腹腔镜肝囊肿开窗术治疗多囊肝的可行性及长期疗效观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜肝囊肿开窗术治疗多囊肝的可行性及长期疗效。方法:回顾分析2003年至2010年为21例多囊肝患者行腹腔镜囊肿开窗术的临床资料,总结分析其术前情况、术后死亡率、术后并发症、术后囊肿及症状复发率。结果:手术顺利,无一例中转开腹。术后2例患者出现胆漏,其中1例伴少量胸腔积液,1例出现少量腹水,均保守治疗痊愈。术后随访24～103个月,平均49个月,2例囊肿复发,1例症状复发。结论:腹腔镜囊肿开窗术具有患者创伤小、康复快、复发率低等优点,术中联合应用多种有效手段,其并发症发生率及术后长期复发率逐渐降低,成为临床治疗多囊肝的有效术式。     

腹腔镜肝切除术15例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜肝切除术的适应证及可行性。方法:回顾分析2010年12月至2013年12月为15例肝占位性病变患者行完全腹腔镜肝切除术的临床资料。结果:13例成功完成腹腔镜肝切除术,2例中转开腹。原发性肝癌5例,肝海绵状血管瘤5例,肝内胆管结石2例,肝囊肿2例,肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例。其中行局部切除术8例,左肝外叶切除术5例,肝囊肿切除2例;合并腹腔镜胆囊切除术2例。手术时间平均(153±53)min,术中出血量平均(412±93)ml,切除病灶最大直径12 cm。肿瘤均完整切除,包膜完整,无破裂。1例术后发生胆漏,保守治疗后痊愈;2例术后出血,经对症治疗后痊愈,无死亡病例,术后平均住院(10±3)d。结论:位于肝脏边缘、右肝表面或肝左外叶(Ⅱ~Ⅵ段)的肝脏占位性病变,行腹腔镜肝切除术是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜联合手术

目的 :探讨腹腔镜联合手术的临床应用价值。方法 :5 1例腹腔镜联合手术的患者中行腹腔镜胆囊切除术加肝囊肿开窗引流术 12例 ,腹腔镜胆囊切除加附件切除术 2例 ,腹腔镜胆囊切除加左肾囊肿开窗引流术 2例 ,腹腔镜胆囊切除加腹腔粘连松解术 35例。均先行腹腔镜胆囊切除 ,再完成腹腔镜下的其他手术。观察术后并发症发生情况、平均住院时间、肠功能恢复时间、下床活动时间和术后疼痛情况等治疗效果。结果 :5 1例腹腔镜联合手术均获得成功 ,无 1例中转开腹 ,无并发症发生。其术后住院时间平均为 (3 5± 1 2 )d ,肠功能恢复时间平均为 (19 9± 9 3)h ,下床活动时间平均为 (2 0 5± 9 9)h ,术后疼痛轻微 ,仅 7例患者需使用镇痛药。医疗费用明显低于 2次手术费用的总和。结论 :只要严格掌握手术指征 ,腹腔镜联合手术能够安全有效地一次性处理 2种或 2种以上腹部病变 ,减轻患者的痛苦 ,节省医疗费用。     

腹腔镜治疗不同肝段非寄生虫性肝囊肿78例

目的:探讨腹腔镜治疗不同肝段非寄生虫性肝囊肿(NPHC)方法,优化手术策略减少囊肿复发。方法:回顾性收集78例腹腔镜肝囊肿开窗术的病例资料,分析不同肝段NPHC的手术经验。结果:78例均完成腹腔镜手术,无中转开腹。78例手术时间平均(49.4±17.5)min,术后住院时间平均(5.8±1.1)d。无胆漏、出血及腹腔感染等并发症。随访68例(87.2%),影像复发率为8.8%(6/68),囊肿复发部位为Ⅳb+a、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段。结论:腹腔镜肝囊肿开窗术治疗NPHC安全有效,可作为首选方法。术前充分评估及术中合理处置对减少不同肝段NPHC复发十分重要。     

成人I型胆总管囊肿的手术治疗

目的 总结成人I型胆总管囊肿手术治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析经我科囊肿切除+肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的21例I型成人胆总管囊肿的临床资料.结果 3例发生术后早期并发症包括胆漏2例,胰瘘1例,均经非手术处理治愈.无手术死亡,2例切除标本发现胆管癌.随访9个月～5年,平均36个月,1例术后3年发生胆管炎,其余病人无...     

腹腔镜肝囊肿开窗去顶术60例

探究腹腔镜肝囊肿开窗去顶术效果及复发原因。2012年10月—2018年2月,60例肝囊肿患者均接受腹腔镜肝囊肿开窗去顶术治疗。结果显示,60例均手术成功,手术平均出血量(43.7±5.4)mL、手术时间(65.7±5.5)min,术后未出现感染胆漏、腹腔内出血等并发症。经随访2年,5例患者出现囊肿复发,总复发率8.33%;其中多发肝囊肿2例(40.0%)、位于Ⅲ、Ⅳ段1例(20.0%)、位于Ⅶ、Ⅷ段2例(40.0%);2例再次接受手术,其余患者定期随访。结果表明,腹腔镜开窗去顶引流术是治疗肝囊肿常用方法,术中易因囊肿边缘及黏膜处理不当、遗漏多发囊肿、囊肿开窗过小、适应证选择不当及囊肿位置等影响因素,增加术后囊肿复发率。     

肝叶切除治疗成人多囊肝病体会:附24例报告

目的探讨成人多囊肝病的手术切除技术及效果。方法对近16年湖南省人民医院肝胆外科行肝叶切除治疗的多囊肝病24例进行回顾性分析。结果全组无胆漏、肝功能衰竭及死亡病例，仅1例发生膈下脓肿（4．2％），经穿刺引流治愈，19例经1～10年随访，残肝囊肿复发率低（10．5％）。结论肝叶切除是治疗多囊肝病的有效方法，掌握手术指征及正确处理肝断面是预防肝叶切除并发症发生及减少囊肿复发的关键。     

腹腔镜治疗肝囊肿86例报道

目的探讨肝囊肿腹腔镜治疗的临床效果及手术技巧。方法对86例肝囊肿患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中联合胆囊切除加肝囊肿开窗引流术23例。结果86例手术均获成功,术中出血10～100ml,手术时间20～60min,术后住院时间2～5d。随访2例复发,其余无并发症及复发。结论腹腔镜治疗肝囊肿技术上成熟,手术时间短,术后恢复好,是治疗肝囊肿的首选方法。术前准确诊断,术中精确操作及术后正常处理也同样重要。     

腹腔镜手术治疗Ⅶ、Ⅷ段肝囊肿的临床体会

目的:总结腹腔镜手术治疗CouinaudⅦ、Ⅷ段肝囊肿的临床经验及应用价值。方法:回顾总结2014年1月至2015年1月为5例CouinaudⅦ、Ⅷ段肝囊肿患者行腹腔镜手术的临床资料。其中单发囊肿3例,多发囊肿2例。囊肿直径7~15 cm。结果:4例手术获得成功,包括腹腔镜下单纯开窗引流术1例,腹腔镜下单纯大网膜填塞法1例,腹腔下带蒂大网膜瓣填塞法2例。1例中转开腹,术中行带蒂网膜填塞。术后患者均恢复顺利,未发生术后出血、胆漏、感染等并发症。随访7~18个月,1例腹腔镜单纯网膜填塞术患者术后复发,余者未见复发。结论:选择合适的患者及手术方式对减少CouinaudⅦ、Ⅷ段肝囊肿的复发至关重要。腹腔镜下带蒂网膜填塞术治疗CouinaudⅦ、Ⅷ段肝囊肿更具临床优势,可防止术后肝囊肿的复发。     

肝脏囊性病变外科治疗的回顾性分析

目的　提高肝脏囊性病变 (囊肿≥ 4cm )的外科治疗水平。方法　对 1983～ 2 0 0 3年我院外科治疗肝脏囊性病变的病因、外科治疗方式及预后进行回顾性分析。结果　本组肝脏囊性病变病人 64例 ,其中单纯性肝囊肿 5 7例 ,肝棘球蚴病 4例 ,肝胆管囊腺瘤 2例 ,肝胆管囊腺癌 1例。囊肿平均直径为 10 .4cm。 16例单纯性肝囊肿行经皮囊肿穿刺抽液术 ,术后所有病人囊肿复发。 5 2例单纯性肝囊肿病人施行了手术治疗 ,其中 2 8例剖腹行囊肿去顶术 ,6例术后复发 ;18例腹腔镜辅助下手术 ,2例术后复发 ;囊肿切除术 2例 ,肝叶或肝部分切除术 4例。 4例肝棘球蚴病行包虫囊肿内囊摘除术 ,无复发。 2例肝胆管囊腺瘤和 1例肝胆管囊腺癌 ,均行肝叶切除术。结论　巨大 (≥ 4cm)、有临床症状的单纯性肝囊肿行经皮囊肿穿刺抽液术均复发 ;囊肿去顶术复发率低 ,腹腔镜辅助下手术较剖腹手术创伤小。肝棘球蚴病行包虫囊肿内囊摘除术是有效的 ,复发率低。肝胆管囊腺瘤可能恶变 ,应早期手术切除。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.