血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤

目的探讨血管内栓塞治疗脑动脉畸形合并动脉瘤的价值。方法收集46例脑动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤患者,对Redekop分型为Ⅱa型和Ⅲ型患者(A组)以Onyx胶联合弹簧圈进行栓塞,Redekop分型Ⅰ型和Ⅱb型患者(B组)以Onyx胶联合弹簧圈或单纯Onyx胶进行栓塞,以格拉斯哥转归量表(GOS)评分评估手术疗效。术后3个月复查脑血管造影,观察病灶有无复发。结果 A组患者术后GOS评分为(4.70±0.47)分;B组患者中,以Onyx胶联合弹簧圈栓塞患者GOS评分[(4.75±0.45)分]明显高于单纯Onyx胶栓塞者[(4.33±0.49)分;t=2.159,P=0.042]。1例患者死亡,其余45例患者术后3个月后复查脑血管造影均未见复发。结论血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤疗效好,以Onyx胶联合弹簧圈疗效优于单纯Onyx胶栓塞。     

血管内治疗大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤

目的观察血管内治疗大脑前动脉远端(DACA)动脉瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析14例接受血管内治疗的DACA动脉瘤患者(共15个动脉瘤),对10个动脉瘤行单纯弹簧圈栓塞、4个动脉瘤行支架辅助下弹簧圈栓塞,1个以Onyx胶栓塞。之后复查DSA,根据Raymond分级评价即刻疗效。术后6个月复查DSA,以改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估预后,mRS评分0~2分为结局良好。结果术后即刻12个动脉瘤Ⅰ级栓塞,3个Ⅱ级栓塞。术中、术后均未发生缺血等并发症。1例术后12 h死于动脉瘤再次破裂出血。术后6个月随访显示1例复发,10例结局良好(mRS评分0~2分),另2例mRS评分分别为3分、4分。结论个体化血管内治疗DACA动脉瘤安全、有效。     

支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞在急诊栓塞颅内宽颈微小动脉瘤破裂中的应用

目的探讨支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞在治疗急诊治疗颅内破裂宽颈微小动脉瘤(最大径≤3mm)中的操作技巧及临床疗效。方法回顾急诊支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗的7例颅内破裂宽颈微小动脉瘤患者资料,分析治疗方法、疗效、并发症、预后及6~12个月随访结果,评价支架技术的安全性、有效性及操作技巧。结果术后即刻造影显示,完全栓塞5例,次全栓塞1例,单纯植入支架1例;未发生破裂出血及血栓栓塞事件。术后3个月改良式格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)结果显示,6例恢复正常,1例恢复良好。6~12个月随访未发现动脉瘤再破裂出血。结论支架辅助弹簧圈急诊栓塞治疗颅内破裂宽颈微小动脉瘤安全有效。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂弹簧圈介入栓塞术围术期护理体会

目的总结颅内动脉瘤破裂弹簧圈介入栓塞术的围术期护理体会。方法对36例接受弹簧圈介入栓塞治疗的颅内动脉瘤破裂患者给予围术期综合护理措施,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果本组患者术后出现脑积水5例,经侧脑室置管引流1周后拔除引流管痊愈。发生甲状腺功能减退3例,经口服甲状腺素片,甲状腺功能恢复正常。其余28例患者均顺利康复出院。随访6~16个月,全部患者均未遗留神经功能障碍,未发生再次出血,生活可以完全自理。结论弹簧圈介入栓塞治疗动脉瘤破裂,微创、治愈率高。护理人员应熟悉其临床特征、了解手术的方法及意义,做好围术期综合护理措施,以改善治疗效果,使患者早日康复出院。     

腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术中髂动脉瘤的处理策略

目的:探讨腹主动脉瘤合并髂动脉瘤的腔内修复术(EVAR)方法。方法:回顾性分析2007年8月—2014年3月35例腹主动脉瘤合并髂动脉瘤行EVAR术患者资料,其中9例合并单侧髂内动脉瘤,1例合并双侧髂内动脉瘤,14例合并单侧髂总动脉瘤(直径18 mm),11例合并双侧髂总动脉瘤,所用腔内技术包括栓塞髂内动脉瘤后覆盖,髂内动脉瘤单纯覆盖,"喇叭口"支架,以及"三明治"技术重建一侧髂内动脉等。结果:所有腔内技术均获得成功,手术时间(125±40)min,出血量(173±65)m L。术中发现内漏8例(22.9%),其中I型内漏4例(近端2例,远端2例)均经球囊扩张后内漏消失,III型内漏1例,经扩张及部分加弹簧圈栓塞后内漏消失,II型内漏2例及IV型内漏1例,均未予处理。35例术后随访6~60个月,无动脉瘤破裂,2例术后6个月发现腹主动脉瘤体增大,造影确诊远端I型内漏,经弹簧圈栓塞后内漏消失,其余33例瘤体直径无增大。结论:对于合并髂动脉瘤的腹主动脉瘤患者,有效处理髂内动脉,然后根据髂总动脉直径选择合适的治疗方法可以达到理想的近期效果。     

弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内微小动脉瘤及中长期随访

目的评价弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内微小动脉瘤（VSCAs）的有效性及稳定性。方法 19例患者（20枚VSCAs）接受血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗。对其中9枚动脉瘤使用单纯弹簧圈栓塞,9枚使用支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,2枚使用球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞。根据DSA表现,将栓塞程度分为完全栓塞、次全栓塞和部分栓塞。术后进行中长期随访并收集DSA及临床结果。结果所有VSCAs均获成功栓塞。术后即刻DSA显示,20枚VSCAs中5枚为完全栓塞,9枚为次全栓塞,6枚为部分栓塞。1~2年随访DSA示20枚VSCAs均完全栓塞,未发现动脉瘤复发及弹簧圈脱出、移位。临床随访显示所有患者均未出现动脉瘤再次破裂出血及神经系统缺血症状。结论血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗VSCAs有效、稳定;中长期随访证实次全及部分栓塞的患者可发展为完全栓塞。     

弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤及载瘤动脉治疗出血性椎动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的探讨采用弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤及载瘤动脉治疗出血性椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的疗效及并发症。方法收集经颅脑CT及全脑DSA确诊的椎动脉夹层动脉瘤破裂出血患者17例,采用弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤及载瘤动脉,观察疗效及并发症。结果 17例动脉瘤及载瘤动脉均完全闭塞,无死亡病例。术后当天1例发生Wallenberg综合征,恢复良好;1例术后3个月出现脑积水,行侧脑室-腹腔分流术后遗留轻度残疾;随访2~36个月,无再出血病例。术后6个月12例接受DSA复查,动脉瘤完全不显影,载瘤动脉未发生再通。结论应用弹簧圈栓塞夹层动脉瘤及载瘤动脉治疗出血性椎动脉夹层动脉瘤疗效确切,具有一定应用价值。     

脑动静脉畸形显微手术后周围脑组织血流变化及病理特征

目的 观察脑动静脉畸形(BAVM)显微手术切除后周围脑组织血流变化及病理特征,探讨BAVM术后正常灌注压突破(NPPB)机制及防治策略.方法 前瞻性观察12例采用显微手术治疗的BAVM临床特征,其中8例术前用Onyx胶栓塞.应用光镜和电镜观察术后切除畸形团及其周围脑组织的病理学特征.应用激光多普勒灌注显像系统(LDPI),动态观察BAVM显微手术切除术前、后及降压后畸形团周围脑组织血流变化,以幕上小脑膜瘤(n=6)术中皮层血流监测作为对照.结果 BAVM畸形团周围脑组织可见小血管扩张、神经细胞坏死、胶质细胞增生及血脑屏障结构破坏等改变.Onyx栓塞后可见周围脑组织明显水肿及炎症细胞浸润,在畸形团内可见部分栓塞血管有血栓再通现象.BAVM畸形团切除前、后周围脑组织血流存在显著变化(P<0.05),控制性降压后可明显降低术后畸形团周围脑组织的血流(P<0.05).结论 BAVM畸形团切除后周围脑组织可见血脑屏障结构破坏及脑血流增加,是导致术后脑出血及水肿的病理基础.术前栓塞、术中及术后控制血压是防治BAVM术后NPPB的重要措施.     

示踪减影透视在颅内动脉瘤介入治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨示踪减影透视(TSF)在颅内动脉瘤介入治疗中的临床应用价值。方法 11例接受介入栓塞治疗的颅内动脉瘤患者,术前均接受双源CT血管成像(DSCTA)及全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,确定动脉瘤的大小、形态、位置,并测量瘤颈及瘤体的直径;术中应用TSF技术。结果 11例患者(共11个动脉瘤)介入栓塞均获得成功,共植入电解可脱弹簧圈39枚,包括1枚3-D标准成篮填充弹簧圈,3枚3-D软成篮填充弹簧圈及35枚柔软型填充弹簧圈。结论对接受颅内动脉瘤介入栓塞治疗的患者,术中应用TSF可提高治疗效果。     

椎基底动脉分支远端动脉瘤的治疗方法探讨

目的：探讨椎基底动脉分支远端动脉瘤的治疗方法与策略。方法33例患者经全脑血管造影术证实为椎基底动脉分支大脑后动脉、小脑上动脉、小脑前下动脉与小脑后下动脉之远端动脉瘤,分别为8例、6例、9例、10例。其中血管内栓塞治疗29例,直接行开颅动脉瘤夹闭术2例,数字减影血管造影（DSA）与磁共振成像（MRI）三维影像融合数据输入神经导航,在神经导航指引下行开颅动脉瘤灼闭手术1例,1例因血管内栓塞治疗失败未进行手术治疗。结果所有病例无手术相关死亡,2例患者行弹簧圈栓塞术,术后1 d 患者再出血死亡,1例栓塞未成功又未行手术患者病情好转出院,余30例患者未发生术后再出血。结论椎基底动脉分支远端动脉瘤多数手术治疗难度大,应首选血管内栓塞治疗。     

The relationship of coexisting extranidal aneurysms to intracranial hemorrhage in patients harboring brain arteriovenous malformations

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that coexisting extranidal arterial aneurysms (EAs) would be associated with an increased risk of incident intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) from brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) rupture. METHODS: To determine the presence of EAs and compare the sources and locations of ICH, we retrospectively reviewed the computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiographic studies of patients who presented between 1990 and 1999. EAs were defined as saccular luminal dilations of the parent feeding vessels that were proximally flow-related (i.e., at the circle of Willis), distally flow-related (i.e., distal to the circle of Willis), and unrelated (i.e., in circulation distant from the BAVM). RESULTS: Of 314 BAVM patients, 138 (44%) presented with ICH. In the ICH group, 22 patients (16%) had aneurysmal ICH, 100 (72%) had BAVM ICH, and 16 (12%) had ICH from an indeterminate source. There were 61 patients with 1 or more EAs (29 patients with 42 flow-related proximal aneurysms, 39 patients with 48 flow-related distal aneurysms, and 10 patients with 20 unrelated aneurysms). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that ICH patients were more likely than non-ICH patients to have a coexisting EA (35 versus 13%; odds ratio = 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-7.5; P < 0.001), but this effect was not present when only BAVM-related ICH was considered (odds ratio = 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-1.0; P = 0.052). Other independent predictors of ICH included small AVM size (<3 cm), exclusively deep venous drainage, and the presence of an intranidal aneurysm. CONCLUSION: Clinical presentation with ICH was associated with EA aneurysms, but the association was due to aneurysmal rather than BAVM rupture, suggesting that EAs and the BAVM ICH risks may be considered as separate entities in future studies.     

Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) to seal type 1 endoleak. A new technique

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the liquid embolic agent Onyx, an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, can be used to seal type 1 endoleaks during endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). Six patients with large aortic aneurysms and remaining type 1 endoleaks during or after EVAR were treated with Onyx embolization through a microcatheter placed in the proximal neck in five cases and in the distal neck in one case. Four of the patients were treated using the chimney technique. The type 1 endoleak was primarily sealed by Onyx in all six patients. There was no distal embolization. Two patients had complications during follow-up. One patient had occlusions of chimney grafts to the renal arteries and to one leg extension. These occlusions were not anatomically related to Onyx embolization. One patient had late stentgraft migration of the Onyx-treated distal neck with aneurysm rupture 18 months after treatment. Early experience of Onyx embolization as a bailout solution of type 1 endoleaks after complicated EVAR is promising. However, effective seal with Onyx does not prevent late stentgraft migration. More reported patients and longer follow-up are necessary to evaluate this new technique.     

动脉瘤模型栓塞前后血流动力学的改变

目的评价动脉瘤模型行腔内微弹簧圈栓塞前后血流动力学的改变，用以判断疗效。方法运用改进的显微外科技术建立犬颈总动脉（CCA）动脉瘤模型22个，其中侧壁型12个。分叉部4个，末端型6个。术后7～14d行彩色多普勒超声、经颅多普勒（TCD）、数字减影动脉血管造影（IADSA）及经微导管动脉瘤内测压，然后以微弹簧圈紧密填塞动脉瘤腔，栓塞后重复进行上述检查，比较栓塞前后血流动力学变化。结果所建模型均获成功。实验证实，动脉瘤微弹簧圈栓塞前后其血流动力学参数的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论实验所建动物模型是研究动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的理想方法；动脉瘤微弹簧圈栓塞后，能减低、改变或消除载瘤动脉及动脉瘤内异常血流动力学状态，终止动脉瘤行为，防止动脉瘤扩大和破裂。     

Onyx in an experimental aneurysm model: histological and angiographic results

OBJECT: The use of liquid embolic agents for endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms is evolving. The authors' aim was to evaluate the use of Onyx HD-500 in an experimental aneurysm model and to obtain histological and angiographic long-term results. METHODS: Ten aneurysms were created using an elastase model in rabbits. The aneurysms were embolized using Onyx in combination with an inflated balloon. One animal died 1 day after embolization. The animals were divided into 2 different groups. The animals in the first group (4 rabbits) were killed at 3 months and those in the second group (5 rabbits) were killed at 6 months after embolization. A venous control angiogram was obtained, and the aneurysms were examined histologically. RESULTS: In both groups control angiograms demonstrated that all aneurysms were completely occluded. There were no signs of recanalization. Migration of Onyx was seen in 4 animals, leading to the death of 1. Histological examination not only proved the aneurysms to be occluded but also demonstrated a thin layer of endothelium at the neck of the aneurysm. The histological result was identical in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study reporting the formation of a neointima over the neck of aneurysms embolized with Onyx in a rabbit model. Although the technique is challenging and migration of the liquid embolic agent cannot always be prevented, Onyx has a great potential to achieve a durable occlusion of aneurysms.     

动脉瘤模型栓塞前后血流动力学对比研究

目的 评价动脉瘤模型行腔内微弹簧圈栓塞前后血流动力学的改变，用以判断疗效。方法 运用改进的显微外科技术建立犬颈总动脉（CCA）动脉瘤模型22个，其中侧壁型12个，分叉部4个，末端型6个。术后7～14d行彩色多普勒超声、经颅多普勒（TCD）、数字减影动脉血管造影（IADSA）及经微导管动脉瘤内测压，然后以微弹簧圈紧密填塞动脉瘤腔，栓塞后重复进行上述检查，比较栓塞前后血流动力学变化。结果 所建模型均获成功。实验证实，动脉瘤微弹簧圈栓塞前后其血流动力学参数的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 实验所建动物模型是研究动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的理想方法；动脉瘤微弹簧圈栓塞后，能减低、改变或消除载瘤动脉及动脉瘤内异常血流动力学状态，终止动脉瘤行为，防止动脉瘤扩大和破裂。     

支架辅助栓塞未破裂颅内动脉瘤术后颅内微缺血危险因素

目的分析支架辅助栓塞(SAE)治疗未破裂颅内动脉瘤后发生颅内微缺血(IMI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析236例接受SAE治疗的未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者,根据术后3天内头部MR弥散加权成像(DWI)检查结果判断是否发生IMI;采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析筛选IMI危险因素。结果 236例中,97例(97/236, 41.10%)发生IMI(IMI组),139例未发生IMI(非IMI组,n=139)。2组间合并糖尿病、缺血性卒中病史、血小板抑制不足、前交通动脉瘤、伴瘤内附壁血栓、支架贴壁不良及微弹簧圈襻疝出瘤囊差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,血小板抑制不足、前交通动脉瘤、伴瘤内附壁血栓、支架贴壁不良及微弹簧圈襻疝出瘤囊是IMI的独立危险因素(P均0.05)。结论 SAE治疗未破裂颅内动脉瘤后可发生IMI;血小板抑制不足、前交通动脉瘤、伴瘤内附壁血栓、支架贴壁不良及微弹簧圈襻疝出瘤囊促进IMI发生。     

Intrasaccular combination of metallic coils and onyx liquid embolic agent for the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to report on a novel technique in which metallic embolization coils were combined with the Onyx liquid embolic agent in the aneurysm sac to achieve a more durable result after endovascular treatment. This therapeutic procedure was performed in selected cases in which, based on the authors' experiences, either coil embolization or Onyx alone would likely have failed. The authors report long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up results in 20 consecutive intracranial aneurysms treated using this combination for defined indications. METHODS: Twenty aneurysms in 20 patients were treated with a combination of embolic coils and Onyx. Four aneurysms were giant; 13, large; and three, small. This new technique was used when standard Onyx or coil treatment with balloon assistance was determined to involve a higher possibility of recanalization, because either an adjunctive stent insertion could not be performed or the Onyx technique could not be used due to an unsuccessful seal test or intraaneurysm balloon prolapse. In one case, an adjunctive stent was placed before coil placement and Onyx deposition to control the material in the sac of the aneurysm, which had a fusiform neck. All aneurysms were completely occluded after using this technique. No clinical or technical adverse events occurred in any of the cases. Follow-up angiography was performed in all patients: 3-year studies in six patients, 2-year studies in five, and 1-year studies in nine. None of these studies demonstrated aneurysm regrowth or parent artery occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of the embolic coils and the Onyx liquid embolic agent provides very durable aneurysm occlusion for defined indications.     

Patient-specific hemodynamic analysis of small internal carotid artery-ophthalmic artery aneurysms

BackgroundProphylactic treatment of unruptured small brain aneurysms is still controversial due to the low risk of rupture. Distinguishing which small aneurysms are at risk for rupture has become important for treatment. Previous studies have indicated a variety of hemodynamic properties that may influence aneurysm rupture. This study uses hemodynamic principles to evaluate these in the context of ruptured and unruptured small aneurysms in a single location.MethodsEight small internal carotid artery-ophthalmic artery (ICA-Oph) aneurysms (<10 mm) were selected from the University of California, Los Angeles, database. We analyzed rupture-related hemodynamic characteristics including flow patterns, wall shear stress (WSS), and flow impingement using previously developed patient-specific computational fluid dynamics software.ResultsMost ruptured aneurysms had complicated flow patterns in the aneurysm domes, but all of the unruptured cases showed a simple vortex. A reduction in flow velocity between the parent artery and the aneurysm sac was found in all the cases. Inside the aneurysms, the highest flow velocities were found either at the apex or neck. We also observed a trend of higher and more inhomogeneous WSS distribution within ruptured aneurysms (10.66 ± 5.99 Pa) in comparison with the unruptured ones (6.31 ± 6.47 Pa) (P < .01).ConclusionA comparison of hemodynamic properties between ruptured and unruptured small ICA-Oph aneurysms found that some hemodynamic properties vary between small aneurysms although they are similar in size and share the same anatomical location. In particular, WSS may be a useful hemodynamic factor for studying small aneurysm rupture.     

Clinical and angiographic outcome of intracranial aneurysms treated with Matrix detachable coils in Chinese patients

BACKGROUND: Aneurysm recurrence is an innate problem in endovascular treatment of aneurysms with coils. A coated coil system named Matrix (Boston Scientific Neurovascular, Fremont, CA), covered with a bioabsorbable polymeric material (polyglycolide/lactide copolymer [PGLA]), was developed to accelerate intraaneurysmal clot organization and fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Matrix detachable coils in patients with intracranial aneurysms and aneurysmal recurrence rate. METHODS: In a regional neurosurgical center in Hong Kong, data of patients undergoing endovascular embolization of intracranial aneurysm was collected. In a 20-month period, 42 patients with 44 aneurysms were treated by endovascular embolization using matrix coils alone or mixed with bare platinum coils. Thirty-four patients presented with ruptured aneurysms, and 8 patients presented with unruptured aneurysms. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (60%) had 6-month follow-up DSA, and 10 patients (24%) had 18-month follow-up DSA. Seven aneurysm recurrences were identified, amounting to 16% for all aneurysms and 14% for ruptured aneurysms. Four patients were treated by repeated embolization, and 2 patients were treated by microsurgical clipping. Two adverse events due to thromboembolism were noted. One 78-year-old lady with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage treated by partial embolization died from rebleed at day 4. Another patient with partial embolization and spontaneous thrombosis of dorsal wall ICA aneurysm died at 2 months with aneurysm recanalization with rerupture. Twenty-six patients achieved favorable outcome (GOS score 4 or 5) at last follow-up. The aneurysm recurrence rate using bare platinum coils of the same center was 11% and 7% for all aneurysms and ruptured aneurysms, respectively. CONCLUSION: Matrix coil embolization was safe, but there was no reduction in aneurysm recurrence using matrix coils alone or mixed with GDCs, compared with GDCs alone.     

颅内动脉瘤囊内栓塞结果影像学判断标准的探讨

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤囊内栓塞结果的影像学判断标准。方法 ６名专科医师根据动脉瘤栓塞后血管造影不显影为１００％、瘤颈少许残留为９５％、瘤颈残留为９０％、瘤颈残留并有少许瘤体残留为８０％和少部分瘤体残留为〈８０％的栓塞判断标准,对１９９５年３月至１９９９年７月用机械可脱式弹簧圈和（或）电解可脱式弹簧圈囊内栓塞的１２０例（１２１个）动脉瘤的血管造影片进行评价,并分析该标准的合理性、可行性和局限性。结果