Computer-assisted periacetabular triple osteotomy for treatment of dysplasia of the hip

AIM: Besides general risks, reorienting periacetabular osteotomies include the risks of over- or under-correction. Therefore, intraoperative computer-assisted control of the pelvic fragment may allow for precise reorientation of the acetabulum in all planes. METHODS: The advantages and problems of a computer assisted periacetabular osteotomy are demonstrated in a 19 year old female with spastic paresis and severe secondary dysplasia of the hip over a postoperative follow up period of 2 years. Because of progressive subluxation of the left femoral head with initial degenerative changes of the hip joint a pelvic triple osteotomy as described by T?nnis and an intertrochanteric derotation-varus osteotomy were performed. The intraoperative control of the acetabular position was optimized by CT based navigation. To compare and evaluate the pre- and postoperative clinical and functional outcome, X-rays, CT scans and a gait analysis were applied. RESULTS: The computer assisted orthopedic surgery (CAOS) technique allows for precise intraoperative control following reorientation of the acetabular fragment in all three planes. The pre- and postoperative clinical and radiological findings were compared and the result was classified as good. CONCLUSION: Although the costs and logistics for pelvic osteotomies are increased by CAOS technology, the authors favor this technique for corrective surgery of complex acetabular deformities, although individual parameters need to be considered in each patient.     

Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia: Surgical technique and indications

For young, active patients with healthy hip cartilage, pelvic osteotomy is a surgical option in to address hip pain and to improve mechanical loading conditions related to dysplasia. Hip dysplasia may lead to arthrosis at an early age due to poor coverage of the femoralhead and abnormal loading of the joint articulation. In patients with symptomatic dysplasia and closed triradiate cartilage(generally over age 10), including adolescents and young adults(generally up to around age 40), the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy(PAO) is a durable technique for addressing underlying structural deformity. The PAO involves a modified Smith-Petersen approach. Advantages of the Bernese osteotomy include preservation of the weight-bearing posterior column of the hemi-pelvis, preservation of the acetabular blood supply, maintenance of the hip abductor musculature, and the ability to effect powerful deformity correction about an ideal center of rotation. There is an increasing body of evidence that preservation of the native hip can be improved through pelvic osteotomy. In contrast to hip osteotomy and joint preservation, the role of total hip arthroplasty in young, active patients with correctable hip deformity remains controversial. Moreover, the durability of hip replacement in young patients is inherently limited. Pelvic osteotomy should be considered the preferred method to address correctable structural deformity of the hip in the young, active patient with developmental dysplasia. The Bernese PAO is technically demanding, yet offers reproducible results with good long-term survivorship in carefully selected patients with preserved cartilage and the ability to meet the demands of rehabilitation.     

髋臼周围截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良

目的 探讨应用髋臼周围截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良的初步临床结果.方法 2002年2月至2008年2月,应用髋臼周围截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良患者53例(55髋),女51例,男2例;年龄13～51岁,平均25.5岁.术前髋部疼痛史1个月～6年,平均16个月.6例曾经接受过髋部手术.术前WibergCE角为-20°～15°,平均3°.根据Tonnis分型,术前轻度关节炎16例,中度1例.外展位头臼关系基本正常,25例有Shenton线分离.前13例取髂腹股沟入路,后40例(42髋)采用改良Smith-Petersen入路.6例同时行转子部内翻截骨.结果 全部病例随访12～60个月,平均28个月.术后3个月均获骨性愈合.髋部疼痛症状明显改善或消失.Harris评分由术前平均77.4分提高至末次随访94.6分.术后髋关节活动度较术前减小,总活动度减小20°～60°,以屈曲活动为主.术后Wiberg CE角20°～50°,平均29°.5例出现跛行,主要由臀中肌无力造成,经功能锻炼后好转.18例出现股外侧皮神经损伤,2例出现骨盆环断裂,均与手术初期经验不足有关.无截骨不愈合、血管损伤、截骨进入髋关节等并发症.结论 对年龄较轻的髋关节发育不良患者,髋臼周围截骨术可获得较满意的临床结果.该术式可多维矫正髋臼畸形,髋臼截骨块血供不受影响,骨盆环的稳定性得以保存,患髋可以早期活动.     

Results of periacetabular osteotomy in patients with previous surgery for hip dysplasia.

The results of 19 periacetabular osteotomies in 18 patients who had undergone prior bony surgical procedures for hip dysplasia were evaluated. There were 10 females and eight males with an average age of 30.9 years. Previous surgical interventions included 18 intertrochanteric osteotomies, nine pelvic osteotomies, and two shelf acetabuloplasties. The average clinical followup for this group was 45 months. Harris hip score averages improved from 60 to 90 points. Merle d'Aubigne scores showed similar elevations from 13.1 to 16.4 points. Radiographic assessment documented increased coverage and lower T?nnis secondary arthrosis grades in a significant number of hips. No significant differences in outcome were found between this group and a reference group of patients undergoing periacetabular osteotomy who had no previous hip surgery. These intermediate term results are encouraging and seem to discount anticipated problems of prior scarring and distorted pelvic and proximal femoral anatomy.     

Three-dimensional morphology of lunate surface in hip dysplasia: Theoretical implications for periacetabular osteotomy

Background

The objective of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional morphology of acetabular lunate surface in patients with dysplastic hip using three-dimensional computed tomography (CT), and to compare the lunate surface morphology between the normal and dysplastic hips.

Surgical treatment of hip dislocation in Kabuki syndrome: use of incomplete periacetabular osteotomy for posterior acetabular wall deficiency

Purpose

Kabuki syndrome is characterized by distinctive facial features, skeletal anomalies, persisting fingertip pads with dermatoglyphic abnormalities, postnatal growth deficiency and mental retardation. This report reviews our results in the operative treatment of hip dislocations in patients with Kabuki syndrome.

Methods

Between 2001 and 2009, seven dislocated hips (three unilateral and two bilateral hips) in five patients (all girls) were operatively treated at our institution. The operative treatment consists of open reduction, femoral derotation varus osteotomy, pelvic osteotomy (Salter in one and incomplete periacetabular osteotomy in six hips) and capsular plication. The age of the patients at the time of surgery ranged from 2.4 to 5.7 years, with an average of 3.6 years.

Results

The follow-up postoperative period ranged from 3.2 to 6.3 years, with an average of 5.0 years. At the final follow-up, all patients reported no click and no pain, and showed well-contained hips by radiographs. All seven hips were graded as Severin class I-II. One patient presented as having habitual dislocation of the hip 4.4 years after surgery. Computed tomographic (CT) scans revealed posterior acetabular wall deficiency, which was not corrected by the anterolaterally directed Salter osteotomy. The incomplete periacetabular osteotomy provided sufficient posterolateral coverage of the acetabulum.

Conclusion

Operative treatment combining open reduction, femoral derotation varus and incomplete periacetabular osteotomies, and capsular plication provided successful results in patients with Kabuki syndrome who had the characteristics of hip instability such as ligamentous laxity, muscular hypotonia and posterior acetabular wall deficiency.     

Mid-term results of Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for developmental dysplasia of hip in middle aged patients

Purpose

To address the question, compared to having hip replacement with latent revision, does Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) before primary hip replacement occupy a preferable treatment strategy for middle aged (aged 35–54 years) hip dysplasia patients? We assessed the mid-term functional outcome and survivorship of PAO in those patients.

Methods

Forty-one hips in 36 patients at middle age at the time of surgery (mean age, 39.5 years; range, 35–47 years) were retrospectively identified out of a total PAO cohort of 315 patients. Eleven of the 41 PAO hips also underwent osteochondroplasty at the femoral head-neck junction. Radiographic parameters of lateral centre edge angle, anterior centre edge angle and hip joint medialisation were investigated using the Harris Hip Score (HHS).

Results

The average follow-up was 5.1 years (range, two to ten years). Radiographic parameters postoperatively improved into the normal range, whereas no progression was found from preoperative Tonnis osteoarthritis score. Forty hips survived at the last follow-up, with HHS Score improved from 63.7 to 88.4. Compared to the sole PAO group, both postoperative alpha angle and range of joint motion improved in the PAO combined with osteochondroplasty group. However, no difference in HHS score was found.

Conclusions

Good survivorship and improved joint function were identified in middle-aged Chinese patients following PAO with or without osteochondroplasty. We prudently suggest PAO as an alternative strategy for treating DDH in those patients.     

Walking pattern in 9 women with hip dysplasia 18 months after periacetabular osteotomy

Background Periacetabular osteotomy improves radiographic predictors of osteoarthrosis and diminishes pain and functional impairment. No changes in function quantified by gait analysis have yet been documented. We evaluated the functional outcome of periacetabular osteotomy in relation to gait.

Methods The gait pattern of 9 women (median age 39 years) with hip dysplasia who were treated with unilateral periacetabular osteotomy was analyzed before periacetabular osteotomy and an average of 1.5 years afterwards. Data were collected using 5 video cameras and 2 force plates. An inverse dynamics approach was used to calculate sagittal joint angles and moments in the stance phase.

Results Postoperatively, all subjects walked with an increased extension of the knee joint during the entire stance phase compared to the preoperative movement pattern.

Interpretation The subjects achieved a more upright walking pattern but continued to relieve the hip joint by maintaining a reduced flexor moment.     

Walking pattern in 9 women with hip dysplasia 18 months after periacetabular osteotomy

Background Periacetabular osteotomy improves radiographic predictors of osteoarthrosis and diminishes pain and functional impairment. No changes in function quantified by gait analysis have yet been documented. We evaluated the functional outcome of periacetabular osteotomy in relation to gait.

Methods The gait pattern of 9 women (median age 39 years) with hip dysplasia who were treated with unilateral periacetabular osteotomy was analyzed before periacetabular osteotomy and an average of 1.5 years afterwards. Data were collected using 5 video cameras and 2 force plates. An inverse dynamics approach was used to calculate sagittal joint angles and moments in the stance phase.

Results Postoperatively, all subjects walked with an increased extension of the knee joint during the entire stance phase compared to the preoperative movement pattern.

Interpretation The subjects achieved a more upright walking pattern but continued to relieve the hip joint by maintaining a reduced flexor moment.     

经骨盆内髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良

目的介绍经髂腹股沟入路在骨盆内壁行伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良。方法1997年10月～2001年4月,共有51例患者(53髋)因髋臼发育不良造成髋关节疼痛而接受经髂腹股沟入路髋臼周围截骨术(Berneseperiacetabularosteotomy)。患者平均年龄30.6岁(13～48岁,其中1例13岁患者的髋臼骨骺已完全闭合),男∶女=1∶10。术前患者平均疼痛3.4年(3个月～15年);髋关节活动度正常或基本正常(235°～360°,平均300°)。术前X线片显示CE角?15°～15°,平均1.1°;臼顶倾斜角为15°～55°,平均28°;髋关节间隙正常或轻度狭窄。53%的髋关节伴有不同程度的半脱位(Shenton线不连续)。结果24例(24髋)有12～38个月(平均26个月)的随访结果。24髋术后疼痛明显减轻,髋关节活动度保持正常。Harris评分从术前平均79.8分(64～83分)提高到术后平均93.8分(75～100分)。术后CE角平均为40°(20°～60°),臼顶倾斜角平均为9°(0°～20°),Shenton线不连续率降为33%。术中及术后并发症包括股神经损伤1例,膀胱功能障碍1例,切口疝2例。结论骨盆内髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良可以获得良好疗效。该术式的特点为:在保持骨盆环和髋外展肌完整的基础上,可以最大限度地改善髋关节畸形,恢复髋关节的解剖关系。患者术后髋关节功能恢     

Peri-acetabular rotational osteotomy with concomitant hip arthroscopy for treatment of hip dysplasia

Reconstructive acetabular osteotomy is a well established and effective procedure in the treatment of acetabular dysplasia. However, the dysplasia is frequently accompanied by intra-articular pathology such as labral tears. We intended to determine whether a concomitant hip arthroscopy with peri-acetabular rotational osteotomy could identify and treat intra-articular pathology associated with dysplasia and thereby produce a favourable outcome. We prospectively evaluated 43 consecutive hips treated by combined arthroscopy and acetabular osteotomy. Intra-operative arthroscopic examination revealed labral lesions in 38 hips. At a mean follow-up of 74 months (60 to 97) the mean Harris hip score improved from 72.4 to 94.0 (p < 0.001), as did all the radiological parameters (p < 0.001). Complications included penetration of the joint by the osteotome in one patient, a fracture of the posterior column in another and deep-vein thrombosis in one further patient. This combined surgical treatment gave good results in the medium term. We suggest that arthroscopy of the hip can be performed in conjunction with peri-acetabular osteotomy to provide good results in patients with symptomatic dysplasia of the hip, and the arthroscopic treatment of intra-articular pathology may alter the progression of osteoarthritis.     

Endoscopic pelvic osteotomy for the treatment of hip dysplasia.

Adolescent and adult hip dysplasia can be surgically treated by rotating the acetabulum into a better weight-supporting position; however, open pelvic osteotomies are among the most invasive of all pediatric orthopaedic procedures. Endoscopic pelvic osteotomy offers the theoretical advantages of magnified visualization of the bone cuts, minimized surgical dissection, and rapid postoperative recovery. The technique of endoscopically assisted triple innominate osteotomy requires the combination of endoscopic skills and facility with more standard surgical approaches.     

Effect of intra-articular lesions on the outcome of periacetabular osteotomy in patients with symptomatic hip dysplasia

In order to clarify how intra-articular lesions influence the survival of a periacetabular osteotomy in patients with dysplasia of the hip, we performed an observational study of 121 patients (121 hips) who underwent a transposition osteotomy of the acetabulum combined with an arthroscopy. Their mean age was 40.2 years (13 to 64) and the mean follow-up was 9.9 years (2 to 18). Labral and cartilage degeneration tended to originate from the anterosuperior part of the acetabulum, followed by the femoral side. In all, eight hips (6.6%) had post-operative progression to Kellgren-Lawrence grade 4 changes, and these hips were associated with the following factors: moderate osteoarthritis, decreased width of the joint space, joint incongruity, and advanced intra-articular lesions (subchondral bone exposure in the cartilage and a full-thickness labral tear). Multivariate analysis indicated subchondral bone exposure on the femoral head as an independent risk factor for progression of osteoarthritis (p = 0.003). In hips with early stage osteoarthritis, femoral subchondral bone exposure was a risk factor for progression of the grade of osteoarthritis. Although the outcome of transposition osteotomy of the acetabulum was satisfactory, post-operative progression of osteoarthritis occurred at a high rate in hips with advanced intra-articular lesions, particularly in those where the degenerative process had reached the point of femoral subchondral bone exposure.     

Effect of periacetabular osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia clarified by three-dimensional finite element analysis

Background  

Finite element analysis (FEA) has been applied for the biomechanical analysis of acetabular dysplasia, but not for biomechanical studies of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) or those performing analysis taking into consideration the severity of acetabular dysplasia. This study aimed to perform biomechanical evaluation of changes in stress distribution following PAO and to determine the effect of the severity of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) using three-dimensional FEA.