衰变加速因子(DAF)与异种器官移植免疫

超急性排斥反应一直是异种器官移植中的主要障碍之一,其分子基础是补体及其激活.hDAF作为一种重要的膜结合补体调节蛋白,是同源限制分子.转基因技术为跨越DAF的同源限制性发挥了重要作用,将人DAF基因插入猪基因组,获得转基因猪,利用转基因猪器官可有效解决异种移植中的超急性排斥反应.     

补体系统在异种器官移植超急性排斥反应中作用的研究进展

超急性排斥反应（ＨＡＲ）是异种器官移植的第一道障碍，也是目前最主要的障碍。补体系统在ＨＡＲ的发生和发展中扮演着重要角色，成为９０年代以来异种器官移植研究的焦点之一。本文就补体系统在ＨＡＲ发生中的作用、ＨＡＲ的发生机理以及如何控制补体激活防止ＨＡＲ的策略作一综述。     

补体系统在COVID-19发病及进展中的研究进展

COVID-19是由新型冠状病毒引起的一种急性传染性疾病, 全身炎症反应是其重要的致病机制之一。补体作为固有免疫系统的重要组分, 在机体抗感染的炎症防御反应中发挥关键作用。补体过度激活导致的炎症风暴在COVID-19发病过程中具有重要影响, 靶向阻断或调控补体的级联反应对COVID-19患者具有一定的治疗作用。本文将对补体系统在COVID-19发病及进展中的作用做一综述。     

补体系统对内皮细胞的作用及其病理生理学意义

血液内补体系统在一些严重的局部或全身病理状态下可发生活化 ,形成大量活化补体片段 ,与血管内皮细胞表面的补体受体结合 ,激活内皮细胞使之结构和功能发生改变 ,并能促进其表达大量活性物质 ,影响血管紧张性、通透性及血液凝固的发生。在创 (烧 )伤、缺血再灌注、器官移植过程中 ,均可见补体系统的活化 ,这些过度活化的补体片段可以导致机体各器官微血管内皮细胞损伤并最终导致其功能障碍 ,从而影响机体的某些病理生理过程。     

补体在慢性神经性疼痛中的作用研究进展

慢性疼痛是指疼痛持续超过一种急性疾病的一般病程或超过损伤愈合所需的一般时间,或疼痛复发持续超过1个月.神经元、神经胶质细胞、免疫细胞等多种机制参与其中.补体是慢性疼痛发生和维持的一个新研究点.神经系统中多种细胞可以表达补体成分和补体受体.在多种慢性神经痛模型中,补体mRNA和蛋白质表达发生变化,并且阻断补体激活可以逆转痛觉敏感.激活的补体可以通过氧化应激损伤、与细胞因子相互作用及形成膜攻击复合物参与疼痛信号的转导.     

补体介导心肌缺血再灌注损伤与药物防治

心肌缺血再灌注损伤的病理过程中 ,多种物质如亚细胞成分、氧自由基、C反应蛋白 (CRP)、酶降解后的低密度脂蛋白 (E LDL)等可激活补体。激活后的补体以直接和间接方式损伤心肌 ,并可激活Ras等基因促进心肌细胞凋亡。抗补体抗体、补体耗竭剂、补体激活抑制剂等抗补体治疗可减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤。     

膜表面补体调节因子

衰变加速因子(DAF)、膜辅蛋白(MC)、CD59是细胞膜上存在的3种补体下调因子,它们可保护宿主细胞不受本身补体系统的损伤,在异种器官移植方面具有重大的应用价值。本文讨论这3种因子的结构、特性及应用前景。     

新疆维吾尔族血清补体C_3水平测定

<正> 补体C_3占人体血清补体总量的一半以上,它可通过经典途径和替代途径激活而参与免疫反应。故测定补体C_3对免疫缺陷病、自身免疫性疾病、器官移植和许多与免疫有关疾病的临床研究具有实际价值。     

生物相容性与免疫反应

关于材料的生物相容性已有大量文献报告,但未明确这种反应与免疫系统作用有关。生物材料对机体来说是一种异物,免疫反应认为是生物相容性中的一个重要因素。通过体外循环,补体系统的激活,引起     

甘露聚糖结合凝集素与临床疾病的研究进展

甘露聚糖结合凝集素(MBL)是天然免疫补体系统中的一员,主要由肝细胞合成,作为急性期反应蛋白分泌入血清。血清MBL的水平主要由MBL2基因启动子区及外显子1区的基因多态性决定。MBL可选择性的与病原微生物(如G+/G-细菌、病毒、真菌、原生物等)、坏死损伤细胞、凋亡细胞以及肿瘤细胞等表面的相应配体结合,通过激活补体系统、调理吞噬、调节炎症反应等保护人体。血清MBL的水平对人体影响较大:当血清MBL缺乏时,机体易患某些疾病,如感染性疾病、自身免疫性疾病;但如果血清MBL水平过高,又会对自身组织造成损伤,如在心肌梗死及器官移植中,引起机体的缺血再灌注损伤;此外,MBL基因型及血清MBL水平与肿瘤的易感性可能也存在一定关系。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.