胸腹主动脉外科手术中脊髓缺血的保护

下肢截瘫是胸腹主动脉疾病外科治疗的严重并发症。手术中阻断主动脉后 ,远端血压下降将导致脊髓灌注压下降 ,而近端的血压升高致心脏的后负荷及脑脊液压力升高。目前认为 ,脊髓缺血后损伤机制是脊髓的血供减少致神经元缺血 ;常温下线粒体氧化磷酸化停止 3～ 4ｍｉｎ ,三磷酸腺苷(ＡＴＰ)的储备即耗竭 ;细胞膜ＡＴＰ酶依赖性泵功能衰竭导致细胞内外离子平衡紊乱 ,细胞内钙蓄积 ,钙水平增高激活钙依赖性酶 ,损伤ＤＮＡ及结构蛋白〔1〕。黄嘌呤氧化酶释放使得脊髓再灌注时 ,次黄嘌呤氧化形成超氧自由基 ,内生性氧自由基消除剂无法消除大量的氧…     

降主动脉及胸腹主动脉手术中脊髓缺血的预防

近年来，随着麻醉及脊髓保护技术的进步，胸腹主动脉瘤术后截瘫发生率已降至5％～10％，但截瘫一旦发生，其后果危害严重。因此，医务工作者仍致力于多种临床及实验研究以进一步减少其发生。     

胸降及胸腹主动脉外科手术中的脊髓保护

在胸降及胸腹主动脉外科手术中,由于主动脉阻断可引起脊髓损伤这一不可避免的并发症,其发生率高达4%～32%[1]。Ｓｖｅｎｓｓｏｎ[2]总结了影响主动脉疾病手术后发生脊髓损伤的因素:(1)脊髓缺血的时间及程度;(2)主动脉修复后没能重建脊髓血运;(3)生化介导的脊髓再灌注损伤。现就脊髓损伤的有关问题综述如下。1.根髓动脉(ａｒｔｅｒｉａｒａｄｉｃｕｌａｒｉｓｍａｇｎａ,ＡＲＭ)的识别及脊髓血供的重建:脊髓的血供主要来自于一些节段性动脉,这些动脉起源于自左锁骨下动脉开口以下至腹主动脉分叉处之间的主动脉,包括胸部的起源于Ｔ3或Ｔ4～Ｔ1…     

63例全胸腹主动脉置换术患者中期结果分析

目的为了进一步探讨胸腹主动脉瘤（thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm,TAAA）的治疗效果,总结分析行全胸腹主动脉置换术患者的中期结果。方法2003年8月至2007年10月,阜外心血管病医院共对63例TAAA患者采用4分支人工血管行全胸腹主动脉置换术,男46例,女17例;年龄17~71岁,平均年龄39.98岁。手术经胸腹联合切口、腹膜外入路,使用深低温、分段停循环技术,采用动脉管法重建T6~T12肋间动脉;腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉、右肾动脉做成一血管片与人工血管主干末端吻合,左肾动脉或单独与一根8 mm分支血管吻合,或与上述3支血管一起吻合在人工血管主干上,双侧髂动脉与人工血管两10 mm分支行端端吻合。采用Kaplan-Meier法对术后患者进行生存分析。结果全组患者无手术中死亡。共随访63例,随访时间8~57个月,平均36.57个月。术后早期死亡5例,死亡率为7.94%（5/63）;死于多器官功能衰竭4例,含神经系统并发症2例,肾功能不全2例;1例术后因冠心病出现低心排血量综合征,再次行冠状动脉旁路移植术后不能停体外循环死亡。术后发生脑部并发症6例,发生率为9.52%（6/63）,其中一过性脑病4例,于出院前治愈;截瘫2例,下肢轻瘫1例,均治愈;肺部并发症发生率为25.40%（16/63）,治愈12例。出院后20个月、23个月、30个月各死亡1例,死亡原因分别是脑出血、升主动脉破裂和主动脉溃疡穿透。有2例Marfan综合征患者重建的肋间动脉出现假性动脉瘤,但均未出现截瘫症状。本组患者生存时间50.64±2.13个月（95%CI：46.47,54.84）,1年生存率为92.06%,2年为88.38%,3年为86.11%。结论应用4分支人工血管做全胸腹主动脉置换效果确切,中期生存率满意;在TAAA手术中动脉管法肋间动脉重建方法简便,有助于脊髓保护。     

胸腹主动脉瘤术中脊髓功能的保护

胸腹主动脉瘤是危害中老年患者的严重的主动脉疾病 ,临床上虽不常见 ,但自然死亡率极高。最有效的治疗手段是外科手术 ,然而术中阻断降主动脉时间过长 ( >3 0分钟 )或没有恢复主要肋间动脉或腰动脉供血 ,就会发生脊髓缺血性损伤导致脊髓神经系统并发症 ,以截瘫最为严重 ,其发生率为 0 .2 %～2 0 % ,甚至达 40 % [1] 。对于这一迄今尚未完全解决的严重并发症 ,目前脊髓功能保护方法繁多 ,但对主动脉阻断范围广、时间长者 ,现有的保护方法效果仍不理想 ,须进一步探讨。1　发病机理　　目前关于术后截瘫的原因已在器官和细胞水平的很多动物实验…     

应用同种动脉治疗主动脉根部病变

报告５例采用同种动脉（ＨＡＶ）治疗５例主动脉根部病变（主动脉瓣狭窄１例，关闭不全４例）。男３例，女２例；年龄１３～４７岁。病因为细菌性心内膜炎２例（包括先天主动脉瓣二瓣化畸型１例），Ｍａｒｆａｎ综合征２例，风湿性主动脉瓣关闭不全１例。术中采用同种主动脉全根置换３例（Ｂｅｎｔａｌｌ手术），其中１例用ＨＡＶ上的二尖瓣前叶加宽主动脉瓣环（Ｍａｎｏｕｇｕｉａｎ手术），余２例用自体肺动脉移置主动脉根部，另取同种肺动脉做原位移置（Ｒｏｓｓ手术）。结果死亡１冽，４例存活，且无并发症发生。术后超声心动图提示主动脉根部良好，无主动脉瓣反流。随访２．５～３．５年疗效满意。     

股静脉至股动脉体外循环下全胸腹主动脉替换术转流经验

目的:回顾分析全胸腹主动脉替换术中应用经股静脉至股动脉转流实施腹腔脏器灌注保护的经验。方法:2016年9月至2020年8月,50例患者接受股静脉至股动脉转流体外循环辅助下全胸腹主动脉替换。男性30例,女性20例,年龄21～69岁,平均(40.5±12.4)岁。早期25例患者单纯应用部分体外循环技术,2019年11月起开...     

胸腹主动脉瘤手术中脑脊液引流对脊髓的保护作用

目的探索胸腹主动脉瘤手术患者脑脊液引流(CSFD)对脊髓的保护作用。方法将2008年12月至2009年8月北京安贞医院的30例胸腹主动脉瘤手术患者,按照术中是否行CSFD,采用计算机随机法分为CSFD组(15例,其中男12例,女3例;平均年龄45.0岁)和对照组(15例,其中男11例,女4例;平均年龄45.8岁),进行升主动脉和主动脉弓部置换+降主动脉支架植入或胸腹主动脉联合置换术,部分患者同时行Bentall手术或半弓置换手术,CSFD组行CSFD。术中和术后固定时间点采取血清样本,测定其血清S100B蛋白、神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶,术前、术后72 h和出院时按美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表和脊髓损伤神经学分类国际标准评分。结果对照组4例出现中枢神经系统(CNS)并发症:1例发生脑损伤和脊髓损伤而死亡;1例发生脊髓损伤,早期行CSFD等治疗,截瘫有所恢复后出院;2例患者发生脑损伤,其中1例死亡,另1例同时出现肾功能衰竭和呼吸衰竭等并发症,经治疗后恢复出院。CSFD组仅1例因呼吸衰竭继发多器官功能衰竭而死亡,其余患者恢复良好出院。随访3个月无死亡。CSFD组患者血清S100B(F=7.153,P=0.012)、神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(F=3.263,P=0.082)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(F=4.927,P=0.035)值均低于对照组,且差异有统计学意义。结论脑脊液选择性引流具有明确的脊髓保护作用,在胸腹主动脉瘤手术中安全、有效并可行。     

体感诱发电位和脑脊液指标监测在胸腹主动脉置换术的应用价值

目的:探讨术中体感诱发电位和脑脊液生化指标对胸腹主动脉置换术术后并发症的影响。方法:分析阜外华中心血管病医院和河南省人民医院2018年8月至2021年8月进行胸腹主动置换术的56例患者的临床资料。所有患者监测术中体感诱发电位变化,并在术后采集脑脊液,检测脑脊液中胶质纤维酸蛋白(GFAP)、神经丝蛋白亚单位(NFL)和S...     

主动脉手术的脊髓保护

脊髓损伤是胸主动脉手术后的严重并发症,影响手术后脊髓并发症发生的因素包括手术过程中脊髓缺血的时间及程度、主动脉修复后脊髓血运的重建状况、多种生化因素、缺血-再灌注损伤等。目前主动脉手术中脊髓的保护手段有:提高手术技术和改进手术方法;增加脊髓的血液供应,包括提供机械性动力的血液灌注和动脉分流,脑脊液分流;利用低温降低脊髓的代谢率;应用药物防止脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤。现就脊髓的血液循环特点、脊髓损伤的发生机制和脊髓保护的最新进展进行综述。     

Exclusion-bypass for aneurysms of the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta

From October 1973 to April 1985, 81 patients with aneurysms of the descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta underwent surgery. Eight (10%) of these patients were treated by exclusion-bypass. The aneurysm was located in the descending aorta alone in five cases, and in the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta in three cases. In all cases, the proximal anastomosis of the bypass was performed on the ascending aorta. The site of the distal anastomosis was the supraceliac aorta in two cases, the infrarenal aorta in three cases and the iliac arteries in three other cases. Exclusion was bipolar, at each end of the aneurysm, in six cases, and unipolar, ie. proximal interruption only, in two cases. Two patients died during the first postoperative month, one of rupture of the distal portion of the aortic arch, the second, after onset of secondary paraplegia. There were no other spinal, cardiac or cerebral complications. One patient died three months postoperatively of intercurrent pulmonary infection. The five other surviving patients whose mean follow-up period is 48.1±25 months, are alive and enjoying good health. Resection and grafting as advocated by Crawford, is the usual treatment proposed for aneurysms of the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. Exclusionbypass may however be preferred in the following cases: elderly patients with compromised respiratory status, aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta, either voluminous, of infectious origin or associated with aneurysm of the infrarenal abdominal aorta.     

三甲氧苄嗪对大鼠脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的评价三甲氧苄嗪(trimetazidine)对大鼠脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制. 方法 45只SD大鼠采用随机数字表法分为3组,每组15只.建立大鼠脊髓缺血损伤模型,假手术组:行开腹手术,不阻断主动脉;对照组:剖腹后阻断主动脉20分钟;三甲氧苄嗪组:于主动脉阻断前10分钟静脉内注射三甲氧苄嗪(3mg/kg),其余处理与对照组相同.测定血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量,术后48小时按Tarlov评分标准评价动物后肢神经功能,取脊髓进行含水量、MDA含量测定及组织病理学检查.结果三甲氧苄嗪组血浆MDA含量明显低于对照组(P<0.05),动物后肢神经功能评分明显优于对照组(P<0.01),脊髓含水量、MDA含量明显低于对照组(P<0.01);三甲氧苄嗪组在光学显微镜下脊髓病理改变轻微,而对照组脊髓损伤较重,两组病理评分差别有显著性意义(P<0.01).结论三甲氧苄嗪对大鼠脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤具有明显的保护作用.     

Extended locoregional use of intercostal artery perforator propeller flaps

Besides conventional flaps, intercostal artery perforator flaps have been reported to cover trunk defects. In this report the use of anterior intercostal artery perforator (AICAP) flap, lateral intercostal artery perforator (LICAP) flap and dorsal intercostal artery perforator (DICAP) flap for thoracic, abdominal, cervical, lumbar and sacral defects with larger dimensions and extended indications beyond the reported literature were reevaluated. Thirty‐nine patients underwent surgery between August 2012 and August 2014. The age of the patients ranged between 16 and 79 with a mean of 49 years. The distribution of defects were as follows; 12 thoracic, 8 parascapular, 3 cervical, 8 abdominal, 4 sacral and 4 lumbar. AICAP, LICAP and DICAP flaps were used for reconstruction. Fifty‐two ICAP flaps were performed on 39 patients. Flap dimensions ranged between 6 × 9 cm and 14 × 35 cm. Twenty‐six patients had single flap coverage and 13 patients had double flap coverage. Forty‐six flaps have been transferred as propeller flaps and 6 flaps have been transferred as perforator plus flap. Forty flaps (75%) went through transient venous congestion. In one DICAP flap, 30% of flap was lost. No infection, hematoma or seroma were observed in any patient. Follow‐up period ranged between 3 and 32 months with a mean of 9 months. The ICAP flaps provide reliable and versatile options in reconstructive surgery and can be used for challenging defects in trunk.     

川芎嗪对兔脊髓缺血/再灌注损伤的保护和治疗作用

目的研究川芎嗪(TMP)注射液对兔脊髓缺血/再灌注损伤的保护和治疗作用.方法22只新西兰雄性大白兔,随机分成三组对照组(C组),单纯缺血再灌注;保护组(P组)和治疗组(T组),分别在肾下主动脉阻断前和开放后30min内恒速静脉泵入TMP注射液30mg@kg-1.采用肾下主动脉(IRA)阻断法造成脊髓缺血(20min)/再灌注模型,观察再灌注后4、8、12、24和48h神经功能评分,并于48h处死动物取脊髓(L5～7)制标本行病理组织学观察.结果用TMP干预的P组和T组的神经功能评分在各时间点均明显高于C组(P＜0.05),而P组和T组无统计学差异(P＞0.05);再灌注48h,P组和T组的脊髓前角正常神经元数明显多于C组(P＜0.05),P组和T组之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05),而且神经功能评分与其对应脊髓前角正常神经元计数之间有显著相关性(r=0.776,P＜0.01).结论TMP注射液对脊髓缺血/再灌注损伤有显著的保护和治疗作用.     

Use of dorsal intercostal artery perforator flap in the repair of back defects

Background: The dorsal intercostal artery perforator (DICAP) flap is a well-vascularised flap that is elevated above the dorsal branch of the vertebral segments of the posterior intercostal artery. The aim of this study was to repair back defects using DICAP flaps.

Materials and methods: Eight patients who had undergone reconstruction with DICAP flaps for defects located on the back of the torso due to conditions of various aetiologies between 2011–2014 were included in this study. Patient age and gender, aetiology of the condition, dimensions of the defect and the flap, site of the defect, and postoperative complications were recorded.

Results: Three females and five males were included in this study. The age of the patients ranged between 19–71 years (mean?=?53.6 years). The aetiology was skin tumour in five patients and pressure wound, gunshot injury, and plate screw exposition subsequent to spinal surgery in one patient each. The sites of the defects were successfully closed in all patients, and no flap loss was observed in any patient.

Conclusions: DICAP flaps have some advantages compared to conventional muscle and muscle skin flaps, such as greater protection of muscle functions, less invasiveness, and lower donor site morbidity. This flap has a high mobilisation capacity due to its elevation above nine bilateral perforator arteries. Therefore, the DICAP flap is useful for the repair of median and paramedian back defects. Based on its advantages, it is suggested that the DICAP flap should be considered as a useful option for the repair of back defects.     

缺血预处理对缺血脊髓微循环影响的实验研究

目的 探讨缺血预处理（IPC）对缺血损伤脊髓的保护作用及其相关机制.方法 48只健康新西兰大白兔随机分为缺血预处理组（IPC组）和缺血组,应用腹主动脉夹闭法建立脊髓缺血模型.观察两组脊髓组织缺血前、缺血40min及再灌注后2、8、24、72 h内皮素-1（ET-1）、血栓素A2（TXA2）与前列环素（PGI2）含量,并观察脊髓组织病理形态学改变及双后肢神经功能评分.结果 IPC组各时间点ET-1含量、TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α比值均显著低于缺血组（P＜0.05）.两个时间点上IPC组后肢神经功能评分明显高于缺血组（P＜0.001、0.01）,病理学累积评分明显低于缺血组（P＜0.001）.结论 IPC对主动脉阻断所致脊髓缺血再灌注损伤有良好的保护作用,抗“无再灌流”作用可能是其保护作用的重要机制之一.     

Successful graft replacement of the descending aorta after an extended reconstruction of the ascending and transverse aorta in a patient with marfan’s syndrome

(Received for publication on Jan. 14, 1997; accepted on Sept. 2, 1997)     

Spinal cord infarction caused by cartilage embolus to the anterior spinal artery

Cartilaginous embolization of spinal vessels is a rare cause of spinal cord infarction. A 63-year-old woman developed sudden onset of painful, fatal paraparesis following a valsalva-like maneuver. Autopsy demonstrated recent nonhemorrhagic infarction of the caudal thoracic spinal cord secondary to complete occlusion of the anterior spinal artery by cartilage. The literature pertaining to 28 previously reported cases is briefly reviewed.     

氯胺酮对高位脊髓损伤后循环系统紊乱的保护

目的 研究高位脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)后氯胺酮(ketamine,KT)对循环系统紊乱的保护作用. 方法 健康雄性SD大鼠20只,通过抽签将大鼠随机分为单纯SCI组(SCI组)、SCI后给予KT治疗组(SCI+KT组)、对照组(Sham组)和对照给予KT治疗组(Sham+KT组),每组5只.SCI大鼠采用改良Aliens打击法建立脊髓胸4节段损伤动物模型,Sham组仅咬除椎板,未打击脊髓.SCI+KT组和Sham+KT组分别在手术处理后24 h开始给予KT腹腔注射1 mg· kg-1·d-1.观察处理前后1周～6周大鼠平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、心率(heat rate,HR)、24h尿中去甲肾上腺素(noradenaline,NA)的变化,以及6周后大鼠左心室内压变化最大速率(left ventricular internal pressure maximum rate of change,±dp/dtmax)和苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin,HE)心肌染色的变化. 结果 术后1周SCI组大鼠MAP为(90±4) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),较Sham组明显降低,同时伴有HR增至(518±11)次/min、尿中NA减少、6周后左心室内压最大上升速率(left ventricular internalpressure maximum rising rate,+dp/dmax)增大、心肌纤维化明显(P＜0.05);SCI+KT组较SCI组MAP升高至(106±4) mmHg、HR下降到(459±10)次/min、尿中NA增多、6周后+dp/dtmax减小、心肌纤维化程度明显减轻(P＜0.05). 结论 SCI后使用KT可以改善血流动力学指标,从而改善大鼠心肌收缩力,减轻心肌细胞损伤,而这种作用可能是通过增加机体NA含量实现的.