主动脉弓手术顺行性与逆行性脑灌注研究进展CSCD

顺行性脑灌注(antegrade cerebral perfusion,ACP)和逆行性脑灌注(retrograde cerebral perfusion,RCP)已经成为主动脉弓手术中施行脑保护的两种主要手术方法,何者效果更佳尚处存争议。本文通过对近几年全球部分心脏中心对ACP及RCP进行的对比性研究及实验室研究分析后发现,采用ACP或RCP两种手术方法行术中脑保护后的患者在暂时性神经功能障碍、永久性神经功能障碍、脑卒中、早期死亡率、长期生存率等方面的差异并无统计学意义,但RCP会延长患者ICU停留时间、气管插管有创辅助呼吸时间及住院时间,且ACP可以延长手术时间以便完成更多的手术操作。ACP在主动脉弓手术施行脑保护方面优势明显。若手术操作较简单、手术时间较短,可选择RCP联合深低温停循环(deep hypothermic circulatory arrest,DHCA),从而减少手术视野中插管的数量,方便操作。     

深低温停循环联合顺行性脑灌注对患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层采用深低温停循环联合顺行性脑灌注对患者认知功能的影响。方法2009年1月至2012年3月南京医科大学附属南京医院48例急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层采用孙氏手术（主动脉弓部置换加支架象鼻手术）,其中男40例,女8例,年龄（51．3±13．6）岁。手术均采用深低温停循环、顺行胜脑灌注技术。记录术中停循环时间、术后苏醒时间,根据简易智力状态检查量表（mini．mentalstatesexamination,MMSE）评价患者术前、术后的认知功能。结果48例患者体外循环时间（237．3±58．5）rain,术中停循环时间（37．3±6．9）min。手术死亡4例,死亡原因：肺部感染、多脏器功能衰竭、心肌梗死和急性呼吸窘迫综合征。4l例患者术后24h内苏醒,苏醒时间（1513±6．5）h。MMSE评分术前为（28．6±1．1）分,术后1周时为（23．6±4．5）分。随访3l例,随访率70．45％,随访时间6个月。术后6个月时31例患者MMSE评分为（27．6±2．1）分,较术后MMSE评分大幅度提高（户〈0．05）,但与术前MMSE比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论治疗急性StanfordA型主动脉夹层采用深低温停循环联合顺行性脑灌注技术,可以取得满意的脑保护效果,但短期内对认知功能可能存在负面影响;只要头颅CT排除梗塞或出血病灶,这种负面影响在半年内基本可以自行消除。     

脑氧饱和度监测指导脑灌注对主动脉弓置换术后神经系统并发症的影响

目的 观察近红外光谱(near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS) 联合选择性顺行性脑灌注（selective antegrade cerebral perfusion,SACP）对主动脉弓部手术后中枢神经系统并发症发生率的影响。
方法 行主动脉弓置换术的患者95例,男70例,女25例,年龄37～61岁,ASA Ⅲ或Ⅳ级,随机分为两组: NIRS监测组(A组,n=48)和传统经验组(B组,n=47)。中低温停循环期间,调节脑灌注流量及压力,维持rSO2 60%~80%。A组当rSO2<55%时行双侧脑灌注;B组通过控制目标灌注压40~60 mmHg来调节脑灌注流量。采集围术期临床资料,比较两组术中、术后临床指标及术后并发症情况。
结果 A组手术时间、CPB时间、主动脉阻断时间、停循环时间、术后机械通气时间、ICU留观时间和术后住院时间短于B组,但差异无统计学意义。A组术后永久神经系统并发症发生率和术后脑血栓新发率明显低于B组(P<0.05);A组术后短暂神经系统并发症发生率低于B组,但差异无统计学意义。
结论 NIRS监测联合SACP可降低主动脉弓置换术后永久神经系统并发症发生率。     

单侧与双侧顺行性脑灌注对认知能力的影响

目的　比较全主动脉弓置换术中应用单侧顺行性脑灌注和双侧顺行性脑灌注对认知能力的影响。方法　 16例全主动脉弓置换术患者按随机数字表法随机分为单侧顺行性脑灌注组和双侧顺行性脑灌注组 ,每组各 8例。两组均行术前、术后神经系统物理检查、颅脑计算机体层摄影 (CT)和认知能力测验比较。　结果　无手术及近期死亡 ,无新发脑梗塞出现。两组各有 1例出现短暂性神经功能异常 ,两组间术前和术后的认知能力比较差别无统计学意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。　结论　在基底动脉环完整、存在有效侧枝循环的条件下 ,单侧顺行性脑灌注及双侧顺行性脑灌注均能取得良好的效果 ,两种脑保护方法对认知能力的影响无统计学意义。     

单侧与双侧顺行性脑灌注技术对主动脉手术患者预后影响的系统评价与Meta分析

目的比较单侧与双侧顺行性脑灌注技术对主动脉手术患者预后的影响。方法检索PubMed、EBSCO、Web of Science、Cochrane图书馆、万方数据库、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库,检索时间从建库截至2019年1月。纳入比较单侧与双侧顺行脑灌注技术对主动脉手术患者预后影响的临床研究,用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(NOS)评价纳入非随机研究质量,用Cochrane风险评估工具评价随机对照研究的质量。应用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入16篇文献,共4490例患者,其中随机对照研究3篇,倾向性匹配分析2篇,回顾性病例对照研究11篇。3篇随机对照研究均有高风险偏倚,其余13篇NOS评分均6颗星以上。Meta分析结果显示,单侧与双侧顺行性脑灌注相比,永久性神经系统障碍(permanent neurologic dysfunction,PND)(OR=0.93,95%CI 0.74~1.18,P=0.57)、暂时性神经系统障碍(temporary neurologic dysfunction,TND)(OR=1.26,95%CI 0.94~1.69,P=0.12)、急性肾功能损伤发生率(OR=1.11,95%CI 0.79~1.55,P=0.55)、30 d死亡率(OR=0.94,95%CI 0.67~1.32,P=0.72)、住ICU时间(OR=–0.64,95%CI–1.66~0.37,P=0.22)与住院时间(OR=–0.35,95%CI–2.38~1.68,P=0.74)差异均无统计学意义。结论单侧与双侧顺行性脑灌注技术在停循环主动脉手术中对患者术后预后影响无差别。但上述结论受纳入文献质量的限制,需要更多高质量的随机对照大样本研究进一步评价。     

单侧与双侧顺行性脑灌注的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 比较全主动脉弓替换术中单侧顺行性脑灌注（ASCP）和双侧ASCP的脑保护效果。方法 16例全主动脉弓替换术病人随机分为单侧ASCP组和双侧ASCP组，每组各8例。两组均行术前、术后颅脑计算机体层摄影（CT）、术中均动态监测无名动脉及左颈总动脉压力，均行颈内静脉球血样血气分析。结果 两组各有1例出现短暂性神经功能异常。在ASCP期间单侧组无名动脉压高于左颈总动脉压（P〈0．01），而双侧组无名动脉压与左颈总动脉压相同。两组间各时间段颈静脉血氧分压、颈静脉血氧饱和度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 在基底动脉环完整，存在有效侧支循环条件下，单侧ASCP及双侧ASCP均能取得良好效果。单侧灌注操作较为简便，双侧灌注在ASCP期间两侧灌注压较为均衡，双侧灌注是否增加脑栓塞的危险尚需进一步研究。     

主动脉弓部手术75例

目的 总结主动脉弓部手术的方法和临床经验。方法75例弓部手术中74例采用深低温停循环（DHcA）技术，其中54例脑保护采用上腔静脉逆灌（RCP），20例采用右腋动脉顺灌（SCP）；仅1例在中度低温体外循环下行局部切除吻合。升主动脉和半弓置换53例，其中同期行降主动脉腔内支架植入术11例，弓部内膜破口修补6例，降主动脉近端内膜破口修补3例；升主动脉和全弓置换20例，其中同期行传统象鼻手术12例，降主动脉腔内支架植入4例；单纯弓部瘤切除缝合及弓部置换各1例。同期手术包括17例Bentall手术，12例AVR，3例Cabrol手术，5例二尖瓣成形术，9例主动脉瓣悬吊成形术等。DHCA9～120min，平均42．3min。结果手术死亡5例，死亡率6．7％。主要并发症为呼吸功能不全11例，肾功能不全7例，一过性精神异常9例。结论DHCA＋RCP及DHCA＋SCP技术均是主动脉弓部手术的有效方法，但后者更适用于复杂的弓部手术；手术范围和方式取决于病变性质和范围，术前状况和手术技术是影响手术效果的决定因素。     

改良全主动脉弓置换治疗老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层

目的总结改良全主动脉弓置换治疗老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床经验,并探讨其疗效。方法 39例老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者在深低温停循环、双侧顺行脑灌注下行外科手术。根部处理根据不同病变情况,选择不同术式,包括单纯升主动脉置换、Bentall、Wheat手术。主动脉弓部采用四分支血管行全主动脉弓置换,降主动脉内置入硬象鼻支架,并行支架开窗,完成左锁骨下动脉重建。结果全组平均体外循环时间为(180.49±30.46)min,平均停循环时间(27.22±10.58)min,平均脑灌注时间(32.42±12.36)min,平均心肌阻断时间(94.84±24.83)min。升主动脉置换17例,Wheat手术10例,Bentall手术12例。全组无术中死亡,术后住院死亡2例,脑梗塞1例,短暂性神经功能障碍3例,行肾脏透析治疗3例。全组无出血再次开胸、声音嘶哑、左上肢感觉运动功能障碍等情况。术后复查主动脉CTA弓部分支血管血流通畅,象鼻支架无内漏。无术后死亡及二次手术者。结论选择合适的手术时机及手术方式,老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者仍能获得满意的外科手术效果。     

不同体、脑灌注方式对StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者的脑保护研究

摘要：目的探讨不同的体、脑灌注方式对StanfordA型主动脉夹层患者脑保护的影响。方法回顾性分析哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院2007年4月至2012年3月117例StanfordA型主动脉夹层手术患者的临床资料,依据不同的体、脑灌注方式将患者分为3组,组1：45例,股动脉插管行体循环灌注＋停循环后单侧或双侧顺行性脑灌注组;组2：38例,锁骨下动脉或无名动脉插管行体循环灌注和单侧顺行性脑灌注或双侧顺行性脑灌注组;组3：34例,锁骨下动脉或无名动脉插管＋股动脉插管行顺逆结合体循环灌注和单侧顺行性脑灌注或双侧顺行性脑灌注组。对比分析术后短暂性神经系统功能障碍（transientneurologicaldysfunction,TND）、永久性神经系统功能障碍（permanentneurologicaldysfunction,PND）的发生情况以及影响因素。结果组1脑部并发症发生率高于组2、组3（37．77％vs．13．16％vs．14．71％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;组3体外循环的降温速度比组1、组2快（35．56±4．35VS．40．00±5．63、39．58_＋6．03）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;其他指标各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05o结论顺行性、逆行结合的体外循环灌注方法联合顺行性脑灌注降温速度均匀快速,可能具有良好的脊髓、肾脏、腹腔器官的保护作用,特别是降低脑部并发症方面证明其是目前最佳的器官保护方法。     

改良双侧脑灌注在DeBakeyⅠ型急性主动脉夹层手术中的应用

目的 研究改良双侧脑灌注在DeBakeyⅠ型急性主动脉夹层手术中应用的价值.方法 14例DeBakeyⅠ型急性主动脉夹层患者在深低温停循环下行手术治疗.术中采用主动脉弓腔内直视下行头臂干和左颈总动脉插管的改良双侧脑灌注技术进行脑保护.结果 全组体外循环190～325min,平均(241.78±31.74)min,心肌阻断时间71～133min,平均(104.36±17.07)min,脑灌注时间32～70min,平均(53.50±9.25)min.全组患者仅1例出现短暂性脑神经功能异常,无脑梗塞,脑出血等其他中枢神经系统损伤.结论 DeBakeyⅠ型急性主动脉夹层手术中,采用经主动脉弓腔内直视下行头臂干和左颈总动脉插管的改良双侧脑灌注技术进行脑保护,其方法 简便、安全、有效.     

Retrograde cerebral perfusion for surgery of type A aortic dissection

BackgroundFor type A aortic dissection (TAAD), antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) was proposed as a more physiological method than retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) for intra-operative brain protection, but it is still debatable whether antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) or retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) is related to the better clinical outcome. The present study was undertaken to compare the results in our patients receiving surgery for TAAD with ACP or RCP. The primary aim of this study was focused on the incidence of and the factors associated with surgical mortality, post-operative neurological outcomes and long-term survival.MethodsFrom February 2001 to March 2019, there were 223 consecutive patients with TAAD treated surgically at our hospital. The median age at presentation was 56 years (range 29–88 years) and 70 patients (31.4%) over 65 years of age. There were 168 patients treated with RCP and 55 patients treated with ACP. The primary endpoints were surgical mortality and neurological outcome. Propensity score matching was used to compare the treatment results of surgeries with RCP or ACP. The long-term survival was also analyzed.ResultsThe overall in-hospital mortality rate and the overall 30-day mortality rate were 15.6% and 14.3% respectively. For the patients without pre-operative shock (n = 184), the in-hospital mortality rate was 10.3% and the 30-day mortality rate was 8.7% and higher long-term survival rates (88.3% for 5 years, 86.5% for 10 years, 86.5% for 15 years) were documented for this patient group. There was no significant difference on the surgical mortality between the ACP group and the RCP group. In the entire cohort, there were 23 patients (10.3%) who suffered from post-operative neurological deficits (PND) and there were less PND for the patients with RCP than the patients with ACP (7.7% vs 18.1%, p = 0.027). After propensity score matching, there was still higher incidence of PND in the ACP group than in the RCP group but without statistical significance (18.5% vs 11.1%, p = 0.279).ConclusionsAortic surgery carries high risk for the patients with TAAD and PND is not an unusual post-operative morbidity. In our series, pre-operative shock, pre-operative CPR, CRI, past history with CAD are related to higher surgical mortality. The younger patients (<65 years old) without pre-operative shock got better surgical outcome and long-term survival. RCP could provide acceptable cerebral protection during aortic surgery for the TAAD patients. Old age, pre-operative shock, CRI and past history of CAD are independent risk factors for long-term survival.     

Medium-term results after surgery for aortic arch aneurysm with hypothermic cerebral perfusion

We have used two techniques of hypothermic cerebral perfusion (CP) for the surgical treatment of aortic arch aneurysm in the last 10 years. Between March 1985 and December 1993, 83 patients underwent surgery for aortic arch aneurysm. Fifty-one cases had aortic dissection (AD) in the transverse arch and/or its branches, and 32 cases showed true aneurysm (TA) of the aortic arch. In those 83 patients, 37 cases received antegrade CP and 46 cases underwent retrograde CP. Surgical results were compared among the groups by Kaplan-Meier actuarial method and Cox-Mantel statistical analysis. The early mortality after surgery for aortic arch aneurysm was 11.8% in the AD group and 21.9% in the TA group. The early mortality was 21.6% with antegrade CP and 10.9% with retrograde CP. The 6-year actuarial survival rate was 71.7% in the TA group and 67.1% in the AD group. In the AD group, the 3-year survival rate was 93.9% with retrograde CP and 61.1% with antegrade CP (P < 0.005). In the TA group, the 3-year survival rate was similar for antegrade CP (73.3%) and retrograde CP (69.2%). These results suggest that current surgical results of aortic arch aneurysm with hypothermic CP are acceptable and the retrograde CP technique might be recommended, especially for surgery of aortic arch aneurysm with AD.     

Aortic arch surgery at 32°C: mild hypothermia and unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion

 Open in a separate windowOBJECTIVESWith development of antegrade cerebral perfusion, the necessity of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (CA) in aortic arch surgery has been called into question. To minimize the adverse effects of hypothermia, surgeons now perform these procedures closer to normothermia. This study examined postoperative outcomes of hemiarch replacement patients using unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion and mild hypothermic CA.METHODSSingle-centre retrospective review of 66 patients undergoing hemiarch replacement with mild hypothermic CA (32°C) and unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion between 2011 and 2018. Antegrade cerebral perfusion was delivered using right axillary artery cannulation. Postoperative data included death, neurological dysfunction, acute kidney injury and renal failure requiring new dialysis. Additional intraoperative metabolic data and blood transfusions were obtained.RESULTSEighty-six percent of patients underwent elective surgery. Mean age was 67 ± 3 years. Lowest mean core body temperature was 32 ± 2°C. Average CA was 17 ± 5 min. No intraoperative or 30-day mortality occurred. Survival was 97% at 1 year, 91% at 3 years and 88% at 5 years. Permanent and temporary neurological dysfunction occurred in 1 (2%) and 2 (3%) patients, respectively. Only 3 (5%) patients suffered postoperative stage 3 acute kidney injury requiring new dialysis. Intraoperative transfusions occurred in 44% of patients and no major metabolic derangements were observed.CONCLUSIONSIn patients undergoing hemiarch surgery, mild hypothermia (32°C) with unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion via right axillary cannulation is associated with low mortality and morbidity, offering adequate neurological and renal protection. These findings require validation in larger, prospective clinical trials.     

Axillary cerebral perfusion for arch surgery in acute type A dissection under moderate hypothermia

Backgound: Aortic arch surgery is still associated with increased mortality and morbidity especially in acute type A aortic dissection. Adequate brain protection is essential and commonly performed by either antegrade selective perfusion of the brachiocephalic arteries or an interval of profound hypothermic circulatory arrest. We present our experience for open aortic arch repair with continuous antegrade brain perfusion by means of direct cannulation of the right axillary artery, under moderate hypothermia in patients with acute type A aortic dissection. Methods: In, 25 consecutive patients (17 men) with a mean age of 62.6 ± 14.8 years, aortic repair extended to the arch, for acute type A aortic dissection, was performed through a midline sternotomy. The right axillary artery was used for arterial systemic and brain perfusion at a rectal temperature of 25–27 °C. Results: Mean duration of CPB and aortic cross-clamping was 241 ± 55 and 155 ± 72 min, respectively. The mean duration of circulatory arrest of the lower body and brain perfusion was 39.7 (range, 24–55 min). All the patients survived the procedure and all but one were discharged from hospital. One patient had left arm paralysis which he recovered the first postoperative month. There were no other transient or permanent neurologic deficits. A CT scan was performed at discharge for routine postoperative evaluation. There were no local neurovascular complications related to the cannulation site except for one local re-exploration for bleeding. Conclusions: The absence of any major permanent neurologic deficit or any visceral damages in our patients suggests that continuous moderate hypothermic cerebral perfusion, with an interval of circulatory arrest of the lower body, is adequate for acute type A aortic dissection surgery, allowing safe open repair of the distal aortic arch.     

The optimal flow rate for antegrade cerebral perfusion during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest

The aim of this study is to compare cerebral protection using antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) with various flow rates during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in a piglet model. Twenty‐three piglets were randomized to five groups: the control group (n = 3), DHCA group (n = 5), ACP25 group (n = 5), ACP50 group (n = 5), and ACP80 group (n = 5). Three control piglets did not undergo operations. Twenty piglets underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and DHCA for 60 min at 20°C. ACP was conducted at 0, 25, 50, and 80 mL/kg/min in the DHCA, ACP25, ACP50, and ACP80 group, respectively. Serum S‐100B protein and neuron‐specific enolase were monitored, and brain tissues were assayed for the activities of caspase‐3 and stained for the evidence of apoptotic cellular injury. Rise in serum S‐100B level (post‐CPB—pre‐CPB) in the ACP50 group was significantly lower than that in the ACP80 group (P = 0.001). Caspase‐3 levels were significantly elevated in the ACP80 group compared with the ACP25 (P = 0.041) and ACP50 group (P = 0.01), while positive terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase‐mediated biotin‐dUTP nick end labeling reaction scores in the ACP80 group were significantly higher than those in the ACP25 (P = 0.043) and ACP50 group (P = 0.023). Cerebral protection effects of ACP at 25 and 50 mL/kg/min were superior to that of ACP at 80 mL/kg/min as determined by cerebral markers, immunology, and histology.     

Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion during surgery of the thoracic aorta: risk analysis

Objective: To determine independent predictors of neurologic outcome and hospital mortality after surgery of the thoracic aorta using moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion. Methods: Between November 1996 and June 2000, 96 consecutive patients (69 men, 27 women; mean age 63±10 years) underwent operations on the thoracic aorta with the aid of moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion. Sixty-four patients were operated on electively (66.7%), 32 emergently (33.3%). Indications for surgery were: type A acute dissection in 30 patients (31.3%), chronic aneurysm in 66 (68.8%). Seventeen patients (17.7%) had undergone previous aortic/cardiac surgical procedures. The mean selective cerebral perfusion time was 52.2±31.9 min (range, 18–220 min). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis to identify predictors of hospital mortality and neurologic outcome. Results: There were no operative deaths; the hospital mortality rate was 11.5% (11/96). Stepwise logistic regression revealed preoperative renal dysfunction (P=0.021), type A acute dissection (P=0.053), coronary artery bypass grafting (P=0.058), post-operative pulmonary complications (P=0.000) and repeat thoracotomy for bleeding (P=0.027) as independent predictors of hospital mortality. One patient sustained a permanent neurologic deficit (1%). Transient neurologic deficit occurred in eight patients (8.3%). Coronary artery bypass grafting (P=0.013), and postoperative cardiac complications (P=0.049) were statistically associated with an increased risk of any (transient and permanent) neurologic dysfunction on univariate analysis. Stepwise logistic regression indicated coronary artery bypass grafting as independent factor for any neurologic dysfunction. Conclusion: This study confirmed that selective cerebral perfusion is an effective method of cerebral protection allowing complex thoracic aorta operations to be performed with low risk of hospital mortality and adverse neurologic outcome. We didn't find that the duration of selective cerebral perfusion time influence hospital mortality and any neurologic deficit.     

Cerebral oxygen metabolism during total body flow and antegrade cerebral perfusion at deep and moderate hypothermia

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of temperature on cerebral oxygen metabolism at total body flow bypass and antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP). Neonatal piglets were put on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with the initial flow rate of 200 mL/kg/min. After cooling to 18°C (n = 6) or 25°C (n = 7), flow was reduced to 100 mL/kg/min (half‐flow, HF) for 15 min and ACP was initiated at 40 mL/kg/min for 45 min. Following rewarming, animals were weaned from bypass and survived for 4 h. At baseline, HF, ACP, and 4 h post‐CPB, cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using fluorescent microspheres. Cerebral oxygen extraction (CEO₂) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO₂) were monitored. Regional cranial oxygen saturation (rSO₂) was continuously recorded throughout the procedure using near‐infrared spectroscopy. At 18°C, CBF trended lower at HF and ACP and matched baseline after CPB. CEO₂ trended lower at HF and ACP, and trended higher after CPB compared with baseline. CMRO₂ at ACP matched that at HF. Cranial rSO₂ was significantly greater at HF and ACP (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) and matched baseline after CPB. At 25°C, CBF trended lower at HF, rebounded and trended higher at ACP, and matched baseline after CPB. CEO₂ was equal at HF and ACP and trended higher after CPB compared with baseline. CMRO₂ at ACP was greater than that at HF (P = 0.001). Cranial rSO₂ was significantly greater at HF (P = 0.01), equal at ACP, and lower after CPB (P = 0.03). Lactate was significantly higher at all time points (P = 0.036, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001). ACP provided sufficient oxygen to the brain at a total body flow rate of 100 mL/kg/min at deep hypothermia. Although ACP provided minimum oxygenation to the brain which met the oxygen requirement, oxygen metabolism was altered during ACP at moderate hypothermia. ACP strategy at moderate hypothermia needs further investigation.     

深低温停循环主动脉弓部手术后苏醒延迟危险因素分析

目的 探讨在深低温停循环(deep hypothermic circulatory arrest,DHCA)选择性脑灌注(antegrade selective cerebral perfusion,ASCP)下行主动脉弓部手术后发生苏醒延迟的危险因素. 方法 回顾性分析2006年10月至2013年6月期间南京市鼓楼医院97例行主动脉弓部手术患者的临床资料.97例患者分为两组:正常组(46例),男37例,女9例,平均年龄(48±11)岁;苏醒延迟组(51例),男40例,女11例,平均年龄(52±11)岁.观察两组患者的临床资料,采用单因素方差分析和Logistic多因素回归分析导致患者术后发生苏醒延迟的危险因素. 结果 97例患者中术后发生苏醒延迟51例(52.58％),其中11例患者(11.34％)术后一直未醒,住院死亡20例(20.62％).单因素分析结果显示:年龄(P=0.047)、高血压病史(P=0.005)、急诊手术(P=0.031)、体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)时间(P=0.017)、心肌阻断时间(P=0.021)、输血(P=0.001)是DHCAASCP术后发生苏醒延迟的危险因素.Logistic回归分析结果显示:急诊手术(P=0.005)、CPB时间＞240 min(P＜0.001)是导致DHCA ASCP术后发生苏醒延迟的独立危险因素. 结论 主动脉弓部手术后发生苏醒延迟是多因素共同作用的结果.     

Neurologic outcome after surgery of the aortic arch: Comparison of deep hypothermic arrest,antegrade and retrograde cerebral perfusion

Introduction Neurologic deficits are still a major complication of aortic arch surgery. We therefore compared cerebral protection by deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), antegrade (ACP) and retrograde (RCP) cerebral perfusion. Patients and Method 64 consecutive patients who underwent replacement of the aortic arch for aneurysms or dissections from January 1999 through August 2001 were analysed retrospectively for clinical and neurologic outcome. For DHCA core temperature was lowered to 18°C and was kept between 18 and 24°C in the perfused groups. Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) was achieved either via the subclavian artery or the brachiocephalic trunc. Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) was performed via the superior vena cava. Results Indication for surgery was type A acute dissection or ruptured aneurysm in 39 patients, chronic dissection and aneurysm without rupture in 25 patients. Operative procedure was partial arch replacement in 46 patients and total arch replacement in 18 patients. For cerebral protection retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) was used in 22 Patients (23±11 min.), ACP in 30 patients (25±19 min.) and DHCA in 14 patients (23±13 min.). Mortality was 17% (11 of 64 patients: ACP 7, RCP 2 and DHCA 2). Neurologic deficits occured in 5%, without differences for groups. Conclusion For this patient cohort, needing comparatively short times for aortic arch reconstruction, a low neurologic complication rate without significant differences for the method of cerebral perfusion was observed.