冠状动脉旁路移植手术中内镜获取与切开获取大隐静脉对照研究的meta分析

目的探讨冠状动脉旁路移植手术中内镜获取大隐静脉与常规切开获取大隐静脉相比是否具有优越性。方法检索2003—2013年国内外关于内镜获取大隐静脉（endoscopic vein harvesting,EVH）与常规切开获取大隐静脉（open vein harvesting,OVH）手术后疗效的临床对比研究,收集相关数据并用RevMan5．0统计软件进行meta分析。结果检索并纳入本次研究的文献共6篇,其中EVH组339例,OVH组344例。meta分析结果示：术后伤口感染、愈合不良在EVH组的发生率较OVH组显著减少（P〈0．05）,术后下肢伤口疼痛程度EVH组显著低于OVH组（P〈0．05）,血肿的发生率在EVH组与OVH组间并无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,EVH获取的静脉桥和OVH获取的静脉桥近期通畅率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论和OVH相比,EVH技术切口美观,能在不影响静脉桥的近期通畅率前提下显著降低术后下肢伤口疼痛、愈合不良等并发症,提高患者满意度。     

非体外循环与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植血管中远期通畅率比较

目的 比较非体外循环不停跳与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植手术后中远期移植血管的通畅率.方法 对同一术者行冠状动脉旁路移植手术后5年以上病例50例.按手术方式分为两组.第1组采用传统体外循环下进行冠状动脉旁路移植(体外循环组,25例);第2组采用非体外循环不停跳技术进行冠状动脉旁路移植(非体外循环组,25例).对所有病例进行冠状动脉造影随访,比较两组移植血管的通畅情况.结果 两组均男21例,女4例.第1组手术年龄(55.4±8.9)岁;随访70～110个月,平均(86.52±12.48)个月;移植血管共83支,其中动脉移植血管41支,静脉移植血管42支,平均移植血管(3.32±0.63)支/例;随访移植血管通畅61支,狭窄6支,闭塞16支,动脉移植物通畅率为78.05%,静脉通畅率69.05%,总通畅率73.49%.第2组手术年龄(58.2±9.09)岁;移植血管共65支,其中动脉移植血管31支,静脉移植血管34支,平均移植血管(2.52±0.71)支/例,随访64～99个月,平均(82.68±12.48)个月;随访移植血管通畅47支,狭窄4支,闭塞14支,动脉移植物通畅率为74.19%,静脉通畅率70.59%,总通畅率72.31%.结论 非体外循环不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植手术移植血管中远期通畅率与传统体外循环手术一致,均可达到较好的中远期疗效.

Abstract：

Objective Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) is used more widely in recent years in China. However, there is an argument on benefits and risks of off-pump surgery. Many studies shown that OPCAB had more benefits in short-term outcomes than conventional coronary artery bypass grafting(CCABG). But evidences from other studies suggested that OPCAB resulted in less long-term graft patency as compared with on-pump surgery. This study examined the longterm graft patency of OPCAB and CCABG performed by one surgeon. Methods 50 patients who had received surgical revascularization by a surgeon for more than 5 years were reviewed, 25 patients received conventional coronary artery bypass grafting ( group 1 ) and 25 patients received OPCAB ( group 2). All patients had angiograms for compareing the graft patency between the two groups. Results Among 25 patients in group 1,21 were male and 4 were female. The mean age of patients at surgery was (55.4 ±8.9) years. 15 cases had unstable angina, 16 patients had old myocardial infarction and 6 cases had diabetes.The ejection fraction (EF) was 0.58 ±0.14. The mean number of bypasses per patient was 3.32 ±0.63. Mean duration of operation was (3.58 ± 0. 82) hours. Mean follow-up duration was ( 86.52 ± 12.48) months. 83 grafts were evaluated for patency ( open vs. closed) and were graded by Fitzgibbon as grade A ( excellent graft), B ( impaired graft, with a stenosis of ≥50%, or a diameter less than 50% of the grafted artery), or O ( completely occluded). The graft patency was 73.49%, 61grafts were graded as Fitzgibbon A, 6 grafts as Fitzgibbon B and 16 grafts as Fitzgibbon 0. 25 patients were in group 2, 21males and 4 females. The mean age of patients at procedure was (58.2 ± 9.09) years, 11 patients had unstable angina, 13 patients had old myocardial infarction and 6 cases had diabetes. The ejection fraction (EF) was 0.59 ± 0. 14. Conclusion No 2011.03.013 difference in long-term graft patency was identified between on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Off-pump oronary artery bypass grafting preformed by an experienced surgeon may gain similar long-term graft patency to that of conventional bypass.     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的病理生理与麻醉处理

冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)是常见的心脏手术.非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass,OPCABG)最早于1964年在圣彼得堡完成,但很快随着体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)技术及心脏停跳液的发展而被弃之不用.     

内窥镜获取大隐静脉:技术、预后、思考与争议

移植血管的选择对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)短期及远期预后有着重要意义。患者术后的平稳恢复,长期生活质量的改善以及避免二次干预都和冠状动脉血管桥的通畅密不可分。考虑到桥血管远期通畅率以及术后生存率,乳内动脉是CABG患者桥血管的首选。但是,当患者存在多根冠状动脉需要搭桥时,大隐静脉仍然被广泛应用。大隐静脉获取的传统方法是采用自脚踝至腹股沟开放切口,称为开放性大隐静脉获取术(OVH)。但是这样的取桥方法会引起腿部手术切口疼痛以及感染。此外,如此长的伤口会让患者感觉极不美观。切口相关并发症以及患者对美观的需求促使内窥镜大隐静脉获取术(EVH)的产生。对于OVH和EVH两种术式,既往的文献表明EVH可以减少切口相关并发症,满足患者的美观需求,缩短住院时间,并减轻术后切口的疼痛。尽管EVH具有上述已知的优点,但是也有报道认为内窥镜技术存在损伤静脉的风险,同时在静脉桥的通畅度以及临床预后等方面存在潜在的不利因素,这些都限制了EVH的广泛应用。本综述将对EVH的技术、预后、思考以及争议等方面进行详细的剖析。     

内窥镜采集大隐静脉的临床效果及应用体会

目的 通过对比冠状动脉旁路移植术中传统的全程切开采集大隐静脉(open saphenous vein harvest,OVH)与内窥镜辅助采集大隐静脉(endoscopic saphenous vein harvest,EVH)两种术式评价EVH的应用效果和总结应用体会.方法 观察两种术式:(1)获取大隐静脉手术时间;(2)采集大隐静脉总手术时间;(3)修补血管次数;(4)术后并发症;(5)采用VAS(Visual Analog Scale)评分,评估术后4d和第4周下肢切口疼痛.结果 EVH组伤口并发症发生率为10.7%,OVH组为36.7%,两组对比EVH组有明显减少(P<0.01);切口疼痛VAS评分,EVH组术后第4天、第4周分别为(2.4±0.6)和(1.0±0.6),OVH分别为(3.2±0.8)和(1.6±0.8),术后第4天疼痛EVH组明显轻(P<0.01),术后第4周疼痛两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.56);手术时间:采集大隐静脉手术总时间EVH组(39.7±4.2)min,OVH组(40.3±5.3)min,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.66),获取大隐静脉手术时间EVH组(36.3±3.9)min,OVH组(29.0±5.1)min,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);EVH组修补血管次数(1.7±0.7),OVH组(1.1±0.8),两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.04).结论 EVH和OVH相比显著减少了术后切口并发症和疼痛,不延长总手术时间.     

体外循环与非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术移植血管流量对比分析

目的比较非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass graft,OPCABG)与传统体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(conventional on-pump coronary artery bypass graft,CCABG)移植血管通畅性。方法利用瞬时血流测定技术(transit-time flow meter,TTFM)对105例CCABG和140例OPCABG移植血管进行测量,并记录平均流量(mean flow,Qm)及搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)。结果2组一般情况无显著性差异,2组旁路移植血管数目及血管材料无差异。流量测定结果,乳内动脉OPCABG组(n=101)Qm(37.2±26.6)ml/min,PI3.3±1.3;CCABG组(n=75)Qm(39.5±21.8)ml/min,PI3.3±1.2,两组差异无显著性(t=-0.612、0.000,P>0.05),大隐静脉流量两组也无显著性差异[OPCABG组(n=335)Qm(36.8±27.4)ml/min,PI3.1±1.5;CCABG组(n=281)Qm(40.9±...     

不接触技术对冠状动脉旁路移植术后静脉桥通畅率影响的进展

冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)是目前治疗冠心病的有效方法,但冠状动脉旁路移植术后有比较高的静脉桥闭塞率,严重影响CABG术后的近、远期临床治疗效果。静脉获取技术被认为是影响远期通畅率的一个重要因素。与开放性大隐静脉获取技术相比,不接触技术获取大隐静脉时保留了血管外膜以及血管周围组织,同时避免高压扩张静脉。使用不接触技术获取的静脉进行冠状动脉旁路移植术后,静脉桥取得了较好的近、远期通畅率,但效果还需要进一步的临床证实。     

冠状动脉搭桥内镜大隐静脉获取术136例

目的探讨内镜辅助小切口获取大隐静脉进行冠状动脉搭桥手术的价值。方法411例冠状动脉搭桥手术,依据患者意愿采用微创小切口手术及传统开放大切口手术获取大隐静脉,其中136例应用内镜静脉获取术(endoscop icve in harvesting,EVH),275例应用开放静脉获取术(open ve in harvesting,OVH),比较2组患者手术情况以及下肢切口并发症发生率。结果EVH组下肢切口并发症总发生率为18.4%(25/136),显著低于OVH组36.7%(101/275)(2χ=14.406,P=0.000),其中下肢浮肿、感觉异常、血肿和液化发生率EVH组均低于OVH组,分别为1.5%(2/136)vs.35.3%(97/275)(2χ=56.861,P=0.000)、7.4%(10/136)vs.33.8%(93/275)(2χ=33.937,P=0.000)、16.2%(22/136)vs.27.3%(75/275)(2χ=6.214,P=0.013)和0.7%(1/136)vs.8.7%(24/275)(2χ=10.174,P=0.001)。总手术时间EVH组为(226.3±28.5)m in,OVH组为(224.7±19.2)m in,2组比较差异无显著性(t=0.673,P=0.502)。血管桥早期失功EVH组和OVH组各发生1例,2组比较差异无显著性(2χ=0.000,P=1.000)。远端吻合口数目EVH组(3.6±0.8)个,OVH组(3.3±1.0)个,2组比较差异有显著性(t=3.049,P=0.002),但临床意义不明显。结论内镜大隐静脉获取术可以显著降低高危患者的切口相关并发症,并不增加手术时间和血管桥早期失功发生率,亦不会减少远端吻合口数量而影响冠状动脉的完全再血管化治疗。     

磷酸肌酸钠复合氨甲环酸对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者心肌和血液保护作用的研究

目的 研究在非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)中应用磷酸肌酸钠及氨甲环酸对缺血心肌的保护及血液保护作用.方法 将拟行OPCABG术的冠心病患者280例按完全随机法分为4组,每组70例,实验组、磷酸肌酸钠组、氨甲环酸组和对照组...     

"一站式"颈动脉支架置入加不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植治疗重度冠心病合并颈动脉狭窄的早期疗效分析

目的:通过对比"一站式"同期颈动脉支架置入术(carotid artery stenting,CAS) +非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)和分期序贯CAS+OPCABG两种术式围手术期情况及早期随访资料,评估"一站式"同期手...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.