Extensor hallucis longus tendon rupture repair using a fascia lata allograft

The authors present a case of a traumatic extensor hallucis longus tendon rupture sustained 2 days after hallux valgus and hammer toe correction. The ruptured tendon, separated by a 6-cm defect, was repaired using a fascia lata allograft. This case demonstrates a serious complication of a commonly performed procedure and a salvage technique useful for dealing with large tendon defects.     

人下肢拇长屈肌肌构筑和肌内神经的研究

目的探讨人下肢拇长屈肌肌构筑和肌内神经的关系。方法肌构筑法、改良Sihler＇s染色法。结果人下肢拇长屈肌为羽肌。肌内腱板长（15.52±2.30）cm,宽（0.68±0.24）cm,厚（0.18±0.06）cm。肌重（50.48±2.44）g。肌长（20.84±2.08）cm,肌纤维长（4.12±0.30）cm,羽状角（14.3±0.65）°,肌生理横切面积（11.34±0.45）cm2。支配下肢拇长屈肌的神经于该肌内侧缘分为上下两支1级神经入肌,上支较细,支配该肌上1/4部,下支较粗支,支配该肌下3/4部,神经入肌后于腱板前方进一步分成外侧支和内侧支,神经分支在肌内发出数目不等的次级支,继而向肌的深面和边缘发出终末支。结论人下肢拇长屈肌是羽肌,肌内腱板宽大厚实,倾向力量型设计,拇长屈肌可分为内侧和外侧两部份。     

Flexor carpi radialis tendon rupture following chronic wrist osteoarthritis: a case report

A patient is reported with a history of multiple tendon ruptures including biceps, flexor hallucis longus and achilles tendons. He presented with closed rupture of the flexor carpi radialis tendon following long standing tendonopathy and scapho-trapezio-trapezoid arthrosis. Non-operative treatment was elected because of low physical demands on the upper extremity. Early management of scapho-trapezio-trapezoid arthritis can prevent flexor carpi radialis tendon rupture.     

Atypical tenosynovial giant cell tumor of the extensor hallucis longus tendon

We present a case of atypical giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath originating from the extensor hallucis longus tendon. The tumor contained multiple nodules and overlay the tendon 16 cm. Magnetic resonance imaging was the most useful preoperative investigation and showed the characteristic appearance of giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath, thus allowing local excision to be planned and executed. We discuss how local recurrence of this tumor could be prevented.     

踝关节骨折内固定术后出现拇趾屈曲畸形的临床分析

目的探讨踝关节骨折内固定术后出现拇趾屈曲畸形的原因、治疗方法及预后.方法统计2002年5月至2004年5月我院收治的538例踝关节骨折病例,其中5例术后出现拇趾屈曲畸形,对该5例的体检、手术记录、X线片及预后结果进行分析.结果5例造成拇趾屈曲畸形的原因:4例为足拇长屈肌腱与腓骨粘连,1例为足拇长屈肌腱与后踝粘连.松解术后屈曲畸形全部恢复.结论踝关节骨折术后出现拇趾屈曲畸形的主要原因为足拇长屈肌腱与腓骨粘连,与医源性损伤有关.松解治疗效果满意.     

Giant cell tumor of the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath: a case study

Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath is infrequently documented in the foot and even less near the ankle. This case report involves such a tumor of the flexor hallucis longus tendon presenting at the posterior ankle. Diagnosis was aided by magnetic resonance imaging, and treatment consisted of complete surgical excision. Pathologic examination verified the diagnosis of giant cell tumor of tendon sheath, and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging revealed no remnants or recurrence of tumor 1 year after surgery.     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of magnetic resonance images of a displaced flexor hallucis longus tendon in hallux valgus

By using three-dimensional magnetic resonance image reconstruction, lateral displacement of the flexor hallucis longus tendon and sesamoid bones was made clearly visible in a living patient. This finding supports a biomechanical model related to disturbed muscle balance at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, which could play an important role in the pathogenesis of hallux valgus and metatarsus primus varus.     

CLINICAL CONCEPTION OF KELLER''''S OPERATION FOR HALLUX VALGUS DEFORMITY——A SURVEY OF 112 CASES

In a long-term follow-up study (average, 6.5 years) of 112 feet (90 pa-tients) subjected to Keller's operation for hallux valgus deformity, the author observed arelationship between Keller's operation and the metatarsalgia which was located beneaththe central metatarsal heads. The data showed that the metatarsalgia developed or was ag-gravated in 26 feet (23%), and was eliminated or alleviated in 23 feet (21%) afterKeller's operation. When more than one-third of the proximal phalanx of the big toe wasresected, the incidence of the metatarsalgia obviously increased following surgery. Theautho rpreferred a "Z" lengthening of the extensor hallucis longus tendon instead ofresecting excessive proximal phalanx. The total incidence of the metatarsalgia was 36%(40 feet) preoperatively and 38% (43 feet) postoperatively. This result indicated thatthere was no obvious difference in the incidence of the preoperative and postoperativemetatarsalgia. No more than one-third of the proximal phalanx of the big toe should beremoved. This seems to reduce the incidence of the metatarsalgia after Keller's operation.After operation, the three princepal symptoms of hallux valgus deformity, painful bunionand difficulty in shoe-wearing were improved for more than 95% in the 112 feet.Eighty one% of the patients were satisfied with the result of the operation. We considerthat this method is one of the effective operation for correcting the hallux valgusdeformity and it is also important to select suitable patients.     

（足母）短伸肌腱修复第一跖骨深横韧带的应用解剖

目的：为（足母）短伸肌腱转位修复第一跖骨深横韧带提供解剖学基础。方法对48例新鲜尸体足和足趾移植再造手指手术55足（足母）短伸肌进行解剖、测量。利用（足母）短伸肌腱修复第一跖骨深横韧带。结果（足母）短伸肌及腱全长,男性（14．10±0．77）cm,女性（12．89±0．38）cm;肌腱长度,男性（9．40±0．51）cm,女性（8．59±0．25）cm;肌腱厚度（1．10±0．08）mm;宽度（3．90±0．12）mm,其长度足能成双股连结于第一跖骨头与第三跖骨头之间。结论（足母）短伸肌腱在长度、厚度、宽度等方面完全能够用来修复第一跖骨深横韧带。     

Variation in the insertion of the palmaris longus tendon

The palmaris longus is harvested as a tendon graft in various surgical procedures. We herein report the variations in the insertion of the palmaris longus tendon. During a routine dissection, a rare variation in the insertion of the palmaris longus tendon was observed. In the left forearm, the palmaris longus tendon bifurcated, while in the right forearm, the palmaris longus tendon trifurcated, giving rise to an accessory muscle, which passed superficial to the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve. The accessory muscle was supplied by a deep branch of the ulnar nerve, and the ulnar artery was observed to be tortuous. During reconstructive surgeries, surgeons should bear in mind the accessory muscle. Also, since the palmaris longus muscle provides a very useful graft in tendon surgery, every surgeon should be aware of the variations in the insertion of the palmaris longus tendon.     

Ligamentation of the adductor hallucis tendon in bunionectomy

Several techniques are available for the correction of hallux abducto valgus, but none of them provide a direct and mechanically sound attachment to the lateral aspect of the first metatarsal head. The author describes adductor hallucis tendon ligamentation, a technique that produces direct stability between the first and second metatarsals. This stability is achieved by transferring the adductor hallucis tendon. The tendon is attached to the distal aspects of the first and second metatarsals. Adductor hallucis tendon ligamentation is a dependable option in the correction of hallux abducto valgus, providing an excellent outcome with good long-term results.     

腓骨肌腱修复跟腱断裂24例的临床分析

目的分析腓骨长肌腱用于修复跟腱断裂的手术方法和经验。方法将腓骨长肌腱在远端处切断,经皮下隧道移位修复跟腱断裂24例。结果根据Arner-Lindholm评定标准,24例中优14例,良10例。未发生跟腱再次断裂。2例出现伤口感染,1例出现皮肤与跟腱粘连。结论对疑有跟腱断裂的患者未进行认真的体检是导致跟腱断裂误诊的重要原因。避免误诊、尽早手术及循序渐进的术后康复锻炼是提高疗效的有效措施。用腓骨长肌腱重建陈旧性和某些急性跟腱断裂是一种安全可行、疗效满意的手术方法。     

掌长肌腱移植修复拇长伸肌腱V区再断裂

目的探讨掌长肌腱移植对拇长伸肌腱V区再断裂的治疗效果。方法2003年8月-2011年8月,我院共收治拇长伸肌腱V区再断裂患者66例中,本组采用掌长肌腱移植术36例,对照组采用食指固有伸肌腱移位修复术30例。结果根据TAM评价标准,本组27例（75％）治疗效果优,6例（16．7％）良,3例（8．3％）中;对照组疗效优15例（50％）,良4例（13．3％）,中11例（3617％）,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论选择掌长肌腱移植修复拇长伸肌腱V区再断裂疗效满意。     

Hammer toe correction by arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint using a cortical bone allograft pin

In hammer toe correction by means of digital fusion, fixation so that the bone can unite while maintaining appropriate realignment can be a challenge. Metal fixation pins can be associated with many problems and potential complications. The author presents a method of rigid internal fixation using 2.4-mm-diameter pins fashioned out of freeze-dried allogeneic cortical bone. These devices avoid most of the risks of metal pins. Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis using cortical bone pins was performed on 26 toes in 18 patients with very few complications. The author concludes that use of cortical bone pins can yield successful results in most cases. The outcomes of the fusions can be further enhanced by using flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer.     

The Babinski reflex.

The plantar response is a reflex that involves not only the toes, but all muscles that shorten the leg. In the newborn the synergy is brisk, involving all flexor muscles of the leg; these include the toe ''extensors'', which also shorten the leg on contraction and therefore are flexors in a physiological sense. As the nervous system matures and the pyramidal tract gains more control over spinal motoneurones the flexion synergy becomes less brisk, and the toe ''extensors'' are no longer part of it. The toes then often go down instead of up, as a result of a segmental reflex involving the small foot muscles and the overlying skin, comparable to the abdominal reflexes. With lesions of the pyramidal system, structural or functional, this segmental, downward response of the toes disappears, the flexion synergy may become disinhibited and the extensor hallucis longus muscle is again recruited into the flexion reflex of the leg: the sign of Babinski. A true Babinski sign denotes dysfunction of the pyramidal tract, and should be clearly distinguished from upgoing toes that do not belong to the flexion synergy of the leg. Correct interpretation of the plantar response depends only to a minor degree on the method or site of stimulation of the foot. It is therefore most important to assess the response in the entire leg.     

Talar body fracture combined with traumatic rupture of anterior talofibular ligament and peroneal longus tendon

A rare case of talar body fracture combined with traumatic rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament and peroneal longus tendon is presented and reports in the literature are reviewed. We suggest that the mechanism of the injury was initial plantar flexion and inversion with rupture of anterior talofibular ligament and peroneal longus tendon, followed by forced dorsiflexion with talar body fracture. The treatment consisted of open reduction with internal fixation of the talar body fracture and primary repairs of the ruptured anterior talofibular ligament and peroneal longus tendon.     

加强腓骨肌治疗小儿先天性马蹄内翻足

目的 介绍一种解决先天性马蹄内翻足肌力不平衡的手术方法和效果。方法 在行足后内侧软组织松解术时,将拇长屈肌与腓骨长肌吻合,加强腓侧肌力。结果 随访23足,22足外观满意。其中2足踝关节活动受限,1足畸形安全复发。结论 畸形复发是由于腓骨肌持续无力造成的。加强腓侧肌的力量是治疗先天性马蹄内翻足的有效手术方式。     

自体同侧腓骨长肌腱在青年前交叉韧带重建中的应用与疗效

目的 探讨自体同侧腓骨长肌腱在青年前交叉韧带重建的可行性及其早期疗效。方法 收集我科自2013年 5月至 2018年5月采用关节镜下自体腓骨长肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带40例,男35例,女5例,年龄18～35岁,平均年龄24.8岁,手术取自体同侧腓骨长肌重建前交叉,股骨端用可调节带袢锁扣钛板固定,胫骨端以界面螺钉固定,术后评估包括临床检查, Lysholm膝关节功能评分,AOFAS踝关节功能评分。结果 40例患者均获随访,随访时间12～36月,平均随访时间25月, Lysholm膝关节功能术后末次随访的评分为(92.65±0.44),高于术前的(50.65±0.68),P＜0.01。结论 自体同侧腓骨长肌腱在青年前交叉韧带重建的应用疗效早期令人满意,取腓骨长肌腱后对踝关节功能无明显影响。     

10例拇长屈肌腱联合跖肌腱移植和腓肠肌腱膜修复陈旧性跟腱断裂的康复护理分析

目的 探讨拇长屈肌腱(flexor hallucis longus,FHL)联合跖肌腱移植和腓肠肌腱膜修复陈旧性跟腱断裂的康复护理方法。 方法 2012年1月-2015年1月,选择宁波大学医学院附属医院10例陈旧性跟腱断裂患者,其中男性8例,女性2例,年龄22~54岁,根据美国矫形足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足标准评分为(69.5±2.1)分,平均年龄(35.3±1.3)岁,从受伤至受伤干预后的时间4~8个月,平均时间为(5.31±1.04)个月,采用FHL联合跖肌腱移植和腓肠肌腱膜修复陈旧性跟腱断裂,围手术期从心理护理、患肢护理、物理治疗及康复训练4个方面进行针对性的康复护理。 结果 本组10例患者,患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无并发症发生。围手术期进行康复护理后都获得随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均时间13.7个月。恢复到正常工作状态为3~12个月,平均时间为(5.03±1.03)个月,恢复到正常运动时间为6~18个月,平均时间(8.31±1.30)个月,术后12个月AOFAS踝与后足疗效评价标准评分为(96.3±1.6)分,患者术前术后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其中优6例,良3例,可1例,优良率90.0%。 结论 前中后期科学的康复护理模式提高了患者跟腱断裂术后自我管理能力,减少再次断裂的发生,对促进FHL联合跖肌腱移植和腓肠肌腱膜修复陈旧性跟腱断裂的患者术后康复有积极作用。      

Ischemic contracture of deep posterior compartment of the leg following isolated ankle fracture

Compartment syndromes and ischemic contractures after ankle fractures are exceedingly rare. We report a case in which a Weber type-C ankle fracture resulted in an unrecognized compartment syndrome and ischemic contracture of deep posterior compartment of the leg. Six weeks after injury, the patient had an obvious deformity and clawing of the toes. The deformities were corrected by lengthening the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor digitorum longus. Full correction of all clawed toes was evident. A deep posterior compartment syndrome may follow an ankle fracture and should be considered in any patient with unrelenting pain in the immediate postoperative period.