provide evidence for the appli-cation of Fufangkushen in the treatment of tumors.     

The effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by lines SGC-7901 human γδT cell

Objective To explore the effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by human γδT cells. Methods Isopentenyl pyrophosphate method was used to amplify human peripheral blood γδT cells in vitro. Fufangkushen at various concentrations was used to induce γδT cells and gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 for 24 hours, MTr assays was used to detect inhibitory effect of Fufangkushen on these cell lines, LDH assays was used to measure the cytotoxic activity of γδT cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis of γδT cells and SGC-7901 before and after the treatment. Results Ten days after cultivation, proliferation ra-tio of γδT cells increased from 4.21% to 70.35% and CD44 was up to 94.0%. Inhibitory rate of Fufangkush-en on SGC-7901 at various concentrations was significantly higher than that on γδT cells (22.3% vs-22.4%, P<0.05). The negative inhibitory ratio on γδT cells showed a dose-dependent manner with Fufangkushen's concentrations ranging from 1/5 to 1/400. γδT cells cytotoxic activity to SGC-7901 induced by Fufangkushen for 24 h was higher than control group, (83.6% vs 71.2%, P<0.05). Apoptotic rate was significantly lower in γδT cells than in SGC-7901 (4.64% vs49.23%, P<0.05). Conclusion Fufangkushen, within routine concentration ranges, can promote γδT cells' proliferation, inhibit tumor cell growth and enhance γδT cells' cytotoxic activity. This may be beneficial to tumor adoptive immunotherapy and provide evidence for the appli-cation of Fufangkushen in the treatment of tumors.     

The effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by lines SGC-7901 human γδT cell

Objective To explore the effect of Fufangkushen on gastric cancer cell killing by human γδT cells. Methods Isopentenyl pyrophosphate method was used to amplify human peripheral blood γδT cells in vitro. Fufangkushen at various concentrations was used to induce γδT cells and gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901 for 24 hours, MTr assays was used to detect inhibitory effect of Fufangkushen on these cell lines, LDH assays was used to measure the cytotoxic activity of γδT cells, and flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis of γδT cells and SGC-7901 before and after the treatment. Results Ten days after cultivation, proliferation ra-tio of γδT cells increased from 4.21% to 70.35% and CD44 was up to 94.0%. Inhibitory rate of Fufangkush-en on SGC-7901 at various concentrations was significantly higher than that on γδT cells (22.3% vs-22.4%, P<0.05). The negative inhibitory ratio on γδT cells showed a dose-dependent manner with Fufangkushen's concentrations ranging from 1/5 to 1/400. γδT cells cytotoxic activity to SGC-7901 induced by Fufangkushen for 24 h was higher than control group, (83.6% vs 71.2%, P<0.05). Apoptotic rate was significantly lower in γδT cells than in SGC-7901 (4.64% vs49.23%, P<0.05). Conclusion Fufangkushen, within routine concentration ranges, can promote γδT cells' proliferation, inhibit tumor cell growth and enhance γδT cells' cytotoxic activity. This may be beneficial to tumor adoptive immunotherapy and provide evidence for the appli-cation of Fufangkushen in the treatment of tumors.     

反义硫代寡核苷酸体外抑制柯萨奇病毒B3增殖的研究

目的 在ＣＶＢ３易感的Ｖｅｒｏ细胞系中观察与ＣＶＢ３ＲＮＡ５’ＮＣＲ的ｎｔ５８１－６０１区域区补的２１聚硫代ＡＯＤＮ抗病毒活性。方法 采用ＭＴＴ法测定细胞活性,直接观察ＣＰＥ,测定培养上清ＴＣＩＤ５０,并分别用ＥＬＩＳＡ和往点杂交法检测ＣＶＢ３抗原及其ＲＮＡ。结果 １．ＡＯＤＮ可推迟和减轻ＣＰＥ,且随ＡＯＤＮ浓度增加,对ＣＰＥ的抑制作用增强,感染细胞存活率也随ＡＯＤＮ浓度升高而升高;２．ＡＯＤＮ可     

重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂的抗病毒药效评价及临床观察

目的研究重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂抑制单纯疱疹病毒、流感病毒、SARS冠状病毒有效浓度范围,为临床研究提供依据并进行治疗病毒性皮肤疾病临床验证。方法采用细胞病变抑制法研究重组人干扰素a2b喷雾剂抑制单纯疱疹病毒HSV-1及HSV-2攻击Vero细胞,抑制流感甲型及乙型病毒攻击人胚肾细胞,抑制SARS冠状病毒攻击Vero细胞的体外抗病毒作用。采用多中心、随机双盲临床试验评价重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂对流感甲型及乙型病毒、尖锐湿疣的治疗效果。结果重组人干扰素a2b喷雾剂抑制单纯疱疹病毒HSV-1及HSV-2对Vero细胞的攻击的半数有效浓度（IC50）分别为81．2IU／ml和390．0IU／ml;重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂抑制流感甲型及乙型病毒对人胚肾细胞攻击的IC50分别为534．1IU／ml和3645．5IU／ml;抑制SARS冠状病毒对Vero细胞攻击的IC50为11．77IU／ml。多中心、随机、双盲的临床研究表明,重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂治疗单纯疱疹的有效率为89．09％,治疗尖锐湿疣有效率为22．0％,治愈率为17．0％,患者均未见明显不良反应。结论体外实验表明重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂对单纯疱疹病毒、流感病毒、SARS冠状病毒有显著抑制作用,临床研究表明重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂作为蛋白经皮给药制剂可用于单纯疱疹和尖锐湿疣的临床治疗。     

Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 reproduction by probiotic bacteria in vitro

Light and immunofluorescence microscopies were used to study the cytopathic effect of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) grown on the Vero cell cultures in the absence or presence of supernatants of Enterococcus faecium L3, Lactobacillus plantarum 8A-P3, and Escherichia coil M17. The effect of the probiotic strains was evaluated estimating the proportion of changed cells and the infective dose of the virus. The supernatants of the cultures of Lactobacillus sp. and Enterococcus sp., unlike those of E. coil, have antiviral activity. Inhibited viral replication was more evident when the supernatants were added until the cultured HSV-1 cells were infective. An enterococcal supernatant and its obtained peptide extract showed the maximum antiviral activity. This strain may be associated with the production of bacteriocins and bacteriocin-like substances.     

羊栖菜多糖体外抗病毒作用研究

目的:观察羊栖菜多糖及其分离产物对单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)和柯萨奇病毒(CVB₃)所引起细胞病变(CPE)的抑制作用及其机理。方法:采用MTT比色法,测定羊栖菜多糖及其分离产物对Vero细胞的细胞毒性,并在对细胞的最大无毒浓度(MNCC)范围内,采用体外细胞培养法研究羊栖菜多糖样品对上述两种病毒的抑制作用。在此基础上采用分组实验初步探讨了多糖样品的抗病毒机理。结果与结论:①羊栖菜多糖样品对Vero细胞的毒性较小,CC₅₀均大于5000mg/L。②除ALG外,其它样品对HSV-1均有明显的抗病毒作用,且随着纯度的提高,样品抗病毒作用随之增强,其中F₁、F₂和F₄抗病毒效果优于ACV。③羊栖菜多糖样品对CVB3的抗病毒效果均明显优于病毒唑,纯化后的样品F₁、F₂和F₄抗CVB₃作用显著。④从分组实验中可知,羊栖菜多糖样品不仅具有直接杀灭病毒作用,而且还可进入细胞或吸附在细胞表面,从而达到抑制或杀伤病毒的效果。     

Antiviral effect of flavonoids on human viruses

The effect of several naturally occurring dietary flavonoids including quercetin, naringin, hesperetin, and catechin on the infectivity and replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), polio-virus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 3 (Pf-3), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was studied in vitro in cell culture monolayers employing the technique of viral plaque reduction. Quercetin caused a concentration-dependent reduction in the infectivity of each virus. In addition, it reduced intracellular replication of each virus when monolayers were infected and subsequently cultured in medium containing quercetin. Preincubation of tissue culture cell monolayers with quercetin did not affect the ability of the viruses to infect or replicate in the tissue culture monolayers. Hesperetin had no effect on infectivity but it reduced intracellular replication of each of the viruses. Catechin inhibited the infectivity but not the replication of RSV and HSV-1 and had negligible effects on the other viruses. Naringin had no effect on either the infectivity or the replication of any of the viruses studied. Thus, naturally occurring flavonoids possess a variable spectrum of antiviral activity against certain RNA (RSV, Pf-3, polio) and DNA (HSV-1) viruses acting to inhibit infectivity and/or replication.     

Evaluation of Antiviral Activities of Four Local Malaysian Phyllanthus Species against Herpes Simplex Viruses and Possible Antiviral Target

Nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir are effective antiviral drugs against herpes simplex virus infections since its introduction. However, with the emergence of acyclovir-resistant HSV strains particularly in immunocompromised patients, there is a need to develop an alternative antiherpetic drug and plants could be the potential lead. In this study, the antiviral activity of the aqueous extract of four Phyllanthus species were evaluated against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 in Vero cells by quantitative PCR. The protein expressions of untreated and treated infected Vero cells were studied by 2D-gel electrophoresis and Western blot. This is the first study that reported the antiviral activity of P. watsonii. P. urinaria was shown to demonstrate the strongest antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2, with SI >33.6. Time-of-addition studies suggested that the extract may act against the early infection stage and the replication stage. Protein expression studies indicated that cellular proteins that are involved in maintaining cytoskeletal structure could be potential target for development of antiviral drugs. Preliminary findings indicated that P. urinaria demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against HSV. Hence, further studies such as in vivo evaluation are required for the development of effective antiherpetic drug.     

Binding of a N,N'-bisheteryl derivative of dispirotripiperazine to heparan sulfate residues on the cell surface specifically prevents infection of viruses from different families

N,N'-bisheteryl derivatives of dispirotripiperazine (DSTP) are a novel class of antiviral compounds with some of their representatives very effectively inhibiting the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in cell culture. Using one representative of these compounds, the N,N'-bis(1-oxido[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-3,12-diaza-6,9-diazonia(5,2,5,2)dispirohexadecane dichloride (DSTP 27), we here further tried to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiviral activity. The results from plaque reduction assays under a variety of conditions suggest that inhibition of HSV-1 strain Kupka replication by DSTP 27 occurs at the level of viral attachment by blockade of heparan sulfate (HS) structures on the cell surface that are used as viral receptors. In contrast to heparin and pentosan polysulfate, pretreatment of cells with DSTP 27 resulted in efficient inhibition of viral adsorption and replication persisting several hours after removal of the inhibitor. Specific binding of DSTP 27 to heparin was demonstrated in vitro. Titrations of gC-positive and gC-negative pseudorabies virus (PrV) mutants on HS-positive and HS-negative cell lines confirmed that inhibitory action of DSTP 27 is strictly HS dependent. Aside from HSV-1 Kupka and PrV, DSTP 27 efficiently inhibits growth of several HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains, among them aciclovir/foscarnet-resistant strains, human cytomegalovirus, human respiratory syncytial virus, and human immunodeficiency viruses known to attach to the cell surface via HS.     

Nitric oxide and macrophage antiviral extrinsic activity

In this study we evaluated the relationship between nitric oxide (NO) and macrophage antiviral extrinsic activity. Macrophages activated by intraperitoneal injection of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), showed both extrinsic antiviral activity and high nitrite production in contrast to non-activated, resident macrophages. The extrinsic antiviral activity was observed in cultures of Vero cells infected with HSV-1 and HSV-2. The NO inhibitor N-monomethyl-l-arginine acetate (l-NMA) impaired the antiviral activity of HSV-elicited macrophages. The effect was dose dependent and correlated with a reduction of nitrite in the culture media. The effect of l-NMA was reversed by the addition of l-arginine. These data indicate that NO could be responsible for the described activity. Furthermore, l-NMA treatment resulted in the aggravation of HSV-1-induced keratitis in the mouse model, supporting a defensive role of NO in the pathogenesis of HSV-1 corneal infection.     

Dehydroepiandrosterone, epiandrosterone and synthetic derivatives inhibit Junin virus replication in vitro

In the present paper the in vitro antiviral activity of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), epiandrosterone (EA) and 16 synthetic derivatives against Junin virus (JUNV) replication in Vero cells was studied. DHEA and EA caused a selective inhibition of the replication of JUNV and other members of the Arenaviridae family such as Pichinde virus and Tacaribe virus. The compounds were not virucidal to cell-free JUNV. The impairment of viral replication was not due to an inhibitory effect of the steroids on virus adsorption or internalization. An inhibitory effect of the compounds on JUNV protein synthesis and both intracellular and extracellular virus production was demonstrated. A partial inhibitory action on cell surface expression of JUNV glycoprotein G1 was also detected on DHEA- and EA-treated cultures. Like DHEA and EA, three compounds obtained from EA by chemical synthesis showed selectivity indexes higher than ribavirin, the only antiviral compound that has shown partial efficacy against arenavirus infections.     

A study of the antiviral mechanism of action of 2-deoxy-d-glucose: Normally glycosylated proteins are not strictly required for herpes simplex virus attachment but increase viral penetration and infectivity

The production of infectious herpes simplex 1 was reduced 94–98% by growth in 6 mM 2-deoxy-d-glucose. This concentration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose had only a modest effect on total protein synthesis, yet inhibited the incorporation of glucosamine into cellular and viral glycoproteins by approximately 65–70%. DNA isolated from herpesvirus grown in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose was as competent at transfecting Vero cells as DNA from control virus. Thus, the decreased infectivity of herpesvirus grown in 2-deoxy-d-glucose appears to be the result of alterations in the early events of the viral replication cycle.Virus grown in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose was capable of binding to Vero cells almost as well as control virus, even though it was much less infectious. An assay was developed to directly study herpesvirus penetration. The rate as well as amount of penetration was substantially less for virus grown with 2-deoxy-d-glucose than for control virus. Furthermore, the infectivity of virus grown in medium containing 2-deoxy-d-glucose could be significantly enhanced, relative to control virus infectivity, by treating cell monolayers after viral adsorption with polyethylene glycol, to promote viral penetration. Therefore, an alteration in the ability to penetrate the cell surface of virus grown in the presence of 2-deoxy-d-glucose is a significant factor in the antiviral action of 2-deoxy-d-glucose.