血液透析患者中心静脉导管感染的危险因素

目的 探讨中心静脉导管(central venous catheter,CVC)相关感染的发病率和高危因素.方法 以历史性队列研究的方法进行调查.结果 患者感染率为18.83/1 000导管日.单因素相关分析显示,使用非隧道导管(non-tenneled catheter,NTC)导致的导管相关血流感染(catheter related blood stream infection,CRBSI)的危险因素有糖尿病、导管留置时间、白细胞计数、血红蛋白浓度及中性粒细胞计数;NTC外口感染的危险因素为年龄、糖尿病、中性粒细胞计数及血清白蛋白水平,而导管留置部位和时间都不是外口感染的危险因素.多因素相关分析表明,使用NTC的患者发生CRBSI的危险因素为糖尿病、导管留置时间和中性粒细胞计数;使用NTC的患者外口感染的危险因素是年龄、血清白蛋白水平及中性粒细胞计数.结论 应控制感染发生的危险因素,降低感染发生率.     

血液透析中心静脉置管出血性并发症的分析

目的回顾性分析血液透析患者临时中心静脉置管出血并发症发生的原因。方法回顾性分析471例接受临时中心静脉置管的血液透析患者资料,分析置管位置（颈内、锁骨下、股静脉）、置管后透析时机（即刻或隔日）、透析中抗凝方式（普通肝素、低分子量肝素和无肝素）与出血并发症的关系。结果①置管后即刻透析患者发生出血并发症的风险较隔日透析高（16．4％ vs 4．2％,P〈0．01）;②低分子量肝素抗凝较普通肝素抗凝出血少（5．2％ vs 13．8％,P〈0．01）。结论恰当的安排透析时机、选用合适的抗凝技术以可有效减少中心静脉置管患者出血并发症的发生。     

Ten years of mechanical complications of central venous catheterization in trauma patients

The study purpose was to determine the incidence of mechanical complications (MC) associated with central venous catheterization (CVC) and to evaluate their impact on outcomes. This was a retrospective review of trauma morbidity and mortality records at a Level I trauma center (1999 to 2009). Demographics and outcomes were extracted for all trauma patients with CVC. Patients developing MC were compared with those who did not. Four thousand eight hundred eighteen lines were placed in 2935 patients. Of these, 1.5 per cent (n = 73) had MC. A total of 64.4 per cent (n = 47) were pneumothoraces followed by arterial cannulation at 8.2 per cent (n = 6) and thrombosis at 6.8 per cent (n = 5). The rate of MC by access site was: subclavian 1.8 per cent (n = 52), internal jugular 1.2 per cent (n = 10), and femoral 0.3 per cent (n = 3) (P value for trend = 0.001). Change in management was required in 31.5 per cent (n = 23). Number of lines (P < 0.001), Injury Severity Score (P < 0.001), body mass index less than 20 kg/m(2) (P = 0.036), and chest Abbreviated Injury Score greater than 3 (P = 0.034) were significant predictors of MC. Patients with MC had a longer intensive care unit length of stay (18.8 ± 25.7 vs 11.4 ± 13.3; adjusted odds ratio, 5.75; 95% confidence interval, 2.24-9.25; P = 0.001). Incidence of MC was 1.5 per cent. Complications were clinically significant in 31.5 per cent and resulted in longer intensive care unit stays.     

血液透析带涤纶环中心静脉留置导管功能不良原因分析

目的 分析血液透析(HD)患者带涤纶环中心静脉留置导管(cvc)功能不良的原因.方法 对本院99例带涤纶环CVC的患者进行了前瞻性研究.导管插入后记录实验室和临床变量,临床过程跟踪6个月,根据6个月内出现导管功能不良分为:导管功能不良组、功能正常组.结果 导管功能不良组患者超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)显著高于功能正常组;而初始血流量(BF)、血白蛋白(Alb)显著低于功能正常组.结论 微炎症状态、初始BF、低蛋白血症与HD带涤纶环CVC导管功能不良有关.     

Potentially lethal complications of central venous catheter placement

BACKGROUND: Placement of central venous catheters, although often considered to be a relatively safe and "junior"-level procedure, may be associated with life-threatening complications. METHODS: A recent surgical death associated with placement of a central venous catheter at this Institution led to submission of a questionnaire to pediatric surgeons referenced through the American Pediatric Surgical Association directory regarding knowledge of similar incidents and information regarding catheter placement-related complications. RESULTS: Results to this response, although anecdotal, provided data regarding complications of an acute nature, which fell into the categories of pneumothorax, hydrothorax, cardiac tamponade, and hemothorax. Of 10 children with cardiac tamponade, 7 were infants, and most complications were associated with needle stick for access, with symptoms developing within minutes up to 12 hours after the procedure. Drainage of the tamponade was performed by aspiration alone in 3 cases; surgical drainage in 6 children resulted in survival in 9 of the 10 patients. Hemothorax was described in 19 patients and appeared to be more common in children in the 1- to 6-year age group, usually associated with percutaneous access techniques. Thoracotomy for hemothorax was performed in 16 children with 11 survivors. Vascular injury to subclavian artery, vein, or superior vena caval were noted in most at operation. CONCLUSIONS: Although data included in this review are entirely anecdotal and not subject to scientific scrutiny or analysis, certain conclusions appear evident. Inherent risks of central venous catheters are intrinsic and should be discussed with the family in obtaining preoperative consent, including life-threatening risks that may necessitate urgent surgical intervention (by thoracotomy or other means). Certain technical aspects of the procedure should be rigidly followed with an experienced surgeon in attendance throughout the procedure. Rapid evaluation should be performed for any unexplained problems that occur in the operating theatre or during the early postoperative period.     

Morbidity and mortality of central venous catheter hemodialysis: a review of 10 years' experience

The morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis by internal central venous catheterization in the subclavian and internal jugular positions are reviewed. A follow-up study was performed in our unit over 10 years (786 catheterizations). The most frequent complications were inadequate flow (7.6%) inadvertent withdrawal (5.6%) and bacteremia (5.1%). The overall complication rate was 27.2%. Kinking (p less than 0.001), bleeding (p less than 0.01) and bacteremia (p less than 0.05) occurred more frequently in patients with chronic renal failure, compared to patients with acute renal failure. Inadvertent withdrawal was the only complication observed more frequently in the internal jugular than in the subclavian position (10.8 vs. 4.3%; p less than 0.01). Bacteremia occurred more frequently after prolonged periods of catheterization (greater than 10 days). No fatal complications were observed. To obtain a more accurate idea about mortality, two supplementary large groups were studied: a review of 11 published series (1,542 catheterizations) and a questionnaire-based survey of 16 dialysis centers (approximately 4,000 catheterizations). Six fatalities were registered: 1 due to septicemia (in the literature review) and 3 due to traumatic perforation of the cardiac or the vessel wall, 1 to septicemia and 1 to air embolism (in the questionnaire-based survey). Based on the three different groups studied, the mortality of catheter dialysis could be estimated to be between 0 and 1.25/1,000 catheterizations.     

Use of a subclavian venous catheter for short- and long-term hemodialysis in children

Vascular access for hemodialysis in children poses problems not encountered in adults because of the small size of the vessels available. The increasing use of peritoneal dialysis has created a large number of patients who need prompt access for hemodialysis for days to weeks during episodes of peritonitis. There are also occasional patients who have exhausted available fistula sites and still require hemodialysis. To address these problems, we designed a series of catheters for insertion in the subclavian vein. The catheters are stiffer than the Hickman type catheter to allow for higher flow rates without collapse. Seventy-five catheters were implanted in 58 patients with a mean age of 14 years. Twelve catheters were inserted in ten children for long-term (over 3 months) access; they have been in place for a mean of 259 days and used for a mean of 64 dialyses. In two children, the catheter has been the sole site for hemodialysis for over a year. Fifty-eight catheters were implanted in 43 patients for short-term hemodialysis. They were in place for a mean of 29 days and used for a mean of 13 dialyses. The major complications encountered were clotting of the catheter and migration out of position. Four catheters were removed because of infection. These new catheters provide effective hemodialysis for children as small as 7 kg with an acceptable morbidity rate and may be used for extended periods of time if necessary.     

Non-insertion-related complications of central venous catheterization--temporary vascular access for hemodialysis

The authors analyzed 309 central venous catheters (CVC) inserted in 147 hemodialysis patients before the maturation of the first or new arteriovenous fistula. One clinical manifestations of sepsis after CVC insertion was found. In all, 33.7% of the catheters were removed because of early minor complications: CVC occlusion, inadequate blood flow in CVC, shattered suture and malposition of CVC, fever, signs of infection at the site of CVC insertion, and bleeding at the site of CVC insertion. The most frequently isolated pathogenic bacteria at the tips of the catheters were coagulase-negative staphylococci highly sensitive to vancomycin and gentamicin.     

Patency rates of dysfunctional central hemodialysis venous catheter: Comparison between catheter exchange alone and catheter exchange with fibrin sheath angioplasty

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare patency rates and risk of obstruction of catheter exchange (CE) with that of CE with fibrin sheath angioplasty (CE + FSA) in dysfunctional tunneled central hemodialysis venous catheter (CHVC).

Predictors of central venous catheter use at the initiation of hemodialysis

Central venous catheter (CVC) use at hemodialysis (HD) initiation remains high, despite reports of CVC-associated morbidity and mortality, and efforts at early arteriovenous fistula placement. In order to determine predictors of CVC use at the start of HD, data from the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) Clinical Performance Measures (CPM) Project was linked to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Medical Evidence (2728) Form. Of the 4071 incident hemodialysis patients in study years 1999–2003, 71.6% used a CVC at dialysis initiation. After controlling for demographic and co-morbid variables, patients with a CVC were 24% more likely to be female ( p  =   0.006), and 38% more likely to have ischemic heart disease ( p  =   0.002), while those with obesity (BMI ≥30) were 24% less likely to start dialysis with a CVC ( p  =   0.006). Pre-ESRD hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dl) was associated with a twofold higher risk of CVC use ( p  =   <0.001), while patients with pre-ESRD anemia (hgb <11 g/dl) were 29% more likely to use a CVC at dialysis initiation ( p  =   0.006) compared to those with hemoglobin ≥11 g/dl. Patients receiving predialysis erythropoietin had a 41% lower odds of CVC use at dialysis initiation ( p  =   <0.001). Finally, dialysis year was predictive of CVC use; in 2002, 76% of patients initiated dialysis with a CVC compared with 66% in 1998 ( p  <   0.001). Overall, female gender, ischemic heart disease, lack of obesity, factors suggesting poor pre-ESRD care, and successive year of dialysis initiation were predictive of CVC use at hemodialysis initiation.     

中心静脉导管在血液净化中的临床应用

目的 通过观察中心静脉长期、临时留置导管在血液透析中使用状况,探讨中心静脉导管相关并发症及处理方法,改善血液透析患者预后.方法 回顾性分析2 000例使用中心静脉长期、临时置管维持性血液透析患者的临床资料.其中500例为长期双腔导管,1 500例为临时双腔导管,分析中心静脉导管的相关并发症与处理效果.结果 置管过程中的常见并发症有:误穿动脉11例(0.55％)、皮下血肿6例(0.3％).导管留置并发症有:血流量不足24例(1.2％),导管相关感染23例(1.15％),穿刺部位渗血15例(0.75％),导管意外脱落3例(0.15％).以上并发症均在给予相应的处理后痊愈,未留下相关后遗症.结论 中心静脉导管相关并发症值得临床重视,提高置管技术,加强导管使用维护,及时处理是防范导管失功能的关键.     

Malposition of a central venous catheter into the right internal mammary vein: review of complications of catheter misplacement

Central venous catheters are commonly utilized to gain vascular access for varied clinical indications. Successful catheter placement requires not only technical expertise but also awareness of the potential complications. In this article, we report a malposition of a central venous catheter in a hemodialysis patient. We review the complications of this catheter misplacement, as well as complications resulting from other central venous catheter malpositions.     

Thromboembolic complications from central venous catheters: A comparison of three catheter materials

In this comparative study of catheter materials used in central venous catheterization (CVC) into large veins, the overall frequency of CVC-induced thrombosis was 12%. A 20% incidence of CVC-induced thrombosis with siliconized polyethylene catheter, 9% with Teflon^® catheter, and 6% with heparinized polyethylene catheter was seen. Thrombosis thus was significantly less common with Teflon^® and heparinized polyethylene than with siliconized polyethylene (p<0.05). Repeat arm phlebography was performed in 15 patients and revealed no late formation or progression of thrombosis. Pulmonary embolism appeared in 2 patients and was fatal in one of them.     

Transhepatic central venous catheter for long-term access in paediatric patients

Vascular access in paediatric patients with chronic and/or life-threatening illness is crucial to survival. Access is frequently lost in this group because of thrombosis, infection, or displacement, and vascular options can quickly be exhausted. The last resort access procedure is generally a direct atrial catheter inserted via a thoracotomy. A viable alternative is the percutaneous transhepatic Broviac catheter (Bard Access Systems, Salt Lake City, UT). We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 5 patients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic Broviac insertion for long-term access over a 4-year period in a single institution. Four of the patients (80%) had a significant cardiac abnormality, with 1 patient requiring long-term parenteral nutrition after complicated necrotizing enterocolitis. All patients had significant caval thrombosis, which precluded them having placement of a standard percutaneous or openly placed central catheter. Of the 5 patients, 2 (40%) died of cardiac-related illnesses. Of the 3 surviving patients, 2 had functioning catheters electively removed because they were no longer required. One catheter was removed at thoracotomy for right atrial perforation because of catheter erosion. Vascular access in paediatric patients with chronic and/or life-threatening illness is crucial to survival. Transhepatic central venous catheters are a feasible, reliable, and relatively easily placed form of central access in patients with multiple venous thromboses requiring long-term access. This route should be considered in paediatric patients requiring central access in preference to a thoracotomy.