经颈内静脉、面静脉、眼静脉联合入路治疗创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘合并海绵窦蝶窦假性动脉瘤1例

创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)合并海绵窦蝶窦假性动脉瘤临床上相对少见, 由于其易并发致死性鼻衄或重症脑血管病, 病情凶险, 应及时诊治。随着介入技术的发展, 血管内介入治疗成为TCCF 最主要的治疗方法, 手术入路可选经动脉与经静脉两种。血管内治疗入路应首选患侧颈内动脉通路, 由于瘘口部位的复杂性, 部分患者微导丝未能从颈内动脉入路通过瘘口, 故只能选择静脉入路。静脉入路的路径较长而迂曲, 且可能需要多通道, 对技术要求较高。笔者报告1例TCCF合并海绵窦蝶窦假性动脉瘤患者, 探讨经颈内静脉、面静脉、眼静脉联合入路行颈内动脉海绵窦瘘闭合及假性动脉瘤弹簧圈栓塞术的疗效。     

Detachable Balloon Embolization in Barrow Type A of Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula

目的 探讨可脱性球囊栓塞治疗创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的疗效及应用价值.资料与方法 18例Bar-row A型创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘,采用可脱性球囊经股动脉途径闭塞颈内动脉破口处或破口处患侧颈内动脉主干.结果 术后18例颅内血管性杂音立即消失,16例闭塞了瘘口,颈内动脉主干保持通畅;2例同时闭塞了瘘口及颈内动脉主干.随访6 ～12个月,无复发.结论 使用可脱性球囊栓塞治疗创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘创伤小、恢复快、安全可行,近期疗效确切.     

可脱性球囊栓塞治疗Barrow A型颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的探讨可脱性球囊栓塞治疗创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的疗效及应用价值。资料与方法 18例Bar-row A型创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘,采用可脱性球囊经股动脉途径闭塞颈内动脉破口处或破口处患侧颈内动脉主干。结果术后18例颅内血管性杂音立即消失,16例闭塞了瘘口,颈内动脉主干保持通畅;2例同时闭塞了瘘口及颈内动脉主干。随访6～12个月,无复发。结论使用可脱性球囊栓塞治疗创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘创伤小、恢复快、安全可行,近期疗效确切。     

血管内栓塞治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘

目的　探讨颈内动脉海绵窦瘘 (CCF)血管内栓塞治疗的效果。方法　 5例均经DSA全脑血管造影明确瘘口部位 ,采用可脱性球囊或电致血凝性可脱性铂金弹簧圈 (GDC)进行栓塞。结果　 5例中 ,1例球囊栓塞成功并保持颈内动脉通畅 ;2例表现为假性动脉瘤 ,用球囊闭塞患侧颈内动脉 ;1例因瘘口太小 ,用GDC填塞海绵窦 ;另 1例 2次试放球囊入海绵窦均破裂失败 ,其中 1枚瘪陷球囊滞留于海绵窦 ,患者不愿闭塞患侧颈内动脉未予进一步治疗 ,但患者治疗术后 1周临床症状和体征消失。结论　颈内动脉海绵窦瘘全脑血管造影可明确瘘口部位、大小 ,首选治疗方法是血管内栓塞治疗。     

特殊类型颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

目的　探讨特殊类型颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内栓塞治疗的可行性及其价值。方法 :2 8例有外伤史的患者 ,采用Seldinger技术送入导管行全脑血管造影 ,观察侧支循环情况后 ,进行血管内栓塞治疗。结果 :双侧颈动脉海绵窦瘘 6例 ;单侧者为小瘘口 4例、多发瘘口者 2例 ,瘘口部合并骨折片者 11例 ,合并创伤性动脉瘤者 3例 ;栓塞后出现NPPB者 2例。血管内栓塞治疗中 ,闭塞瘘口保持颈内动脉通畅者 9例 ,闭塞瘘口同时闭塞颈内动脉者 19例。结论 :对于特殊类型颈动脉海绵窦瘘行血管内栓塞治疗是安全、有效的 ,应为首选的方法。对于不同病例应采取特例特办的原则 ,方可取得良好的治疗效果。     

可脱球囊治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘

目的：研究外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的栓塞治疗。材料与方法：本文对5例外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘患者施行了血管内介入栓塞术。所有患者均于手术前行Matas试验。结果：4例患者经可脱球囊栓塞术治疗，颈内动脉海绵瘘消失，颈内动脉保持通畅，颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的临床综合征于治疗后消失。1例由于瘘口较大，球囊不能完整闭塞瘘口，因该患者健侧颈内动脉代偿供应患侧的能力差，故无法栓塞患侧颈内动脉，栓塞术后该患者临床症状及体征有所改善但未能完全消除。结论：栓塞治疗对于外伤性预内动脉海绵窦瘘是一种有效治疗方法。     

可脱球囊栓塞术在海绵窦瘘治疗中的应用 (附 2 7例报告 )

目的　研究微导管可脱球囊技术治疗海绵窦瘘的临床意义。方法 :2 6例外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘 (TCCF)患者和 1例大脑前动脉 (A1段 )动脉瘤破裂合并海绵窦瘘患者采用微导管可脱球囊技术进行栓塞治疗 ,以经颅多普勒 (TCD)进行复查 ,所有患者均随访 6月以上。结果 :2 2例CCF患者均成功栓塞瘘口并保持颈内动脉通畅 ,其中 2 0例为一次栓塞成功 ,2例因球囊过早泄漏而行 2次栓塞治疗。对 1例A1段动脉瘤破裂合并海绵窦瘘患者成功施行了双球囊动脉瘤颈孤立术。 4例行颈内动脉闭塞术。本组病例未发生严重并发症。结论 :微导管可脱球囊技术是对海绵窦瘘的一种微创、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

直接型颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗

探讨血管内治疗对直接型颈动脉海绵窦瘘的价值。材料和方法：38例患者在治疗前均行脑血管造影检查，所有病例均采用经动脉途径，用可脱球囊导管进行栓塞治疗。结果：38例患者中有36例栓塞成功，其中34例患者瘘口完全闭塞。36例患者中有32例于栓塞后保留颈内动脉，4例行颈内动脉球囊闭塞术。术后36例患者的海绵窦综合症均有不同程度的好转。3例患者曾行经静脉途径可脱球囊栓塞治疗，但由于海绵窦内分隔的阻挡作用，球囊不能进入海绵窦及其瘘口附近而告失败。2例患者由于球囊早脱并移位于大脑中动脉分支血管内，导致患者发生失语和一侧肢体偏瘫。结论：血管内可脱球囊栓塞治疗直接型颈脉海绵窦瘘，其瘘口闭塞率高，死亡率低，是直接型颈动脉海绵窦瘘的首选治疗手段。     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘并严重鼻衄的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)合并严重鼻衄的策略和疗效.方法 26例TCCF并严重鼻衄的患者进行了血管内介入治疗,其中24例采用了可脱性球囊栓塞瘘口或闭塞颈内动脉;1例采用解脱式微弹簧圈栓塞;1例采用覆膜支架进行治疗.结果 26例中,9例1次性栓塞了瘘口,假性动脉瘤消失,颈内动脉通畅;15例1次性栓塞了瘘口和闭塞颈内动脉;解脱式微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦,瘘口基本消失,颈内动脉通畅1例;覆膜支架闭塞瘘口,颈内动脉保持通畅1例.术后26例均未再发生鼻衄.结论 TCCF并严重鼻衄应尽早进行DSA确诊,尽早或急症进行治疗.血管内介入治疗TCCF合并严重鼻衄是一种首选、安全和有效的治疗方法.     

外伤性颈内动脉动脉瘤的介入治疗

目的：探讨外伤性颈内动脉动脉瘤介入治疗技术。方法：回顾性分析4例颈内动脉假性动脉瘤,1例蛇形动脉瘤,1例颈内动脉颈段巨大动脉瘤（直径〉25mm）,1例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘并发假性动脉瘤的介入治疗,其中后者采用可脱性球囊、带膜血管内支架介入治疗的方法。结果：5例一次性闭塞颈内动脉,1例颈内动脉颈段的巨大动脉瘤行带膜内支架治疗,保持了颈内动脉通畅,旷置了动脉瘤。另1例海绵窦的假性动脉瘤行球囊栓塞时,球囊滑入假性动脉瘤腔,术中出现鼻腔大出血,经抢救治疗后二次行球囊栓塞闭塞颈内动脉。结论：外伤性颈内动脉动脉瘤的介入治疗效果好、风险小、微创、并发症少。     

Carotid cavernous fistulae: indications for urgent treatment

Angiographic and clinical data from 155 patients with carotid cavernous fistulae were retrospectively reviewed to determine angiographic features associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. These features included presence of a pseudoaneurysm, large varix of the cavernous sinus, venous drainage to cortical veins, and thrombosis of venous outflow pathways distant from the fistula. Clinical signs and symptoms that characterized a hazardous carotid cavernous fistula included increased intracranial pressure, rapidly progressive proptosis, diminished visual acuity, hemorrhage, and transient ischemic attacks. Cortical venous drainage from the carotid cavernous fistula is secondary to occlusion or absence of the normal venous outflow pathways and is associated with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and an increased risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Angiographic demonstration of a cavernous sinus varix, with extension of the sinus into the subarachnoid space, is associated with an increased risk of fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Identification of these high-risk features provides a basis for making decisions about treatment.     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘合并出血的临床特点和影像学诊断

目的　探求外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘 (TCCF)合并出血的临床和影像学特征。方法　总结 1990～ 2 0 0 0年的TCCF合并鼻衄或颅内出血的病例 13例 ,均为车祸所致的颅脑外伤。分析其临床表现 ,CT、MR和数字减影血管造影 (DSA)等影像学表现。结果　TCCF具有典型临床症状和影像学特点 ,合并鼻衄的患者早期可出现患侧视力损害和少量的鼻衄 ,伤后不同时期出现致命的、迟发性的大量鼻衄 ;影像学检查可以发现颅底骨折征象、假性动脉瘤等特殊表现。合并颅内出血的患者可以发现皮层静脉引流明显扩张、迂曲 ,海绵窦后外侧部的假性动脉瘤等征象。结论　早期的小量鼻衄 ,颅底骨折、假性动脉瘤、皮层静脉扩张迂曲等表现都是TCCF合并出血的特征性诊断参考 ,早期的急诊DSA检查是明确诊断和及时处理的关键     

以突眼为表现的眼部血管病——颈动脉海绵窦瘘的介入治疗

目的探讨颈动脉海绵窦瘘眼部表现特点、影像学检查及介入治疗方法。 方法回顾分析5年中18例首诊于我院眼科的颈动脉海绵窦瘘者的眼部症状及体征、影像学检查、治疗方法等。18例患者均行介入手术治疗,其中应用可解脱球囊封堵瘘口12例,应用弹簧圈+Onyx胶封堵瘘口3例,覆膜支架隔绝瘘口3例。 结果所有病例中最常见的眼部表现为搏动性眼球突出、球结膜充血水肿、眼球运动障碍等。头颅或眼部CT平扫检查所有病例均显示患侧眼球突出,眼上静脉增粗;全部患者均行数字减影血管造影检查明确诊断。本组18例（20眼）均行介入手术治疗,其中应用可解脱球囊封堵瘘口12例（14眼）,结果10例（12眼）瘘口完全闭塞,发生并发症2例,无严重并发症或死亡病例。应用弹簧圈+Onyx胶封堵瘘口3例（3眼）、覆膜支架隔绝瘘口3例（3眼）,瘘口均完全闭塞,无并发症或死亡病例。全部手术患者眼部症状和体征均得到明显改善。随访时间（12±3.4）个月,无复发病例,颈动脉覆膜支架内未发生狭窄及闭塞。 结论对于以突眼及其他相关症状就诊于眼科的患者,应考虑颈动脉海绵窦瘘的可能,血管造影是该病诊断的金标准,介入手术治疗对颈动脉海绵窦瘘是安全有效的。     

Infectious aneurysms of the cavernous carotid artery

We describe 3 patients who developed infectious aneurysms of the cavernous carotid artery. The aneurysms were due to sphenoidal sinusitis in two patients and due to endocarditis in one. The acute and septic onset of the cavernous sinus syndrome, suggested thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus in all 3 patients. The diagnosis was established by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. Therapeutic internal carotid artery occlusion was indicated for a fissuration of their aneurysm manifested (n=3) by an episode of epistaxis (n=2) and blood in sphenoid sinus (depicted by MRI) in one case. We discuss the pathophysiology and management of bacterial aneurysms of the cavernous carotid artery. Close clinical and imaging follow-up should be performed for patients under antibiotherapy. Selective angiography with therapeutic occlusion of the carotid artery is discussed in patients with persistence of symptoms or if clinical findings are suggestive of fissuration or if aneurysmal sac diameter increases on follow-up imaging studies.     

海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗

目的探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗方法。方法25例硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,均以眼部表现与首发症状,其中5例患者初诊为“结膜炎”。25例患者全部经Seldinger技术插管行全脑血管造影证实。13例分流量大、供血动脉条数多者行血管内栓塞治疗,12例分流量小,供血动脉条数少者采用压颈保守治疗。结果25例均为海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘,其中13例采用经血管内栓塞治疗,12例采用压颈保守治疗,均取得满意疗效。结论海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘的诊断通常并不困难。血管内栓塞治疗是非常有效的方法,对分流量小的病变压颈保守治疗同样可获得较好的结果。     

Occlusion of arteriovenous malformations of the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein

The treatment of five patients with dural arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) is reported. The procedure was performed by transcutaneous puncture of the SOV under the guidance of real-time digital subtraction angiography. Complete resolution of the ocular symptoms was achieved in all cases. Angiograms after embolization showed complete obliteration of the malformation in four cases and partial obliteration in one. This method can cure dural AVMs of the cavernous sinus, with preservation of blood flow in the internal carotid artery. It is particularly indicated when the SOV is enlarged and when (1) dural AVMs of the cavernous sinus are fed by small branches of the internal carotid artery or direct carotid cavernous fistulas with small tears; (2) dural AVMs of the cavernous sinus are fed by multiple branches from both the internal and external carotid arteries, one or both sides; or (3) dural AVMs of the cavernous sinus or direct carotid cavernous fistulas recur after trapping of the internal carotid artery. Transcutaneous puncture and catheterization of the SOV was performed safely with the aid of digital subtraction angiography. The SOV approach was able to treat the fistula with preservation of the internal carotid artery.     

颈动脉损伤的血管内介入治疗

目的 评价采用介入技术经血管内治疗颈动脉损伤的安全性和疗效.方法 对111例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊的颈动脉损伤患者进行血管内治疗.本组颅外段颈内动脉(ICA)损伤1例,采用覆膜支架封闭颈动脉破裂口),颅内段颈内动脉损伤110例,采用球囊栓塞73例,弹簧圈栓塞12例,注射α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(NBCA)栓塞6例,覆膜支架封闭破裂口11例,应用多种材料联合栓塞8例.结果 血管造影显示颅外段颈内动脉动静脉瘘(AVF)1例,创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)83例,创伤性颅内段颈内动脉假性动脉瘤14例,TCCF合并假性动脉瘤13例.治疗均获成功,颈动脉保留通畅62例,临床症状消失110例,好转1例.并发症2例,无死亡患者.术后跟踪随访1～14个月,其中16例经DSA复查,临床症状复发3例,其中2例经补充栓塞治愈,1例继续临床观察.结论 应用介人技术包括经导管超选择性栓塞术和覆膜支架置人术治疗颈动脉损伤是损伤小、安全且有效的方法.     

Dural arteriovenous fistulas involving the inferior petrosal sinus: angiographic findings in six patients

We report the angiographic findings from six patients with intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas of the inferior petrosal sinus and describe the clinical presentation, vascular anatomy, and embolization techniques used in the treatment of this disorder. Dural arteriovenous fistulas at this site are rare; of 105 patients diagnosed with this abnormality, only six had lesions involving the inferior petrosal sinus. The patients included three men and three women, ranging in age from 41 to 75 years. Patients presented with bruit, proptosis, abducens palsy, or loss of vision, and symptoms were present for up to 1 year prior to diagnosis. These presentations were similar to cavernous sinus arteriovenous fistulas. The arterial supply in all cases was from branches of the external carotid artery and in three cases from the meningohypophyseal trunk of the internal carotid artery. Venous drainage in four patients was via the cavernous sinus to the superior ophthalmic vein. The remaining two patients had drainage primarily to the jugular bulb. In four patients treatment was performed by introducing wire coils into the fistula from the transvenous route. This approach could be used even though the inferior petrosal sinus was thrombosed. One patient, treated early in the series, had only transarterial embolization with both liquid adhesives and particulate embolic agents. One patient had an asymptomatic fistula that was not treated. All patients were cured, as evidenced both angiographically and clinically during the follow-up period. Three patients experienced complications from angiography and treatment: two had transverse sinus thrombosis and one had a transient ischemic attack.     

CT血管成像诊断破入蝶窦的颈内动脉创伤性假性动脉瘤

目的 评价颅脑CTA在海绵窦段颈内动脉创伤性假性动脉瘤中的诊断价值.方法 对7例经DSA证实的颈内动脉海绵窦段创伤性假性动脉瘤患者的CTA联合应用VR、MIP、MPR、CPR后处理技术及临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 7例CTA均表现为蝶窦内不规则软组织影与海绵窦段颈内动脉同步均匀强化并与其沟通,边界清晰,边缘不规则,病变大小自3 mm×2 mm×1 mm～33 mm×30 mm×27 mm.周边为动脉期不强化的软组织影,邻近蝶窦壁骨折、缺损.6例病变位于海绵窦段颈内动脉前突段,1例位于游离段.7例破口均位于颈内动脉内壁或前内壁.多种后处理技术联合应用可明确显示病变与蝶窦腔、蝶窦骨质及邻近血管的空间关系.结论 颅脑CTA检查对破入蝶窦的海绵窦段颈内动脉创伤性假性动脉瘤可明确诊断;VR、MIP、MPR、CPR后处理技术联合应用可明确蝶窦壁骨折和颈内动脉破口的位置、范围及其二者的关系.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate diagnostic value of CTA for traumatic pseudoaneurysms (TPA) in the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) when they rupture into the sphenoid sinus. Methods CTA of 7 patients with TPA in the cavernous segments of ICA verified by DSA were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients were performed CTA scanning. The post-processing techniques included VR,MIP,MPR, and CPR. Results All the CTA images of 7 patients showed irregular mass in the sphenoid sinus with obviously enhancement in the same phase to ICA, which communicating with ICA in wide base. The peripheral area of the mass showed no enhancement. The size varied from 3 mm × 2 mm × 1 mm to 33 mm × 30 mm × 27 mm. The adjacent lateral wall of sphenoid sinus showed fractures in all cases. TPA located at anterior-knee segments of cavernous ICA in 6 cases, and cavernous free segment in 1 case. All the disruptions were found at medial or anterior medial wall of ICA. Conclusions Cranial CTA is the effective non-invasive method for diagnosing TPA in the cavernous segment of ICA when they rupture into sphenoid sinus. Combined using of VR, MIP, MPR, and CPR can delineate the location and size of the sphenoid wall fracture and the ICA rupture, which help to clarify the anatomical relationship between them.     

创伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的 探讨载瘤动脉闭塞、弹簧圈栓塞以及支架技术治疗颅内创伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤(pseudoaneurysm,PSA)的适应证及其疗效.方法 本组6例患者,3例海绵窦段PSA合并颈内动脉海绵窦痿(carotid-cavernous fistula,CCF),2例单纯颈内动脉PSA,1例CCF球囊栓塞后复查显示PSA.球囊闭塞CCF及创伤性颈内动脉PSA 1例,弹簧圈栓塞3例,颈内动脉球囊闭塞2例.根据6例患者的临床表现、影像学资料、治疗方法选择、临床疗效、随访资料以及文献,分析三种治疗方式的适应证.结果 本组患者无手术相关并发症发生,无脑缺血并发症.术后无鼻出血发生,3例眼球突出回复,1例随访半年视力改善,3例颅内杂音消失,3例瞳孔缩小,复查数字减影血管造影(DSA)未见PSA复发.结论 血管内治疗是治疗颈内动脉PSA的首选,合并CCF时可行球囊闭塞或载瘤动脉闭塞.对单纯窄颈者予以弹簧圈栓塞,对宽颈的采用支架技术结合弹簧圈栓塞,而位于颈内动脉岩段可选择带膜支架.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the indication and result of parental artery occlusion, embolization with coils, stents in treatment of the traumatic carotid artery pseudoaneurysm. Methods There were six patients with traumatic carotid artery pseudoaneurysm including three patients of cavernous pseudoaneurysm combined with carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF), two with simple traumatic carotid artery pseudoaneurysm and one with traumatic carotid artery pseudoaneurysm that was found after CCF embolization with detachable balloon. The treatment included balloon occlusion for CCF and traumatic carotid pseudoaneurysm in one patient, coil embolization in three and intenal carotid artery balloon occlusion in two. The Clinical manifestations, imaging data, choice of treatment, clinical efficacy, follow-up data and literatures were analyzed to discuss the indications for three treatments. Results There was no cerebral ischemia or surgically-related complication. No epistaxis occurred. The eyeball protrusion restoration was found in three patients and intracranial bruit vanishing in three. Vision was improved one patient after half a year follow-up. The pupils shrank in three patients during follow - up. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) showed no recurrence of pseudoaneurysm. Conclusions Endovascular treatment is the preferred choice of treatment for traumatic carotid artery pseudoaneurysm. The occlusion or parent artery balloon occlusion can be used when the pseudoaneurysm is combined with CCF. Coil embolization can be used for shoes with narrow neck, stent technology combined with coil embolization for those with wide neck and the covered stent for the rock section of the internal carotid artery.