Expression and significance of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha and its receptor CXCR4 in human dental pulp cells

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of CXCR4 in cultured human dental pulp cells (HDPC) in vitro and the corresponding ligand SDF-1alpha level of HDPC supenatants stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and to explore the role of SDF-1alpha on the proliferation and the migration of HDPC. METHODS: The expression of CXCR4 in HDPC was detected by immunocytochemistry technique and indirect immunofluorescence technique. The culture supernatants of HDPC were collected after HDPC had been simulated by LPS and TNF-alpha of different concentrations for 48h and then the SDF-1alpha level was assayed by quantitative sandwich ELISA. Meanwhile, the effects of recombinant human SDF-1alpha (rhSDF-1alpha) on the proliferation and the migration of HDPC at different concentrations were observed by MTT and Boyden Chamber Assay. RESULTS: CXCR4 was expressed in cytomembrane of HDPC and SDF-1alpha was secreted into their normal cell supernatants with a concentration of (4513.55 +/- 962.92) ng/L. The secretion of SDF-1alpha was both significantly decreased by stimulation with LPS and TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). In addition, rhSDF-1alpha stimulated the HDPC proliferation at the concentrations of 50, 100, 200 microg/L (P < 0.01) and increased the chemotactic migration of HDPC significantly after 9h's incubation with the concentrations of 50, 100 microg/L (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SDF-1alpha accelerated the proliferation and the migration of HDPC which expressed CXCR4. SDF-1-CXCR4 axis may play a role in repair of pulp injury.     

CXCR4受体在口腔鳞癌细胞系中的表达及对细胞增殖和迁徙的影响

目的:观察口腔鳞癌细胞系(OSCC)中趋化因子受体CXCR4的表达,检测SDF-1/CXCR4反应轴对OSCC增殖的作用,SDF-1对CXCR4阳性肿瘤细胞的趋化作用,探讨CXCR4受体在OSCC中的功能及活性。方法:细胞涂片免疫荧光法检测CXCR4蛋白在OSCC细胞系的表达,流式细胞仪直接免疫荧光法检测OSCC细胞系中CXCR4蛋白的表达量,MTT法检测细胞的增殖能力,体外迁徙实验检测SDF-1/CXCR4反应轴对OSCC细胞的趋化作用。采用SPSS10.0软件包进行ANOVA方差分析和t检验。结果:CXCR4蛋白在OSCC细胞系呈阳性表达,表达率为68.62%。OSCC细胞在SDF-l作用下,其增殖反应显著增强,CXCR4抗体可显著抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖,SDF-1可显著诱导OSCC细胞的移动。结论:CXCR4受体与OSCC细胞增殖、迁徙功能有一定关系。     

基质细胞衍生因子1α及其受体CXCR4在人牙髓细胞中的表达

目的 研究体外培养人牙髓细胞(human dental pulp cells,HDPC)上CXCR4的表达情况,检测大肠杆菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)刺激后HDPC培养上清液中基质细胞衍生因子1α(stromal cell-derived factor-1α,SDF-1α)的表达水平,探讨人工重组SDF-1α(recombinant human SDF-1α,rhSDF-1α)对HDPC增殖及迁移的影响.方法 采用免疫细胞化学及间接免疫荧光技术检测HDPC上CXCR4的表达.用不同浓度LPS(0.1、1、10、100 mg/L)和TNF-α(1、10、100μg/L)刺激HDPC 48 h后,ELISA法检测HDPC培养上清液中SDF-1α含量的变化.同时甲基噻唑基四唑(MTT)法及体外趋化实验观察不同浓度rhSDF-1α对HDPC增殖及迁移的影响.结果 正常HDPC胞膜表达CXCR4且其培养上清液分泌SDF-1α,浓度约为(4513.55±962.92)ng/L.在用LPS和TNF-α刺激HDPC后,SDF-1α的表达水平均显著降低(P＜0.05).50、100和200μg/L的rhSDF-1α可促进HDPC的增殖(P＜0.05),50和100μg/L rhSDF-1α作用9 h可显著趋化HDPC的迁移(P＜0.01).结论 CXCR4在HDPC上表达且SDF-1α能促进HDPC的增殖及迁移;SDF-1-CXCR4轴可能在牙髓组织损伤修复中发挥重要作用.     

人牙龈干细胞的分离鉴定及基质细胞衍生因子-1对其趋化效应的研究

目的 研究基质细胞衍生因子-1（SDF-1）受体CXCR4在人牙龈干细胞（GMSCs）上的表达及SDF-1对人GMSCs的趋化效应。方法 通过有限稀释法分离并培养人GMSCs,检测其表面干细胞标志物的表达情况,测试其克隆形成率及多向分化能力,利用免疫荧光染色法检测人GMSCs上SDF-1受体CXCR4的表达,用Transwell细胞培养室检测不同质量浓度SDF-1对人GMSCs的趋化反应,光镜下计数迁移至滤膜下侧面的不同视野的细胞数。结果 人GMSCs具有较高的自我更新能力,在体外呈克隆状生长,表达间充质干细胞表面标志物CD44、CD73、CD90、CD105和CD166,而造血干细胞表面标志物CD14、CD34和CD45的表达为阴性。体外诱导培养的人GMSCs能够向成骨细胞及成脂细胞分化,其克隆形成率为21.4%±2.8%。免疫荧光染色显示,人GMSCs表达SDF-1受体CXCR4。SDF-1的质量浓度为100、200 ng·mL^-1时,Transwell细胞培养室中迁移的细胞数目（每高倍视野分别为189.3±4.4和164.6±4.9）显著多于空白对照组（每高倍视野47.8±2.5）（P<0.01）;使用CXCR4中和抗体处理后,人GMSCs的迁移效应明显受到抑制（每高倍视野降低为29.0±2.4,P<0.01）。结论 人GMSCs表达趋化因子SDF-1受体CXCR4,SDF-1对人GMSCs有趋化效应,这种趋化效应可能是通过其特异性受体CXCR4介导的。     

基质细胞衍生因子-1及其受体CXCR4在成体干细胞迁移中的作用

基质细胞衍生因子-1是一种重要的造血与非造血系干细胞形态发生因子和趋化因子。基质细胞衍生因子-1与其受体CXCR4结合,所介导的成体干细胞迁移归巢在多种组织器官损伤后的再生修复中发挥重要作用。基质细胞衍生因子-1及其受体CXCR4组成的功能轴在成体干细胞尤其是骨髓源干细胞迁移方面的研究进展,为研究牙髓干细胞迁移提供了新的方向。     

The expression of endogenous hydrogen sulfide signal during distraction osteogenesis in a rabbit model

The hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) signal system plays an important role in bone metabolism. However, the role of endogenous H₂S during distraction osteogenesis (DO) remains unclear. Sixty-two male New Zealand White rabbits were subjected to right mandibular DO. Before distraction, the animals were divided randomly into two groups: group A, 0.5 mm twice/day for 10 days; group B, 1.25 mm twice/day for 4 days. Plasma and distraction gap tissue were harvested to determine the H₂S signal. The osteogenesis effect was also evaluated. The newly regenerated bone in group A presented a higher level of mineralization and biomechanical strength than that in group B. The bone mineralization density in group A was 1.95-fold that in group B (P = 0.028), while the biomechanical strength in group A was 1.26-fold that in group B (P = 0.042) at the end of the experiment. The H₂S signal was detected during the whole process of DO. The relative plasma H₂S concentrations in group A were noticeably higher than those in group B at the middle of distraction (P < 0.001), at the end of the distraction (P = 0.034), and 2 weeks after the end of distraction (P = 0.002). The results suggest that the endogenous H₂S signal system plays a major role during DO.     

CXC受体4阳性表达骨髓间充质干细胞的分选及其骨向分化的能力

目的研究磁珠分选法分选表面CXC受体4（CXCR4）阳性表达的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSC）的分选效率,以及分选后BMSC的增殖、迁移和成骨能力是否受到影响。 方法全骨髓贴壁法分离培养大鼠BMSC,通过生长曲线、成骨成脂诱导分化和流式检测BMSC表面标记蛋白表达,鉴定大鼠BMSC。流式检测细胞表面CXCR4的阳性率,通过生长曲线及克隆形成实验检测细胞的增殖活性及克隆形成能力,Transwell体外趋化实验检测细胞迁移能力,通过检测成骨诱导早期细胞ALP活性和成骨相关基因的表达,分析细胞成骨能力,数据采用单因素方差分析处理。 结果通过全骨髓贴壁法获得具有自我更新和多向分化能力的大鼠BMSC。磁珠分选阳性细胞表面CXCR4表达[（55.13 ± 0.67）%]较未分选组[（6.49 ± 0.59）%]显著增加（LSD-t = 63.66,P<0.001）。分选阳性细胞的克隆形成能力[（16.22 ± 1.68）%]以及培养后期细胞增殖活性（A_{450（5 d）}= 1.40 ± 0.04;A_{450（7 d）}= 1.60 ± 0.01）较未分选细胞[CFU =（17.00 ± 1.76）%;A_{450（5 d）}= 1.49 ± 0.07;A_{450（7 d）}= 1.60 ± 0.12]均无明显变化;而培养早期（第1、3天）分选阳性细胞的增殖活性[A_{450（1 d）}= 0.50 ± 0.01;A_{450（3 d）}= 0.81 ± 0.05]较未分选细胞[A_{450（1 d）}= 0.57 ± 0.01;A_{450（3 d）}= 0.96 ± 0.06]稍低[LSD-t_{1 d} = 5.208,P_{1 d} = 0.002;LSD-t_{3 d} = 3.563,P_{3 d} =0.012]。分选阳性细胞的基质细胞衍生因子1α（SDF-1α）定向迁移能力（71.33 ± 5.69）较未分选细胞（23.33 ± 1.53）显著增强（LSD-t = 17.211,P<0.001）。在成骨诱导早期,分选阳性细胞的Runx2 mRNA（0.93 ± 0.12）较未分选组（0.51 ± 0.14）表达上调（LSD-t = 4.703,P = 0.003）,而ALP活性及ALP mRNA、OCN mRNA的表达均无明显变化（P>0.05）。 结论磁珠分选法可有效分选CXCR4⁺ BMSC,显著提高BMSC向SDF-1α的迁移效率,对细胞的增殖活性影响不大。     

LPS promotes pre-osteoclast activity by up-regulating CXCR4 via TLR-4

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to be a prominent pathogenic factor in inflammatory bone loss. However, knowledge of the mechanisms involved is limited. The role of the SDF-1/CXCR4 (Stromal-derived factor-1 and its unique chemokine receptor) axis in LPS-induced bone loss has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in LPS-stimulated inflammatory bone loss. The results show that LPS does not influence the expression of SDF-1/CXCR4 in osteoblasts, but up-regulates the expression of CXCR4 in pre-osteoclasts via Toll-like receptor 4, which subsequently enhances pre-osteoclast migration. Moreover, LPS promoted RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation partially through CXCR4 up-regulation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated, for the first time, that the up-regulated expression of CXCR4 in pre-osteoclasts by LPS stimulation is involved in LPS-induced bone resorption.     

The mechanically activated p38/MMP-2 signaling pathway promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell migration in rats

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of static strain on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) migration and whether the p38/matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) axis plays a role in induction of BMMSC migration under mechanical strain.DesignBoth in vivo and in vitro investigations were performed. Twelve adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 6 per group). Rats in the experimental group underwent right mandibular distraction osteogenesis, whereas rats in the control group were subjected to osteotomy in the mandible without distraction. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to evaluate phospho-p38 (p-p38) and Nestin expression. BMMSCs were isolated from rat mandibles. BMMSCs in the experimental group were subjected to static mechanical strain for 2 h, whereas those in the control group underwent no strain. The biological roles of static strain and the p38/MMP-2 axis in BMMSC migration were evaluated by Transwell assays and western blotting by inhibiting p38 phosphorylation.ResultsThere were significantly more Nestin⁺ cells in the bone calluses of the experimental group than in those of the control group. In addition, Nestin⁺/p-p38⁺ cell numbers were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group, indicating that static strain activated p38 signaling in BMMSCs in vivo. In accordance with in vivo results, static strain in vitro stimulated phosphorylation of p38 in BMMSCs. Furthermore, expression of MMP-2 was elevated in BMMSCs under static strain compared with the control, and strain-induced MMP-2 expression was abolished by inhibition of p38 phosphorylation in BMMSCs. Moreover, Transwell assay results showed that static strain promoted BMMSC migration, which was abolished by inhibition of p38 phosphorylation.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated that static strain can promote the migration ability of BMMSCs via p38/MMP-2 signaling. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report demonstrating that the p38/MMP-2 axis governs BMMSC migration under static mechanical strain.     

基质细胞趋化因子-1对人牙周膜干细胞趋化因子受体——CXC亚家族受体4表达的影响研究

目的:证实人牙周膜干细胞(human periodontal ligament stem cells,hPDLSCs)表达趋化因子受体——CXC亚家族受体4(cysteine X cysteine receptor 4,CXCR4)及探究趋化因子基质细胞趋化因子-1(stromalcell-derived factor1,SDF-1)和阻断剂AMD3100(商品名:普乐沙福)对CXCR4表达的影响,从而为探究牙周膜干细胞生物学效应的影响提供理论基础。方法:采用消化组织块法联合有限稀释法分离纯化得到hPDLSCs,取第3代hPDLSCs随机分为3组:阴性对照组、SDF-1组(200μg/L SDF-1),SDF-1+AMD3100组(200μg/L SDF-1+10 mg/L AMD3100)。利用Western blot检测CXCR4在hPDLSCs上的表达及在SDF-1、AMD3100作用下CXCR4表达的变化。结果:1.筛选后的hPDLSCs可被诱导分化为成骨细胞和成脂细胞,证实其具有多向分化潜能;利用流式细胞仪检测其细胞表型鉴定其符合牙周膜干细胞的免疫表型。2.Western blot检测结果显示hPDLSCs上表达CXCR4,且应用SDF-1后上调CXCR4的表达,SDF-1+AMD3100组无明显变化。结论:1.hPDLSCs可从新鲜离体牙的牙周膜中培养获得,经有限稀释法纯化后鉴定为间充质来源。2.hPDLSCs上表达CXCR4,SDF-1通过上调hPDLSCs上CXCR4的表达,AMD3100可阻断SDF-1与其受体CXCR4结合。     

bFGF—in vivo基因治疗促进兔下颌牵张成骨的实验研究

目的：探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）基因促进兔下颌牵张成骨的可行性。方法：选用16只新西兰白兔,建立下颌牵张模型后随机分为实验组和对照组。在牵张结束的最后1d,对实验组的牵张间隙内注入转染重组腺病毒（Ad5一bFGF）,而对照组的牵张间隙内则注入生理盐水。并于牵张结束后4周处死所有实验动物,将取下的下颌骨标本分别进行影像学和组织学分析。结果：影像学、组织学以及三维CT重建结果证实：实验组牵张间隙内新骨形成的量明显高于对照组;双能X线（DXA）分析也显示实验组牵张间隙内新骨的骨密度（BMD）和骨矿物质含量（BMC）均明显高于对照组。结论：bFGF—invivo基因治疗可有效地促进DO过程中的新骨形成。     

A preliminary study of the effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on new bone formation during mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rabbits

This study assesses the effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on new bone formation during mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) in rabbits. 24 rabbits underwent DO on the right side of the mandible. 12 rabbits received a daily 20-min LIPUS (1.5 MHz, 30 mW/cm²) treatment on the first day of the distraction until they were killed at week 0 (immediately after the distraction), week 2 and week 4 after the distraction. Four rabbits were killed at each time point. The other 12 rabbits followed the same protocol without the ultrasound treatment. A plain radiography, a micro-CT scan, a microhardness test and a histological examination were used to evaluate new bone formation in the distraction gap. At week 0 and week 2 after the distraction, the treatment groups showed higher radiopacity and microhardness (p < 0.05), and more bone formation was detected by the histological examination. At week 4 after the distraction, there was no statistical difference between the two groups. In this study, LIPUS accelerated new bone formation during the distraction period and 2 weeks after the distraction, which implies that the effective time for using LIPUS is in the early stage of DO.     

两焦点与三焦点牵张成骨方式在下颌骨缺损修复中的应用

目的对山羊下颌骨缺损进行两焦点与三焦点牵张,比较两种方式的新骨成骨量。方法将8只成年山羊随机分成两组,每组4只,分别采用两焦点和三焦点牵张成骨术来进行骨缺损修复。牵张结束后固定8周后处死两组动物取牵张区新生骨组织标本进行X线、组织学、骨密度分析。结果两组牵张区均有新骨形成,质无明显区别,在量的比较上,三焦点组X线、组织学、骨密度测定的结果均优于两焦点组,骨密度测定分析结果有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论三焦点牵张成骨在大面积颌骨缺损的修复中新骨的成骨量优于两焦点牵张成骨。     

Effect of recombinant human tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rabbits: a computed tomographic study

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), together with their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), are responsible for the controlled degradation of collagen in bone. We studied the long-term stability of the regenerated bone formed by distraction osteogenesis, and the effect of recombinant human TIMP-1 on the remodelling of bone formed by mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rabbits. Nine rabbits were subjected to distraction osteogenesis of the mandible and divided into three groups: a control group with no collagen implanted; a sham-control group with a collagen sheet implanted; and an experimental group with a collagen sheet impregnated with rhTIMP-1 implanted. Computed tomograms were taken at weeks 4, 12, and 24 after distraction, and micro-computed tomograms and histological examinations were made at week 24. There was no significant resorption of regenerated bone at the site of distraction in any group after 6 months of consolidation, suggesting that the regenerated bone formed by distraction osteogenesis is stable. We found no obvious influence of rhTIMP-1 in the collagen sheet on the bony regenerate after 6 months of consolidation.     

Nerve growth factor injected systemically improves the recovery of the inferior alveolar nerve in a rabbit model of mandibular distraction osteogenesis

Our aim was to find out if nerve growth factor (NGF) injected systemically could improve the recovery of the inferior alveolar nerve in a rabbit model of mandibular distraction osteogenesis. We used 48 New Zealand white rabbits that were treated with bilateral distraction osteogenesis at a rate of 0.5 mm/12 h for 10 days. Immediately postoperatively, NGF or sodium chloride 0.6 μg/day was injected intramuscularly for 20 days. At the end of distraction and after consolidation times of 1, 2, and 4 weeks, the inferior alveolar nerves were evaluated histologically and histomorphometrically. Histologically, at 2 and 4 weeks there was less myelin debris, and more regenerating axons were present, in the NGF than the control groups. The density of myelinated axons was significantly greater in groups with NGF than controls at 2 and 4 weeks (p < 0.05). NGF given systemically can accelerate the recovery of the inferior alveolar nerve in rabbits after mandibular distraction osteogenesis, and is a promising treatment option for neurological complications of mandibular distraction osteogenesis.     

Ultrastructural cell response to tension stress during mandibular distraction osteogenesis

The response of cells in the distraction gap during mandibular distraction osteogenesis was recorded by transmission electronic microscopy. We distracted the mandible on both sides in eight adult goats. Two animals were killed at 8, 16, 32, and 48 days, respectively, after activation of the device. The specimens were harvested and processed for histological and ultrastructural examination. The results showed that the cells and newly-formed extracellular matrix (ECM) were aligned with the tension vector. In the early stage of distraction osteogenesis, cells in the distraction gap were of the active proliferative phenotype. They then differentiated into fibroblast-like cells and osteoblasts, showing ultrastructural characteristics of the active synthetic and secretory phenotypes. Newly-formed collagen, bone canaliculi, and mineralisation of the ECM were clearly evident during distraction osteogenesis. Our results show that at the ultrastructural level cell proliferation is activated by tension and stress during the early stages, and synthetic and secretory function stimulated during the later stages of mandibular distraction osteogenesis.     

趋化因子受体CXCR7在牙周炎中的表达及其作用机制

目的:探讨CXCR7在牙周炎中的表达、分布及SDF-1/CXCR7生物学轴在牙周炎中的作用。方法:运用免疫组化的方法检测SDF-1、CXCR4、CXCR7在15例正常的牙龈组织和15例牙周炎组织中的表达,同时运用PCR方法检测15例正常的牙龈组织和15例牙周炎组织中的表达情况。结果:免疫组化和PCR的结果均显示SDF-1、CXCR4、CXCR7在牙周炎组织中表达增高,高于正常牙龈组织(P<0.05)。SDF-1与CXCR7呈正相关关系(γ=0.533,P=0.041)。CXCR4和CXCR7的表达呈正相关关系(γ=0.533,P=0.041)。结论:CXCR7在牙周炎微环境中的不同细胞群过表达,在牙周炎的病理过程中发挥作用,可能是治疗牙周炎的一个新的作用靶点。     

基质细胞衍生因子-1刺激对周期性牵张力作用下ATDC5细胞的趋化因子受体4、白介素-6、胶原X表达的影响

目的 探讨诱导后ATDC5软骨细胞在20%形变的周期性牵张力及基质细胞衍生因子-1（SDF-1）刺激下,趋化因子受体4（CXCR4）、白介素（IL）-6及胶原X的表达变化,以期深入研究SDF-1/CXCR4信号轴在软骨细胞分化中的作用机制。方法 ATDC5细胞系经胰岛素铁硒传递蛋白（ITS）诱导3周后,分为加力和不加力两大组,每大组又分为对照组和SDF-1组。对加力组施以20%形变的拉伸力12 h。加力结束后,对各组细胞提取总蛋白,对CXCR4、IL-6及胶原X的蛋白表达进行Western blot检测。结果在不加力状态下,给予SDF-1刺激后,软骨细胞CXCR4、IL-6及胶原X的表达都出现了不同程度的增强;而在20%形变力和SDF-1的双重刺激下,此3种因子的表达出现进一步增强。结论 在异常应力作用下,SDF-1可通过上调其特异性受体CXCR4的表达进而增大与其结合的效率,最终促使SDF-1/CXCR4信号轴的激活,促进IL-6等炎症因子的表达增强,以及直接促进软骨细胞的肥大向分化,进而胶原X的表达量增高。