折叠延长下斜方肌岛状皮瓣修复面颊部巨大洞穿性缺损

目的:探讨应用折叠延长下斜方肌岛状皮瓣修复面颊部巨大洞穿性缺损的可行性。方法:16例(男10例,女6例,年龄17～75岁,平均年龄55.4岁)面颊部恶性肿瘤扩大切除后面颊部巨大洞穿性缺损患者,采用折叠延长下斜方肌岛状皮瓣修复。皮岛宽7～8 cm,长8～31 cm,折叠修复面颊部洞穿性缺损,恢复口腔内衬里及外侧颊部皮肤。结果:16例皮瓣全部成活。患者面颈部外观良好,口腔功能满意。结论:折叠延长下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣可作为修复口腔恶性肿瘤根治术后所致面颊部巨大洞穿性缺损的首选皮瓣,其操作简便,安全可靠。     

延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复重建大型头颈部缺损

颈横动脉供血的延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣(extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap,eVLTIMF)用于修复重建大型头颈部缺损安全可靠。该瓣制备较简单,成活率高。供区较隐蔽,可直接关闭缝合,并发症少,肩部运动受影响较小;还可制备成折叠瓣,合并其他带蒂瓣或合并肩胛骨骨肌皮瓣修复特大洞穿性缺损或下颌骨缺损。eVLTIMF在头颈部大面积缺损修复,尤其是在晚期复发性头颈部肿瘤挽救手术后巨大缺损修复重建中起着重要作用。本文对斜方肌的临床应用解剖、 eVLTIMF瓣制备及其在颅颌面、口腔颌面和颌颈区缺损修复中的应用作一阐述。     

晚期口腔癌术后颊部大范围洞穿性缺损的修复

目的:评价延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣联合延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复晚期口腔癌术后颊部大范围洞穿性缺损的可行性。方法:对我院2008年6月—2012年2月施行的17例延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣联合延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复晚期口腔癌切除后颊部黏膜和皮肤巨大洞穿性缺损病例进行回顾分析。结果:17例患者均伴晚期口腔癌切除后的颊部软硬组织巨大洞穿性缺损,修复口腔衬里的延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣大小为10 cm×8 cm～14 cm×10 cm,修复外部缺损的延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣大小为15 cm×8 cm～25 cm×10 cm。所有病例均无严重并发症,随访6～34个月,9例患者无瘤生存,2例带瘤生存,6例死于局部复发及远处转移。结论:应用延长锁骨上岛状筋膜皮瓣复合延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复晚期口腔癌术后颊部大范围洞穿性缺损是一种可靠的修复方法,对于再次手术,以及放疗后病例,在一定程度上优于游离皮瓣等其他修复方法。     

延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复颅颌面软组织缺损

目的：探讨延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复颅颌面巨大软组织缺损的临床效果。方法：对4例累及颅底的颌面部恶性肿瘤患者(男3例,女1例,年龄36～63岁,平均51岁)行颅面根治术,颅面软组织缺损用颈横动脉供血的延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复,皮瓣蒂长为32～34cm,皮岛长8～12cm,宽5～7cm。结果：除1例皮瓣远端小部分坏死外,其余皮瓣全部成活,供区皮肤直接拉拢缝合,无明显肩臂功能障碍。术后随访3～12个月(平均7．3个月),1例术后6个月肿瘤复发,1例术后12个月死于肺转移。结论：延长垂直下斜方肌肌皮瓣制作较简单,效果可靠,瓣足够大,可用于颅面根治术后大面积软组织缺损的修复。     

折叠延长下斜方肌岛状皮瓣修复全喉切除术后巨大咽皮瘘8例报道

目的:探讨应用折叠延长下斜方肌岛状皮瓣修复全喉切除术后巨大咽皮瘘的临床效果。方法:8例（男7例,女1例;年龄46~65岁,平均年龄57.6岁）全喉切除术后巨大咽皮瘘患者,咽皮瘘直径2.0 cm×1.8 cm~4.5 cm×3.0 cm,采用折叠延长下斜方肌岛状皮瓣修复。皮岛宽5~9 cm,长10~23 cm,折叠修复咽皮瘘,恢复咽腔内衬里及外侧皮肤。结果:8例皮瓣全部成活,患者无继发咽皮瘘与咽狭窄,吞咽功能满意。结论:折叠延长下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣可作为修复全喉切除术后巨大咽皮瘘的首选皮瓣,其操作简便,安全可靠。     

斜方肌骨肌皮瓣在修复半侧下颌骨切除及口腔软组织缺损中的应用

目的：评价斜方肌骨肌皮瓣修复口腔软组织和半侧下颌骨切除术后缺损的可靠性。方法：10例口腔、颌骨恶性肿瘤患者行半侧下颌骨和累及的软组织手术切除，术后缺损采用斜方肌骨肌皮瓣修复。男6例，女4例，年龄45～79岁，平均年龄61．2岁。T4N0M0期3例，T4N1M0期7例。皮瓣大小为（7cm×6cm）～（16cm×8cm）。结果：8例患者皮瓣全部成活。2例患者皮瓣边缘略有坏死。随访观察7～24个月，7例患者生存良好，无复发；1例患者死于肝、肺转移；2例患者术后复发，行二次手术，目前尚存活。结论：斜方肌骨肌皮瓣是一种修复口腔软组织和下颌骨半侧切除遗留的巨大缺损可靠的方法。     

Second salvage surgery with extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap reconstruction for advanced re-recurrent oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of second salvage surgery with extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap (TIMF) reconstruction for patients with re-recurrent oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The subjects were 23 patients with advanced re-recurrent oral and oropharyngeal SCC undergoing second salvage surgery and reconstruction with a TIMF. A TIMF with a skin paddle measuring 6 cm × 7 cm to 10 cm × 22 cm was used to reconstruct the major defects. Three patients experienced minor complications: minor flap failure (n = 1), wound dehiscence at the donor site (n = 1), and an orocutaneous fistula (n = 1). The patients were followed for 3–72 months. Fifteen patients were alive with no evidence of disease, two were alive with disease, and six died of local recurrence or distant metastases. Second salvage surgery remains an effective treatment modality for select patients with advanced re-recurrent oral and oropharyngeal SCCs, and the extended vertical lower TIMF is a large, simple, and reliable flap for reconstructing the major defect following second salvage surgery.     

Comparison of surgical result of anterolateral thigh flap in reconstruction of through-and-through cheek defect with/without CT angiography guidance

Objectives

Anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) is an useful flap for head and neck reconstruction, but the variable perforators may limit its applications. Our goal was to clarify the benefits of preoperative CT angiography (CTA) in mapping of free ALT perforators for reconstruction of cheek through-and-through defects.

Method

We retrospectively reviewed 32 patients undergoing reconstruction of through-and-through cheek defects with a free ALT flap between February 2005 and July 2009. These patients were divided into two groups. Group I (N = 17): the ALT flap was designed based on the traditional handheld Doppler probe. Group II (N = 15): preoperative imaging with CTA was used to map the perforator’s number, size and variations. Surgical results were evaluated for both major and minor complications, as with the operation time, length of hospital stay and donor-site morbidity.

Results

Overall flap survival was 96.88% (31 of 32 flaps). The use of preoperative CTA was associated with a significant reduction in major surgical complications, length of surgery and the need for a secondary debulking procedure (p < 0.05). There was no difference in minor complication and donor-site morbidity.

Conclusions

The use of CTA for preoperative navigation of ALT flap for cheek reconstruction is associated with improved operative outcomes. Detailed data from images allow the surgeon to interpret any anatomical variations, choosing the exact suitable thigh, facilitate flap design, and greatly reduce major postoperative complications.     

Novel modification of infrahyoid myocutaneous flap for the reconstruction of oral cavity defects

This study was intended to describe the technique used and the results obtained with the modification of the infrahyoid flap (IHF) for the reconstruction of oral tongue defects following resection for advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients with oral tongue defects following ablation for T2 to T4a SCC had reconstructions using a modified infrahyoid flap. Demographic data, tumour characteristics, and the complications were evaluated for each patient. We observed no complications regarding the healing process of the donor site or success of the flap in 49 (of 55) patients. None of the flaps had massive oedema or venous congestion in the postoperative period. Six patients experienced flap-related complications of which five had partial skin paddle necrosis, but eventually their flaps recovered and re-epithelialised without any further intervention. However, total flap necrosis was seen in one patient in whom a pectoralis major flap was used for the defect reconstruction following revision surgery. History of previous radiotherapy to the neck (p = 0.003), tumour stage (p = 0.017), and metastasis to cervical lymph nodes (p = 0.004) were associated with higher prevalence of partial or total flap necrosis. The modified infrahyoid flap is a reliable, quick, and simple procedure with a reasonable cost that makes it a valuable option for the reconstruction of the oropharynx and oral cavity with minimal donor site morbidity and good outcomes. It seems the modified IHF is a valid surgical procedure that may be considered in selected patients undergoing reconstruction of oncological oral tongue defects with fewer complications.     

Use of a folded extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap to repair large pharyngocutaneous fistulae developing after salvage total laryngectomy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of surgery involving the use of folded trapezius flaps to repair large pharyngocutaneous fistulae (PCFs) developing after salvage total laryngectomy. Folded extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flaps (TIMFs) were created to repair large PCFs that developed after salvage total laryngectomy in eight patients. The maximum fistula dimension was 4.5 × 3.0 cm and the minimum was 2.0 × 1.8 cm. The skin paddle of the extended vertical TIMF ranged from 5 cm to 9 cm in width and 10 cm to 23 cm in length. The inner lining ranged from 3 cm × 3 cm to 6 cm × 6 cm in dimension and the outer lining from 6 cm × 5 cm to 16 cm × 9 cm. The folded flaps provided both inner mucosa and outer lining. All flaps survived. No fistula recurrence or stricture developed. After 6–24 months of follow-up, six patients showed no evidence of disease, one was alive with disease, and one had died of local recurrence at 20 months. The folded flap was very reliable and is well-suited for repairing large PCFs, even early large PCFs and those featuring carotid artery rupture.     

Extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of cranio-maxillofacial defects

This study explored an effective method for repairing cranio-maxillofacial soft-tissue defects following radical craniofacial surgery in four patients with malignant tumours involving the skull base and frontal region. The large cranio-maxillofacial soft-tissue defects were reconstructed using an extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap based on the transverse cervical artery. The flap was 8-12 cm long and 5-7 cm wide. No major flap failure occurred, and there was no shoulder dysfunction. The patients were followed for 3-12 months. One patient suffered a local recurrence, and another died of lung metastasis 12 months postoperatively. The extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap is a simple, reliable and large flap. It is preferred for reconstructing cranio-maxillofacial soft-tissue defects when a pedicled flap is used following craniofacial surgery for cancer.     

舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损

目的 探讨舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的特点.方法 2001年12月～2006年11月住院的口腔癌初诊患者10例,均经病理确诊.其中男8例,女2例,年龄31～60岁,平均47岁,中位年龄50岁.舌癌1例, 颊癌2例, 口底癌4例,牙龈癌3例.均采用舌骨下肌皮瓣修复术后所致软组织缺损.供区皮肤直接拉拢缝合,无继发畸形.结果 术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,10例舌骨下肌皮瓣全部成活,无1例发生全部或部分皮瓣坏死,移植成活率100%.患者获得满意的外观和功能.经过6个月～5年的随访,无一例肿瘤复发或远处转移.结论 舌骨下肌皮瓣制备较简单,效果可靠,且成活率高.可用于口腔颌面部软组织缺损的修复.     

以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣折叠修复口咽瘘

目的:观察以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣折叠修复口咽瘘的临床效果.方法:利用以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣修复11例口咽癌切除术后出现口咽瘘的患者,评价修复效果.11例患者包括8例男性,3例女性.口咽部瘘口大小3.0 cm×1.5 cm～4.0 cm×2.0 cm,颈部皮肤瘘口10 cm×6 cm～12 cm ×7 cm.结果:11例皮瓣全部成活,无严重并发症.术后随访6～18个月,患者吞咽和言语功能恢复正常,无瘘管复发和咽腔狭窄.患者对术后外形满意.结论:以颈横动静脉为蒂的延长锁骨上岛状瓣是修复口咽瘘有效和安全的方法.     

Reconstruction of the tongue using an extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap after removal of advanced tongue cancer

In this study we explored an effective method to repair defects in the tongue that had been produced during removal of advanced tongue cancer. Eighteen patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were treated, and extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flaps based on the transverse cervical artery were used to repair more than half the tongue. No flap failed completely and no shoulder was affected. The lingual contours were excellent. The functional results in terms of speech and swallowing were satisfactory. The patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months. Three of them were alive with disease and two have died of the local recurrence or metastasis at 18 and 20 months, respectively. The extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap is a large, simple, and reliable flap, which is preferred for reconstruction of defects of the tongue after removal of advanced tongue cancer.     

游离组织瓣移植在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨游离组织瓣移植在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用价值。方法自2005年10月～2007年11月,应用30块游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损29例,分析游离组织瓣的类型、受区血管、术后并发症以及组织瓣的成活情况,分析有可能影响游离组织瓣成活的各种因素。结果采用游离前臂皮瓣16例、游离腓骨瓣11例、游离前臂皮瓣和腓骨瓣复合瓣1例、游离背阔肌皮瓣1例,全部游离组织瓣成活,术后1例发生血栓,抢救后组织瓣愈合良好。结论游离组织瓣移植应用于口腔颌面部缺损修复中,安全可靠,值得临床进一步推广普及。     

颊部岛状皮瓣在口腔软组织缺损修复中的临床应用

目的 应用颊部岛状皮瓣修复口腔肿瘤根治性切除术后软组织缺损,并对其临床效果进行评定。方法 选择2006.07—2011.07口腔癌症患者23例,其中男13例,女10例,全部行病灶根治切除及颈淋巴清扫术,同期应用颊部岛状皮瓣修复舌、口底及其邻近组织缺损,皮瓣面积最大为10.4 cm×5.0 cm,最小为7.5 cm×3.5 cm,供区伤口直接拉拢缝合。术后观察皮瓣的成活、修复区外形及口腔与舌功能的恢复情况。结果 23例皮瓣均完全成活,创口一期愈合,术后外形满意,功能恢复良好,无明显面部畸形。结论 颊部岛状皮瓣是修复口腔内软组织缺损较为理想的组织瓣。     

Combined bilobed trapezius myocutaneous and scapula osteomyocutaneous flaps for the restoration of through-and-through defects of the mandible following salvage surgery for recurrent head and neck tumours

This study was performed to evaluate the outcomes of combined bilobed trapezius myocutaneous and scapula osteomyocutaneous flaps for the restoration of through-and-through defects of the mandible. The subjects were six patients with recurrent malignant tumours who underwent salvage surgeries and reconstruction with combined flaps based on the transverse cervical vessels (TCVs). All patients had combined bone (four type H, one type LCL, and one type C) and extensive soft tissue defects (through-and-through defects) following salvage surgery. All tumours were removed and the complex defects restored successfully. Two patients experienced minor complications: one minor intraoral flap failure and one case of wound dehiscence at the donor site. The appearance of the face and neck was satisfactory or acceptable in all patients. No patient showed severely limited range of motion of the upper limb. The patients were followed up for 10 to 18 months. One patient was living with no evidence of disease. The use of combined bilobed trapezius myocutaneous and scapula osteomyocutaneous flaps based on the TCVs may be an effective approach for the restoration of through-and-through defects of the mandible and may provide satisfactory or acceptable functional and aesthetic outcomes following salvage surgery for advanced head and neck tumours.     

The submental island flap: Pedicle elongation and indications in head and neck reconstruction

BackgroundThe submental island flap is an axial pattern skin flap first described by Martin et al. in 1993. When used to reconstruct skin defects it matches the recipient site in terms of colour, texture and thickness. One of the main limitations to its application is the arc of the pedicle allowing coverage of only the lower two thirds of the face.MethodsA retrospective review was performed of all patients who had had a submental island flap reconstruction at the Operative Unit of Maxillo-Facial Surgery of the University Hospital of Parma, Italy, between 2001 and 2011.The Authors focused on the surgical technique adopted, the clinical indications and the results obtained. They analysed the different ways to elongate the pedicle and discuss their thoughts on the choice of reconstruction. A flowchart was created to help in the decisional process.ResultsBetween 2001 and 2011 the submental island flap was used to reconstruct head and neck defects in 22 patients. Thirteen patients had defects of the oral cavity; the remaining 9 patients had skin defects involving the pre-auricular region, the temporal area and the peri-nasal cheek skin.No major complications occurred and in one case a partial necrosis of the distal portion of the flap was observed. Five patients underwent surgical revision involving intraoral flap debulking 6–10 months after the primary procedure.Discussion and conclusionsThe techniques to elongate the pedicle used and described were: additional dissection of the pedicle, Y–V procedure, reverse flow flap, section of facial vein and microvascular anastomosis. Their choice is mainly conditioned by the site of the defect.     

舌骨下肌皮瓣在老年口腔癌术后缺损修复中的应用

目的：探讨舌骨下肌皮瓣在老年口腔癌切除术后缺损修复中的应用价值。方法：回顾分析2005年12月—2010年11月间收治的口腔癌患者19例。男11例,女8例;年龄65～89岁,平均72.8岁。舌癌10例,口底癌6例,颊癌2例,下颌牙龈癌1例。均采用舌骨下肌皮瓣修复术后所致软组织缺损。结果：术后切口均一期愈合,19例舌骨下肌皮瓣全部成活,无1例发生全部或部分皮瓣坏死。患者获得满意的外观和功能。经过6个月～5a的随访,无一例肿瘤复发或远处转移。结论：舌骨下肌皮瓣制备较简单,效果可靠,且成活率高,是老年患者口腔癌修复重建的适用方法。