腺苷预处理和缺血预处理心肌保护效果对比研究

目的探讨心肌腺苷预处理和缺血预处理对离体大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注后心肌功能的影响。方法采用离体大白鼠工作心脏模型,比较腺苷预处理和缺血预处理对心肌缺血再灌前、后左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室舒张末期压(LVDEP)、左心室内压上升及下降最大速率(±dp/dtmax)、主动脉压(AP)、冠脉流量(CF)、心输出量(CO)、每搏心输出量(SV)和冠脉流出液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),心肌三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量及自灌注停搏液至完全停搏的时间(AT)。结果3组大鼠AT间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),且Control组与其他两组间差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。3组大鼠停搏前、复跳后30minAP、LVSP、LVDEP、±dp/dtmax、SV、CF、Co间差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。3组大鼠ATP、SOP、LPO、LDH间差异亦均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论腺苷预处理和缺血预处理后产生相似的心肌保护作用,明显促进心肌缺血再灌后心肌功能的恢复,增进心脏的收缩功能、心肌ATP含量和SOD活性的恢复,减少LDH的漏出。腺苷预处理对心脏模拟体外循环的缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,具有临床应用价值。     

缺血预处理前加用益母草碱对大鼠心肌再灌注损伤的影响

目的：观察缺血预处理前加用益母草碱（Leonurine）对大鼠心肌再灌注损伤的影响并探讨其作用机制.方法：将SD大鼠随机分为4组,建立大鼠离体心脏左心作功模型,缺血期间均间断灌注心脏停搏液.结果：再灌注期,缺血预处理前加用益母草碱组心脏的左室收缩压（LVSP）、左室舒张末压（LVEDP）、左室内压上升最大速率（＋dp/dtmax）和左室内压下降最大速率（-dp/dtmax）恢复最佳,心肌组织丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量低、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性高,能明显减轻心肌组织超微结构的损伤.结论：缺血预处理前加用益母草碱能强化缺血预处理对大鼠心肌再灌注的保护作用.     

不同浓度硝酸甘油对心脏缺血/再灌注的作用及ALDH2的作用

目的 探讨不同浓度硝酸甘油(GTN)对离体大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的作用,进一步分析线粒体乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)在其中的作用.方法 采用离体大鼠心脏Langendorff灌流方法,局部结扎冠状动脉左前降支30 min,复灌30 min复制缺血/再灌注模型.实验分五组,正常对照组,单纯缺血/再灌注组,GTN低浓度组(10 -8 mol/L GTN),中浓度组(10-7 mol/L GTN)及高浓度组(2×10 -6 mol/L GTN).测定心室动力学指标和复灌期间冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶( lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)含量,RT-PCR测定左心室前壁心尖组织线粒体ALDH2基因mRNA表达水平.结果 与单纯缺血/再灌注组相比,GTN低浓度组左心室发展压(LVDP)、室内压最大上升/下降速率(±dp/dtmax)均增高,左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)降低,中浓度组无明显差异,高浓度组LVDP和±dp/dtmax均降低;LVEDP增高.与缺血/再灌注组相比,正常对照组和低浓度GTN组心肌组织ALDH2 mRNA表达增高,中浓度无明显差异,高浓度组大鼠心肌ALDH2 mRNA表达降低.结论 低浓度GTN可对抗心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,高浓度GTN加重损伤,中浓度GTN对损伤影响不大,此现象可能与不同浓度GTN引起心肌ALDH2的释放量不同有关.     

芍药苷预处理对大鼠离体缺血再灌注损伤心脏的保护作用

目的 观察芍药苷预处理对大鼠离体缺血再灌注损伤心脏的保护作用,探讨其可能机制.方法 建立Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型.随机将SD雄性大鼠分为6组,即空白对照(Con)组、单纯缺血再灌注(I/R)组、缺血预处理(IPC)组、不同浓度(15 mg/L,30 mg/L,60 mg/L)芍药苷预处理组(PF1PF3组).Chart5软件分析缺血前,再灌注后20 min、40 min心功能参数,包括:左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室内压变化最大速率(dp/dtmax)、心率(HR)、冠脉流出量(CF);收集灌注末心脏标本,制备心肌匀浆,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)值;电镜观察再灌注末心肌细胞超微结构并拍照.结果 IPC、PF预处理组在心功能恢复及心肌酶指标活力方面均优于I/R组(P<0.01);心肌超微结构损伤减轻.结论 芍药苷预处理对大鼠离体心脏能产生保护作用.     

银杏酮酯对离体心肌缺血再灌注损伤血流动力学的影响

目的在离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型上,观察银杏酮酯(GBE50)对大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注损伤的血流动力学的影响,并探讨其机制。方法建立改良的Langendorff离体大鼠心脏灌注模型,平衡灌注30 min,缺血30 min,再恢复常速灌注40min,造成心肌缺血再灌注损伤。用3组不同浓度的银杏酮酯(12.5 mg/L2、5 mg/L、50 mg/L)进行灌流,观察停灌前、再灌5 min、再灌10 min、再灌20 min、再灌40 min时,心率(HR)、左心室收缩峰压平均值(mLVSP)、左心室等容收缩和舒张期压力平均值(±dp/dtmax)的变化;冠脉流量(CF)、冠脉流出液超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的变化。结果用银杏酮酯灌流缺血的心脏后,与模型组比较,mLVSP、±dp/dtmax分别增加;平均冠脉流量增加,冠脉流出液中LDH含量均明显减少(P<0.05或P<0.01),SOD含量显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论银杏酮酯对离体的缺血再灌注损伤心脏有保护作用,其作用可能与抗氧化机制有关。     

左西孟旦对离体大鼠心肌缺血——再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察左西孟旦(Levosimendan,Levo)对离体大鼠心肌缺血—再灌注损伤的保护作用,并探讨其可能保护机制。方法:32只wistar大鼠随机分为四组,每组8只,利用Langendorff离体灌注装置,平衡灌注10min后,I/R组:继续K-H液灌注20min;L1组:30nmol/L Levo续灌20min;L2组:300nmol/LLevo续灌20min;L+G组:300nmol/L Levo和10μmol/L格列苯脲(Glibenclamide)续灌20min。四组均经历全心缺血缺氧30min,然后再用相应的灌注液复灌30min。观察各组LVDP、±dp/dtmax、HR、CF,测定冠脉流出液中心肌酶活性及心肌组织中ATP、Ca2+含量。结果:L2组LVDP、±dp/dtmax、HR、CF、ATP明显优于其他三组,心肌酶及Ca2+含量明显低于其他三组。结论:300nmol/L Levo对离体大鼠心肌缺血—再灌注损伤有保护作用,其可能的机制是开放KATP通道。     

前列腺素E1脂质体对大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 考察前列腺素E1脂质体(Lipo-PGE1)对大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注(IR)损伤的保护作用.方法 将24只大鼠随机分成3组,Lipo-PGE1治疗组,PGE1治疗组及对照组(IR组),治疗组给予含药停搏液,对照组单纯给K-H液;37℃下建立心肌IR模型,预灌注15 min,缺血40 min,再灌注40 min,分别测量复灌20 min、复灌40 min时心功能指标:心率、左室收缩压(LVDP)、左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、心室内压最大变化速率(±dp/dtmax)及磷酸激酶(CPK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)浓度.结果 Lipo-PGE1治疗组±dp/dtmax的恢复率较PGE1组大(P＜0.01),LDH 浓度在复灌20和40 min时明显低于IR组(P＜0.01).而PGE1组复灌20和40 min时CPK释放量低于IR组而高于Lipo-PGE1治疗组,说明PGE1能部分抑制再灌注期CPK的漏出而脂质体包裹能增强这种效应.结论 Lipo-PGE1对实验性心肌IR损伤有保护作用.     

吡格列酮通过p-CREB蛋白对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌保护机制的研究

目的通过检测大鼠心肌缺血再灌注p-CREB蛋白表达的变化,探讨吡格列酮对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌保护机制。方法将55只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、吡格列酮组、吡格列酮+GW9662组,左前降支结扎的方法建立缺血再灌注损伤模型,伊文思蓝染色测定心肌梗死面积,Western blot法测定心肌组织p-CREB蛋白表达。结果吡格列酮组梗死面积与缺血再灌注组比较明显减少(P0.05),与吡格列酮组比较,吡格列酮+GW9662组梗死面积差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与假手术组和缺血再灌注组相比,吡格列酮组p-CREB蛋白表达明显增加(P0.05),吡格列酮+GW9662组p-CREB蛋白表达无明显变化(P0.05);与吡格列酮组相比,吡格列酮+GW9662组p-CREB蛋白表达减少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论吡格列酮可能上调p-CREB蛋白表达进而抑制缺血再灌注诱导的心肌细胞损伤,GW9662可逆转吡格列酮对心肌细胞的保护作用。     

褪黑激素对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 :探讨褪黑激素增补于停搏液中对缺血再灌注离体鼠心的保护作用。方法 :将 2 4只Wistar大鼠随机分为褪黑激素组 ,对照组。离体鼠心在改良的Langendorff Neely灌注模型上 30min预灌注 ,12 0min停搏 ,30min再灌注。缺血前及再灌注期间测定血流动力学指标 ,心肌酶 (CPK ,LDH)、心肌超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化脂质 (LPO)含量。电镜观察心肌超微结构。结果 :再灌注后 ,褪黑激素组心功能、心肌超微结构的改善明显优于对照组 ;CPK ,LDH ,LPO含量显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;SOD含量显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :褪黑激素增补于停搏液中可显著减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤 ,具有良好的心肌保护作用     

三碘甲腺原氨酸对离体大鼠缺血后心肌左心功能的恢复作用

目的 :观察三碘甲腺原氨酸 (T3)对缺血后心肌左心功能的恢复作用。　　方法 :制作离体大鼠心脏常温缺血模型 ,应用 KH液灌流 30分待心脏活动稳定后 ,分为未缺血组 (n=6 ) ,未缺血 T3组 (n=6 ) ,缺血再灌注组 (n=7) ,缺血再灌注 T3组 (n=7)。比较缺血再灌注组与缺血再灌注 T3组心功能指标。　　结果 :对缺血心肌加入 T3灌流 30分后 ,左心室压差与心率乘积 [(L VSP- L VDP)× HR]、收缩期左心室内压上升速度峰值 ( dp/ dtmax)和舒张期左心室内压下降速度峰值 (- dp/ dtmax)恢复百分率均明显改善。　　结论 :T3可明显促进缺血后心肌左心室功能的恢复     

Continuous tepid blood cardioplegia can preserve coronary endothelium and ameliorate the occurrence of cardiomyocyte apoptosis

OBJECTIVE: In modern cardiac surgery, crystalloid or blood cardioplegic solutions have been used widely for myocardial protection; however, ischemia does occur during protection with intermittent infusion of cold crystalloid or blood cardioplegic solutions. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of different cardioplegic methods on myocardial apoptosis and coronary endothelial injury after global ischemia, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and reperfusion in anesthetized open-chest dogs. METHODS: The dogs were classified into five groups to identify the injury of myocardium and coronary endothelium: group 1, normothermic CPB without cardiac arrest; group 2, hypothermic CPB with continuous tepid blood cardioplegia, and with cardiac arrest; group 3, hypothermic CPB with intermittent cold blood cardioplegia, and with cardiac arrest; group 4, hypothermic CPB with intermittent cold crystalloid cardioplegia, and with cardiac arrest; and group 5, sham-operated control group. During CPB, cardiac arrest was achieved with different cardioplegia solutions for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 4 h before the myocardium and coronary arteries were harvested. Coronary arteries were harvested immediately and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Cardiomyocytic apoptosis was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling, Western blot, and DNA ladder methods. RESULTS: Regardless of the detection method used, significantly higher percentages of apoptotic cardiomyocytes were found in group 3 and group 4 than in other groups. Expression of caspase-3 correlated with increased apoptosis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed severe endothelial injury of coronary arteries in group 3 and group 4. CONCLUSION: These results point to an important explanation for the difference in cardiac recovery after hypothermic ischemia and arrest with various cardioplegic solutions.     

Adenosine Transport Blockade Restores Attenuated Cardioprotective Effects of Adenosine Preconditioning in the Isolated Diabetic Rat Heart: Potential Crosstalk with Opioid Receptors

Considering the reduced ability of cardiac fibroblasts to release adenosine and increased ability of interstitial adenosine uptake during diabetes mellitus, the present study investigated the effect of adenosine preconditioning and the existence of cross-talk with opioid receptor activation in the diabetic rat heart subjected to ischemia–reperfusion (I/R). Langendorff-perfused normal and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p., once)-administered diabetic (after 8-weeks) rat hearts were subjected to 30-min global ischemia and 120-min reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, markers of cardiac injury such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK-MB) release, coronary flow rate (CFR) and myocardial oxidative stress were assessed. The diabetic rat heart showed high degree of I/R injury with increased LDH and CK-MB release, high oxidative stress and reduced CFR as compared to the normal rat heart. The adenosine preconditioning (10 μM) afforded cardioprotection against I/R injury in the normal rat heart that was prevented by naloxone (100 μM) pre-treatment. Conversely, adenosine preconditioning-induced cardioprotection was abolished in the diabetic rat heart. However, co-administration of dipyridamole (100 μM), adenosine reuptake inhibitor, markedly restored the cardioprotective effect of adenosine preconditioning in the diabetic rat heart, and this effect was also abolished by naloxone pre-treatment. The reduced myocardial availability of extracellular adenosine might explain the inability of adenosine preconditioning to protect the diabetic myocardium. The pharmacological elevation of extracellular adenosine restores adenosine preconditioning-mediated cardioprotection in the diabetic myocardium by possibly involving opioid receptor activation.     

Leukocyte-depleted secondary blood cardioplegia attenuates reperfusion injury after myocardial ischemia

BACKGROUND: Activated neutrophils have been implicated in reperfusion injury of the myocardium; leukocyte depletion at the time of reperfusion may contribute to better myocardial protection after cardiac surgery. In the present study, we examined whether leukocyte depletion as an adjunct to terminal blood cardioplegia attenuates reperfusion injury. METHODS: Porcine hearts that had undergone 60 minutes of normothermic ischemia with cardioplegia and 60 minutes of reperfusion under cardiopulmonary bypass were divided into four groups according to the methods of 15 min of controlled initial reperfusion: whole blood reperfusion (n = 6), leukocyte-depleted reperfusion (n = 6), secondary blood cardioplegia (n = 6) and leukocyte-depleted secondary blood cardioplegia (n = 6). At 60 min of reperfusion, hemodynamic recovery, release of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker for free oxygen radicals, CK-MB-isoenzyme from the coronary sinus, recovery of adenosine triphosphate, and myocardial water content were evaluated. RESULTS: The group with leukocyte-depleted secondary blood cardioplegia showed the best hemodynamic recovery (Emax and total dp/dt), lowest levels of MDA, CK-MB and myocardial water content, and highest adenosine triphosphate recovery. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that controlled reperfusion with leukocyte-depleted secondary blood cardioplegia attenuated severe damage of the myocardium as compared to whole blood reperfusion.     

Initial reperfusion with magnesium after cardioplegic arrest attenuates myocardial reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: Magnesium's effect on calcium ion concentrations may attenuate myocardial reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effects on the recovery of myocardial function of initial reperfusion with varying Mg(2+) concentrations following cardioplegic arrest. METHODS: Isolated guinea pig hearts underwent 3.5 hours of cardioplegic arrest in St. Thomas Hospital II solution (STH) or Bretschneider HTK solution (HTK) at 24 degrees C. Control hearts were reperfused with normal Krebs-Henseleit solution (KHS). In the therapy groups, hearts were initially reperfused with 5, 10, or 20 mM Mg(2+) for 15 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of perfusion with KHS. RESULTS: During initial reperfusion, elevated Mg(2+) concentrations markedly reduced rate-pressure product, dP/dt and O 2 demand. Release of LDH and CK was reduced in the therapy groups pretreated with Bretschneider HTK. After Mg(2+) washout, left ventricular function recovery and compliance was improved after HTK but not after STH cardioplegia. Following both STH and HTK cardioplegia, Mg(2+) reperfusion reduced reperfusion arrhythmias. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of HTK cardioplegia with 15 min initial Mg(2+) (5 and 10 mM, but not 20 mM) reperfusion was clearly superior to HTK followed by immediate Krebs-Henseleit reperfusion as well as STH cardioplegia with or without initial Mg(2+) reperfusion. The high Mg(2+) concentrations in the STH solution might mask beneficial effects of Mg(2+) reperfusion.     

含抑肽酶灌注液减轻缺血再灌注心肌的损伤

目的　观察抑肽酶等药物对缺血再灌注离体兔心的影响。方法　 2 4只家兔随机分为两组 :对照组 (B组 )将离体心脏置于 L angendorfl装置 ,经主动脉逆行灌注克氏液 ,灌注 30 min后 ,用 Thomas灌注停跳 40 min,最后再恢复灌注 30 min。用药组 (A组 )克氏液中加入抑肽酶及山莨菪碱。缺血前及再灌注期记录左心室功能及冠状动脉血管阻力 ,并行心肌超微结构观察。结果　再灌注后 30 min,A组左心室功能明显高于 B组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;收集的灌注液中肌酸磷酸激酶 (CK)及乳酸脱氢酶 (L DH)较 B组明显减少 ;超微结构改善也优于 B组。结论　抑肽酶对缺血再灌注心肌功能有明显保护作用     

Increased injury of hypertrophied myocardium with ischemic arrest: Preservation with hypothermia and cardioplegia

Many patients undergoing cardiac surgery have some degree of myocardial hypertrophy. To assess the response of hypertrophied myocardium to simulated cardiac surgery, left ventricular hypertrophy was induced in rats by aortic banding, and ventricular function was measured by means of the isolated, isovolumic heart perfusion technique. The hypertrophied hearts had a greater susceptibility to ischemic injury than nonhypertrophied control hearts, as manifested by a greater degree of diastolic contracture during the recovery period after 30 minutes of ischemic arrest at 37 degrees C. Hypothermia without cardioplegia during a 2-hour arrest did not completely preserve diastolic function in the hypertrophied hearts, but cardioplegia combined with hypothermia completely protected the hypertrophied hearts against 2 hours of ischemia. The results suggest a need for both hypothermic and cardioplegic preservation techniques in patients with myocardial hypertrophy who have cardiac surgical procedures requiring a significant period of myocardial ischemia.     

Effects of cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion on rabbit cardiac ryanodine receptors

Calcium overload is considered to be a primary contributor to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the main regulator of intracellular Ca2+ concentration under normal conditions, is a target for ischemic myocardial injury. The ryanodine receptor (RyR) is the SR Ca2+ release channel. Previous reports have shown that a reduction in RyR activity during global myocardial ischemia correlates with concomitant myocardial dysfunction. Crystalloid cardioplegia, a technique for myocardial protection during heart operations, reduces Ca2+ accumulation during global ischemia. Hence, the effects of cardioplegia on RyR in isolated rabbit hearts was investigated. The study also compared [3H] ryanodine binding before ischemia (control group), after 30 min of ischemia (either global ischemia (GI group) or cardioplegic arrest (CA group)), and after 20 min of reperfusion. The GI group, but not the CA group, showed a significant reduction in the maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) for RyR compared with the control group (Control vs GI group: after ischemia, 1.33+/-0.27 vs 0.83+/-0.12 pmol/mg protein, p<0.05; after reperfusion, 1.33+/-0.27 vs 0.80+/-0.08 pmol/mg protein; p<0.05). CA group: after ischemia, 1.22+/-0.20 pmol/mg protein; after reperfusion, 1.15+/-0.28 pmol/mg protein). The affinity (Kd) values for [3H] ryanodine binding were not different among the 3 groups at any point. The preservation of RyR numbers during cardioplegia correlated with the concomitant preservation of cardiac functions. The results indicate that number of functional RyR was much better preserved during cardioplegia than during global ischemia. It is postulated that cardioplegia-induced protection of cardiac RyR may result in the protection of SR function during ischemia-reperfusion.     

The role of nitric oxide and NO-donor agents in myocardial protection from surgical ischemic-reperfusion injury

The coronary vascular endothelium is injured by ischemia-reperfusion, which may facilitate the pathophysiological role played by neutrophils. Hearts undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery or other surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass and elective cardioplegia undergo repetitive episodes of ischemia and reperfusion, which leads to endothelial injury as well as contractile dysfunction and morphological injury, despite the use of cardioprotective cardioplegic solutions and other strategies of myocardial protection. In cardiac surgery, as in coronary occlusion, endothelial injury seems to occur upon reperfusion with unmodified blood. Blood cardioplegia does not prevent this surgical ‘reperfusion injury’, but does prevent extension of endothelial injury during the period of hypothermic cardioplegic arrest (‘protected ischemia’). It is not known whether global cardioplegic ischemia in preoperatively injured hearts impairs the basal release of nitric oxide (NO) and hence obtunds this endogenous protective mechanism. However, enhancement of blood cardioplegia with the NO precursor, -arginine, reduces postsurgical myocardial injury, suggesting that endogenous or basal release of NO participates in the modulation of ischemic-reperfusion injury. In addition, an NO-donor agent also protects the myocardium from surgical ischemic-reperfusion injury. Both cardioprotective strategies involve inhibition of neutrophil accumulation, consistent with the known inhibitory effects of NO on neutrophil adherence and neutrophil-mediated damage to the coronary endothelium. Therefore, NO-related therapy offers a new strategy to protect the myocardium, including the coronary endothelium, from surgically imposed ischemic-reperfusion injury.     

Antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia with different reperfusion techniques in patients with multiple coronary artery lesions.

To evaluate the effectiveness of retrograde cardioplegia and reperfusion, a total of 266 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery between Nov 1987 to Dec 1989 were divided into three groups depending on the method of cardioplegic fluid delivery and reperfusion. In group I (80 patients) antegrade cardioplegia and reperfusion was used. In group II (98 patients) antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia and antegrade reperfusion was used while in group III antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia and retrograde reperfusion was used. Myocardial functions were studied with the help of an on-line computer on the basis of mathematical model of heart before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Biopsy specimens were collected before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass in order to study myocardial structural changes. In group I patients there was decrease in myocardial function in the immediate post perfusion period while group II patients had considerable improvement in their myocardial function and groups III patients showed further improvement in it. Ultrastructural myocardial study revealed considerable detrimental changes in group I, minimal changes in group II and no change in group III patients. Thus in our experience retrograde cardioplegia and retrograde reperfusion with warm oxygenated blood provide maximum myocardial protection in patients with multiple coronary artery lesions.     

Modulation of cardiac interstitial noradrenaline levels through KATP channels during ischemic preconditioning in rabbits: comparison of the effect of anesthesia between pentobarbital and ketamine + xylazine

Summary In rabbits, both the stimulation of α1-adrenoceptors and ischemic preconditioning (PC) reduce infarct size. One candidate for the mechanism of PC is noradrenaline (NA), which stimulates α1-adrenoceptors in the myocardium during PC. Opening of the K_ATP channel is considered to be another candidate for PC, since a K_ATP channel blocker, glibenclamide, blocks the infarct size-reducing effect of the PC of 5-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion in rabbits anesthetized with ketamine + xylazine. However, in rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital, the infarct size-reducing effect of PC was not blocked by glibenclamide. The effect of glibenclamide on the PC effect thus differs depending on the anesthesia used. Therefore, we speculated that the increase in cardiac interstitial NA levels induced by PC may be modified by the anesthesia used, thus regulating the effect of glibenclamide on the PC effect. In open-chest Japanese white male rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital or ketamine + xylazine, myocardial interstitial NA levels were measured before and during the PC of 5-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion in the presence or absence of the K_ATP channel blocker, glibenclamide (0.3mg/kg, i.v.), using a microdialysis technique. The NA levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. The PC of 5-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion significantly elevated the interstitial NA level. This increase in the NA level was not blocked by glibenclamide under anesthesia with pentobarbital. Under anesthesia with ketamine + xylazine, the PC did not cause an increase in the myocardial interstitial NA level in either the absence or the presence of glibenclamide. In conclusion, PC elevates the myocardial interstitial NA level, and this elevation is not mediated through the opening of the K_ATP channel under anesthesia with pentobarbital. Under anesthesia with ketamine + xylazine, PC does not cause an increase in the myocardial interstitial NA level. This may explain the discrepancy in the blocking effect of glibenclamide on the infarct size-reducing effect of PC between anesthesia with pentobarbital and ketamine + xylazine.