慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血单核细胞Tim-3表达的检测及意义

目的 研究慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者外周血单核细胞中T淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子3(Tim-3)的表达及对其炎症因子生成的影响.方法 利用多色流式技术和荧光实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR),分别检测不同状态的CHB患者外周血单核细胞亚群表面Tim-3分子和Tim-3 mRNA表达水平.给予重组人galectin-9和脂多糖(LPS)共刺激CHB活动期患者外周血单核细胞,用ELISA检测培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6水平.结果 慢乙肝免疫耐受期患者(IT)外周血单核细胞表面Tim-3表达水平显著高于健康对照组(HC)和免疫活动期患者(IA)(P＜0.01),其中IT患者CD14+ CD16-和CD14+ CD16+单核细胞亚群中Tim-3的表达均高于IA患者,差异均有统计学意义.qRT-PCR结果进一步证实IA患者外周血单核细胞中Tim-3 mRNA的表达高于HC (P =0.040).IA患者CD14+单核细胞上Tim-3的表达与血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平呈正相关(r=0.362,P=0.028).重组人galectin-9和LPS共刺激IA患者外周血单核细胞比单独使用LPS刺激分泌更高水平的TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6.结论 CHB患者外周血单核细胞Tim-3表达上调,与血清ALT水平呈正相关,Tim-3/galeetin-9通路能够促进LPS诱导的单核细胞的炎症因子的分泌.     

系统性红斑狼疮患者淋巴细胞共刺激分子异常表达的研究

目的 探讨系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者淋巴细胞共刺激分子的表达及意义.方法 采用流式细胞术检测SLE患者淋巴细胞CD28、CTLA-4、CD80和CD86的表达,并与对照组比较.结果 与健康对照者相比较,SLE患者CD3+细胞增加(P<0.05),CD3+CD4+细胞降低(P<0.05),CD3+CD8+细胞升高(P<0.05),CD4/CD8比例明显倒置(P<0.01),CD28表达降低,CTLA-4升高,CD86的表达显著高于正常人(P<0.01),CD80在SLE患者CD19+B细胞上的表达与正常人无异(P>0.05).结论 T细胞亚群改变及T、B淋巴细胞共刺激分子CD28、CTLA-4和CD86在SLE发病机制中起重要作用.     

不同类型HBV感染者外周血Treg/Th17细胞的变化及意义

目的:探讨不同类型HBV感染者外周血中CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg/Th17细胞的变化及意义.方法:选取15例急性乙型肝炎(Acute Hepatitis B,AHB)患者、40例慢性乙型肝炎(Chronic hepatitis B,CHB)患者、40例无症状携带者(Asymptomatic HBV carriers,AsC)及30例健康对照者,分别采用流式细胞术、RT-PCR和ELISA检测外周血CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg/Th17细胞百分率、核转录因子foxhead winged-helix box protein 3 (Foxp3)/retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma-t (RORγt) mRNA的表达以及血浆转化生长因子-β1(Transforming growth factor-31,TGF-β1)/IL-17的水平.结果:AHB组患者CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg/CD4+T细胞百分率、Foxp3 mRNA及TGF-β1水平与正常对照组相比无明显差异(P＞0.05);而CD4+ IL-17 +/CD4+T细胞百分率、RORγtmRNA及IL-17水平与正常对照组相比明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CHB组患者CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg/CD4+T细胞百分率、Foxp3 mRNA、TGF-31水平及CD4+ IL-17 +/CD4+T细胞百分率、RORγt mRNA、IL-17水平与正常对照组相比均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与正常对照组相比,AsC组患者CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg/CD4+T细胞百分率、Foxp3 mR-NA、TGF-β1水平及CD4+ IL-17 +/CD4+T细胞百分率、RORγt mRNA、IL-17水平无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:在不同类型HBV感染者外周血中Treg/Th17细胞失衡,Treg/Th17细胞可能与HBV感染的状态有关.     

CHB患者CD4+ T细胞ICOS表达及其与干扰素治疗的相互关系

目的 研究慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者经干扰素治疗前后外周血CD4+T细胞上可诱导共刺激分子( inducible costimulator,ICOS)表达水平的变化情况.方法 CHB患者56例,其中聚乙二醇(PEG)干扰素α2a治疗28例,拉米夫定治疗28例,以健康志愿者20例为正常对照组.采集两治疗组治疗前及治疗后24、48周的患者外周血,以流式细胞技术检测ICOS+ CD4+T细胞在外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC)中的频数变化;采用real-time PCR法检测患者HBV DNA载量变化.结果 CHB患者CD4+T细胞ICOS表达水平明显高于正常对照者(P＜0.001).干扰素治疗后患者ICOS表达水平下降,同拉米夫定组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).干扰素治疗后患者ICOS改变值同HBV DNA载量变化值呈正相关(r=0.972,P＜0.001),而拉米夫定组则未发现相关性(r=-0.101,P=0.608).结论 CHB患者存在着细胞免疫紊乱,其CD4+T细胞ICOS的表达升高.干扰素可下调CD4+T细胞ICOS的表达,纠正细胞免疫偏移,发挥抗HBV作用.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血CD4~+CD25~+Treg与CD4~+和CD8~+ T淋巴细胞亚群的相关研究

目的:探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的含量和CD4+CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群分布,两者之间相关性及与HBV的相关性。方法:采用流式细胞术检测50例慢性乙型肝炎患者和20例健康对照者外周血中CD4+CD25high、CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞表达及CD3/CD4/CD8 T淋巴细胞亚群,荧光定量PCR法检测HBV DNA含量。结果:慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血中CD4+CD25highTreg明显高于健康对照组(P0.01),且随HBV DNA载量增加,患者外周血中CD4+CD25highTreg细胞的水平逐渐升高。慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞也相应增高,且与CD4+CD25highTreg细胞的变化成正相关(r=0.890,P0.001)。与健康对照组比较,患者组CD4+T细胞百分率及CD4+/CD8+比值均降低,而CD3+T细胞和CD8+T细胞百分率差异无显著性(P0.05)。CD4+CD25highTreg细胞与HBV DNA取对数后成正相关(r=0.782,P0.001),与谷丙转氨酶(ALT)成正相关(r=0.432,P0.005);与CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T细胞水平及CD4+/CD8+比值均无相关性(P0.05)。CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞及CD4+/CD8+比值与HBV DNA载量之间亦无相关性(P0.05)。结论:慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血中CD4+CD25+Treg细胞增高,且与HBV的复制水平及ALT增高具有一致性,而T细胞亚群是否可作为监测CHB患者免疫状态的指标需进一步探讨。     

慢性肾炎患者外周血T细胞亚群和共刺激分子的表达及其意义

为研究慢性肾炎患者外周血T细胞亚群和共刺激分子的表达特点及其在慢性肾炎免疫病理机制中的作用 ,本文采用免疫荧光标记和流式细胞仪分析 ,对 35例慢性肾炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和共刺激分子CD2 8、 4 1BB等的表达进行研究。结果表明 :(1)慢性肾炎患者T细胞亚群明显失衡 ,表现为CD4减少 ,CD8增加 ,CD4/CD8比值显著降低 ;(2 )共刺激分子CD2 8表达显著低于正常对照组 (CD2 8表达百分率分别为 45 95± 5 6 7和 6 6 42± 4 5 8,P <0 0 0 1) ,且CD4+ CD2 8+ T细胞和CD8+ CD2 8+ T细胞均显著减少。治疗后缓解期患者T细胞亚群失衡明显纠正 ,CD2 8+ T细胞 ,尤其是CD4+ CD2 8+ T细胞显著增多 ,而且CD4+ CD2 8+ T细胞数与患者的 2 4h尿蛋白定量呈负相关 (r= 0 47,P <0 0 1) ;(3)慢性肾炎患者共刺激分子 4 1BB在T细胞中的表达显著高于正常对照组 (表达百分率分别为 30 5 7± 8 12和 0 74± 0 2 8,P <0 0 0 1) ,治疗后的 4 1BB表达水平显著降低 ,而且 4 1BB异常高表达与CD8+ T细胞数呈正相关 (r=0 6 3,P <0 0 5 )。从而表明慢性肾炎外周血T细胞亚群失衡和T细胞活化所必需的共刺激分子CD2 8、 4 1BB异常表达 ,可能在慢性肾炎发生和病变进展中起着重要作用。     

艾滋病患者T淋巴细胞表面归巢分子的表达在抗病毒治疗后升高

目的 探讨艾滋病(AIDS)患者高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)前后T淋巴细胞表面归巢分子CD49d、CCR9、CD62L表达的变化情况.方法 采用流式细胞术检测42例艾滋病患者和18例HIV阴性健康对照的外周血T淋巴细胞表面CD49d、CCR9和CD62L表达,用BD FACSDiva软件分析计算各组细胞表达的百分率.结果 治疗后组外周血的平均CD4~+T淋巴细胞明显高于治疗前组(P<0.01);治疗前组CD3~+CD49d~+、CD3~+ CCR9~+、CD3~+CD62L~+、CD3~+CD4~+、CD4~+CD49d~+、CD4~+CCR9~+、CIM~+CD62L~+、CD8~+CD49d~+、CD8~+CD62L~+T淋巴细胞的百分率显著低于治疗后组和阴性对照组(P<0.05);CD3~+CD8~+T淋巴细胞的百分率高于治疗后组(P<0.05).治疗后组CD3~+CCR9~+、CD8~+CCR9~+、CD8~+CD62L~+T淋巴细胞的百分率均低于阴性对照组(P均<0.001).结论 AIDS患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群不仅比例失调,而且其表面表达肠道归巢分子CD49d、CCR9,淋巴结归巢分子CD62L的数量发生异常改变.抗病毒治疗可以逆转以上部分免疫病理变化.建议肠道归巢分子CD49d、CCR9和淋巴结归巢分子CD62L可作为艾滋病疾病进展和评价机体HAART后免疫重建的指标.     

负性协同刺激分子PD-1和Tim-3及细胞因子在布鲁氏菌病中的变化

目的检测布鲁氏菌病患者程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)、T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子3(Tim-3)及细胞因子IL-17A和IL-6的变化。方法 72例布鲁氏菌患者组与50例正常对照组采用流式细胞术检测外周血单个核细胞中PD-1和Tim-3的表达,实时荧光定量PCR检测外周血单个核细胞中PD-1 mRNA和Tim-3 mRNA的表达,流式液相多重蛋白定量技术(CBA)检测血清中IL-17A和IL-6的水平,Pearson法分析布鲁氏菌病患者外周血中PD-1~+Tim-3~+CD4~+T的表达与IL-17A和IL-6的相关性,分析布鲁氏菌病患者外周血中PD-1~+Tim-3~+CD4~+T的表达及临床特点。结果与正常对照组相比,布鲁氏菌病患者组PD-1~+Tim-3~+CD4~+T细胞、PD-1 mRNA和Tim-3 mRNA的表达、IL-17A和IL-6的水平均明显增加(P0.01),布鲁氏菌病患者外周血中PD-1~+Tim-3~+CD4~+T的表达与IL-17A(r=0.71,P0.01)和IL-6(r=0.83,P0.01)的水平均呈明显的正相关,并且布鲁氏菌病患者出现发热、骨关节痛、多器官受累时外周血中PD-1~+Tim-3~+CD4~+T的表达明显增高(P0.01)。结论 PD-1与Tim-3在布鲁氏菌病患者中表达增加,可能共同参与了布鲁氏菌对免疫应答的负性调控,不利于机体对布鲁氏菌的有效清除。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在川崎病免疫发病机制中的作用

目的探讨CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞在川崎病(KD)免疫发病机制中的作用。方法急性期KD患儿25例,正常同年龄对照组25例,KD患儿分别于静脉丙种球蛋白(IVIG)治疗前后直接取血备检,未加任何体外丝裂原刺激培养。采用流式细胞术分别检测外周血CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞比例及CD14 细胞表面共刺激分子的表达;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及荧光定量PCR检测外周血CD4 T细胞中Foxp3、CTLA-4和GITR基因mRNA的表达。结果急性期KD患儿外周血CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞比例明显低于同年龄对照组(P<0.01),IVIG治疗后显著上升(P<0.01);急性期KD患儿外周血CD4 T细胞中Foxp3、CTLA-4和GITR基因mRNA表达水平均明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01),IVIG治疗后均有不同程度的恢复(P<0.01);急性期KD患儿CD14 细胞明显过度表达CD80及CD86等共刺激分子(P<0.01),IVIG治疗后CD80及CD86表达均显著下降。结论急性期KD患儿CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞数量减少可能与KD免疫调节功能紊乱有关。     

特应性皮炎患者外周血microRNA-155 和CD4+ T 细胞检测的临床意义

目的:研究特应性皮炎患者外周血mircoRNA-155表达量和CD4+T细胞百分率的变化特征,阐明mircoRNA-155定量检测和CD4+T细胞百分率检测的临床意义。方法:利用荧光定量PCR技术检测外周血中mircoRNA-155表达量,利用流式细胞术检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群CD3+T细胞、CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞百分率。选择40例特应性皮炎患者、30例皮肤湿疹患者和30例健康对照组分别检测mircoRNA-155表达量和CD4+T细胞百分率,统计分析各组间的差异性。结果:特应性皮炎组mircoRNA-155相对表达量高于湿疹组和正常对照组(P0.05)。特应性皮炎组CD4+T细胞百分率高于正常对照组和湿疹组(P0.01及P0.05)。结论:特应性皮炎患者外周血mircoRNA-155表达量明显上调,CD4+T细胞百分率升高。临床检测mircoRNA-155和CD4+T细胞具有重要临床意义。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008