经口置入钉砧头技术用于全腔镜食管癌切除胸腔内胃食管吻合

目的 介绍一种通过经口置入钉砧头进行全腔镜食管切除胸腔内胃食管吻合的新技术.方法 2010年4月至6月,6例食管癌患者经口置入钉砧头进行全腔镜食管切除胸腔内胃食管吻合术.患者男性5例,女性1例;年龄38～69岁,平均55岁.病变位于贲门1例,食管下段4例,食管中段1例.病变平均长度4 cm.6例患者均采用腹腔镜胸腔镜联合食管癌切除胃食管胸腔内吻合术.手术分为两大步骤,首先采用腹腔镜游离胃和腹段食管,而后采用胸腔镜游离胸段食管并切除病变食管,应用经口置入钉砧头的方法进行胸腔内胃食管吻合术.结果 本组6例患者手术顺利,未发生术中并发症、中转开腹或开胸等情况.平均手术时间380 min,平均术中出血量300 ml,平均恢复进食时间为术后9 d.术后病理学检查示:食管鳞状细胞癌5例,食管小细胞癌1例,切缘和吻合口圈均阴性.pTNM分期:T2N0M0期3例,T2N1M0期1例,T3N0M0期2例.术后无吻合口和其他重大并发症.结论 本方法创伤小、恢复快,是一种较为安全可靠、操作简便的腔镜下胸腔内胃食管吻合方法.     

经口输送钉砧系统(OrVil)在全腔镜Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术中的应用

目的探讨利用OrVil经口输送钉砧系统行全腔镜Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术的可行性及近期疗效。方法 2012年1月至2014年12月,65例食管癌患者行全腔镜Ivor Lewis径路食管癌切除食管-胃胸腔内吻合术。手术步骤分为两部分,先采用腹腔镜游离胃和腹段食管,后采用胸腔镜游离胸段食管并切除食管癌病灶,术中经口输送钉砧(OrVil TM;Covidien,Mansfield,MA,USA)到食管残端,以环行吻合器(EEAXL25Covidien,Mansfield,MA,USA)行胸顶胃食管吻合。结果该组65例患者手术顺利,未发生术中并发症、中转开腹或开胸等情况。病变均位于食管下段,平均长度3.9cm。平均腹腔镜操作时间为99min,胸腔镜操作时间为160min;术中平均出血量300ml;术后平均5.8d后进食。术后病理诊断鳞状细胞癌56例,腺癌9例,切缘均阴性。每例患者胸部和腹部淋巴结平均清扫15.6和6.9枚。术后切口感染5例,乳糜胸1例,经保守治疗后好转;无吻合口痿。结论 OrVil经口输送钉砧系统行胸腹腔镜Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术是一种安全可行的手术方式,近期疗效满意。     

利用经口输送钉砧系统（OrVil）行全腔镜食管癌根治术

目的研究在全腔镜食管癌根治术中,进行消化道重建时运用经口输送钉砧系统（OrVil）的应用意义及经验。方法选取2011年1月至2011年10月期间,术中采用经口腔置入钉砧头手术治疗食管癌患者6例。先用腔镜游离胃,清扫腹腔淋巴结并制作管状胃,然后用腔镜在胸部游离食管,对胸部淋巴结进行清扫切除,在腔镜下利用经口输送钉砧系统（OrVil）进行食管胃端侧吻合手术。结果 6例均成功接受全腔镜下手术,无开胸开腹直视手术发生,未出现严重并发症甚至死亡病例,手术均获得成功。术后住院治疗时间平均18d,患者手术5d后开始流质饮食,在术后3个月的跟踪记录中,患者均未出现吻合口相关并发症。结论经口输送钉砧系统（OrVil）可有效地在全腔镜下行食管和胃吻合,是一种全新的消化道重建辅助工具。     

OrVil吻合技术在全腔镜食管癌根治术中的应用

目的 探讨应用经口钉砧头输送系统(OrVil)吻合技术行全腔镜食管癌根治术的可行性、安全性.方法 回顾性分析2010年12月至2013年3月53例应用OrVil吻合技术行全腔镜食管癌根治术的患者临床资料.男42例,女11例;年龄36 ～ 78岁,平均(59.3±8.6)岁.肿瘤位于胸中段13例,胸下段40例(包括13例食管胃交界腺癌累及食管下段),病变长度(3.7±1.6)cm.其中46例应用OrVil技术行全胸腹腔镜下食管癌切除胃食管右胸内吻合术,7例应用OrVil技术行全腹腔镜下食管胃交界癌切除胃食管吻合术.结果 全组无围手术期死亡,无中转开胸、开腹手术.手术(294.5±46.8)min,术中出血(172.3±102.1)ml;术后(5.2±2.3)天拔胸管,(10.1±4.3)天进食;住院(14.1±6.2)天.全组淋巴结清扫总数(26.5 ±9.9)枚/例,其中胸野清扫淋巴结(10.9±6.6)枚/例,腹野清扫淋巴结(15.1±10.9)枚/例.围术期主要并发症发生率13.2％ (7/53)例,其中吻合口瘘1例,肺部感染6例.按手术时间比较,早期15例与后期15例,手术时间由(307.3±53.7) min缩短至(266.0±24.7) min(P=0.014),术中出血量由(180.0±106.6) ml减少至(142.0±81.3) ml(P=0.281).52例患者平均随访(13.0±7.3)个月,无吻合口狭窄.1例失访.术后总生存率88.5％,死亡6例.结论 应用OrVil吻合技术完成全腔镜食管癌切除消化道重建术是微创、安全、可行的,近期效果良好.     

经口置入钉砧头系统(OrVil)在全腔镜下食管癌根治术中消化道重建中的应用体会

目的总结经口置入钉砧头系统(OrVil)在全腔镜食管癌根治术中消化道重建中的应用经验。方法 2010年1月～4月,利用OrVil行完全腔镜下食管癌根治手术5例。男3例,女2例,平均年龄67岁(58～76岁)。肿瘤位于食管中段1例、食管下段3例、贲门1例。肿瘤平均长度4.3cm(1.5～5cm)。先腹腔镜游离胃、制作管状胃,清扫腹腔淋巴结,然后胸腔镜游离胸段食管,清扫胸部淋巴结,镜下行食管胃端侧吻合术。结果 5例均在完全腔镜下完成手术,手术顺利,无中转开胸及开腹,无死亡及严重并发症发生。平均手术时间260min(210～300min),平均出血量352ml(120～450ml)。术后5～7天内进食流质饮食,平均住院时间20d(14～26d)。随访30～100d,无吻合口并发症。结论 OrVil在全腔镜下食管癌根治术消化道重建中可以快速、便捷、有效地替代常规放置钉砧头和荷包制作,是一种安全可靠的全腔镜下消化道重建辅助系统。     

全腔镜下Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术钉砧安置的新方法

目的探讨全腔镜下Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术中普通管形吻合器钉砧安置新方法的可行性。方法 2011年6月~2012年10月对20例胸中段食管癌在胸腔镜下安置钉砧到食管残端,以普通管形吻合器行胸膜顶胃食管吻合。结果手术时间平均200 min(150~300 min),术中出血平均180 ml(150~250 ml),清扫淋巴结平均18枚(12~44枚)。未行胸腹部辅助切口,围术期未输血,无手术相关并发症,未发生吻合口漏。术后病理上、下切缘均末见癌累及。患者术后恢复良好,术后平均10 d(8~12 d)出院。20例随访6个月,均未发生手术相关并发症,进食正常。结论利用新方法放置钉砧行胸腹腔镜下Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术可行,近期疗效满意。     

改良反穿刺吻合技术在全腔镜Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术中消化道重建的应用体会

目的探讨反穿刺吻合技术行全腔镜Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术的可行性及近期疗效。 方法收集南京医科大学附属逸夫医院2014年2月至2018年6月期间应用改良反穿刺吻合技术行全腔镜Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术的48例中下段食管癌患者资料。手术分为三大步骤：首先用腹腔镜游离胃和腹段的食管并清扫腹腔淋巴结;其次取侧卧位,游离胸段食管,切除病变食管并清扫胸腔淋巴结;最后应用反穿刺吻合技术行胸内胃食管吻合术。 结果48例均在腔镜下完成吻合,手术过程顺利,未行胸腹部辅助切口,无中转开胸手术。手术时间(253.4±57.2)min,其中胸腔镜操作时间(175.6±64.5)min;术中出血量(107.3±87.4)ml,清扫淋巴结数目(15.2±2.5)枚。术后1例重度肥胖、糖尿病、高血压患者出现重症肺部感染及吻合口瘘,经保守治疗后治愈,吻合口瘘发生率2.1%(1/48);术后3例出现吻合口狭窄,其中1例严重,行吻合口机械扩张缓解,吻合口狭窄率6.3%(3/48)。48例中47例的术后进流食时间(7.2±1.3)d,术后住院时间10～16 d、平均11 d。 结论利用改良反穿刺吻合技术行全腔镜Ivor Lewis食管癌根治术治疗中下段食管癌是安全、可行的,是经济、有效的。     

单操作孔胸腔镜联合腹腔镜食管癌根治术六例

目的 探讨单操作孔胸腔镜联合腹腔镜食管癌根治术的可行性及近期疗效。方法2010年3-12月间解放军总医院应用经口置入钉砧头系统（OrVil）．行单操作孔胸腔镜联合腹腔镜食管癌根治术6例。患者先在平卧位下行腹腔镜游离胃并清扫腹腔淋巴结,然后取左侧卧位．在单操作孔胸腔镜下游离食管并清扫胸部淋巴结．最后将胃经膈肌裂孔上提到胸腔后制备管状胃．利用OrVil系统完成胃食管吻合。结果全组手术顺利。无中转开胸病例。手术时间200～320min：腹腔镜手术时间平均75（45～90）min,胸腔镜时间平均160（120～240）min。术中平均出血220（160～300）ml,平均清扫淋巴结12（9-18）枚。术后恢复顺利,未出现吻合口瘘、肺部感染、乳糜胸等严重并发症。结论单操作孔胸腔镜联合腹腔镜食管癌切除后,应用OrVil系统行胃食管胸顶吻合安全、可行。     

全腔镜下食管癌根治术(OrVil术式)关键技术改进——附40例报告

目的 探索全腔镜下(胸/腹腔镜下)经口腔置入吻合器底钉座的食管癌根治手术的新方法.方法 40例食管癌患者接受经口置入钉砧头技术(OrVil技术)全腔镜下食管癌根治术.男30例,女10例,年龄42～76岁.胸食管上段癌4例,中段癌29例,下段癌7例.术前均经内镜取得病理,37例为鳞状细胞癌,3例为高级别瘤变;利用钡餐和超声内镜检查获得相对准确的术前分期.结果 术中右下肺静脉破裂出血、吻合口瘘和底钉座滑入食管残端各1例;术后吻合口瘘1例,胸腔出血2例,胸腔积液5例,经正确处理后,均恢复正常.全组患者恢复良好.无手术死亡.1例术后1年死于脑转移.病理分期Ⅰb期和Ⅱ期患者均用GP方案化疗1～4个疗程,Ⅲa期患者术后1个月常规辅助放疗1次,再行GP方案化疗1～4个疗程.远期结果仍在进一步观察中.结论 OrVil技术是一种较为方便的全腔镜下食管癌根治方法,临床医师只要熟练掌握了腔镜操作的基本方法均可施行此技术.     

腹腔镜胃切除食管-空肠（残胃）吻合新技术

目的 介绍新型经口底钉座置入装置（OrVil^TM,Covidien）在腹腔镜胃切除食管-空肠或残胃管状吻合术中的应用,探讨其可行性、安全性及临床效果.方法 对5例贲门、胃体癌患者及1例贲门部间质瘤患者分别施行腹腔镜下根治性全胃切除加食管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术以及近端胃次全切除加食管-残胃吻合术,用新型OrVil^TM装置经口将底钉座置入食管下端,进行食管-空肠或食管-残胃吻合.结果 6例患者手术均顺利,手术时间（183.3±25.8）min,术中出血（128.3±90.2）ml;术后（4.0±1.1）d恢复胃肠功能当天,行上消化道碘剂造影提示吻合口通畅无狭窄和瘘后开始进食,术后（9.0±2.6）d出院.术后28 d随访,患者一般情况良好,无吻合口狭窄等并发症发生.结论 用OrVil^TM新型装置在食管内放置底钉座,行食管-空肠（残胃）管状吻合安全可靠,近期临床疗效佳.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.