上海市居民吸烟、戒烟及被动吸烟现状

目的 了解上海市15岁及以上居民的吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟的流行水平,为有针对性的制定控烟措施提供基础资料.方法 利用2007年上海市慢性病及其危险因素监测调查数据,对17174名(男性8072人,女性9102人)15岁及以上居民的吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟状况进行描述性分析,指标包括吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率、戒烟率、成功戒烟率、被动吸烟率.结果 男性居民的吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率、重型吸烟率分别为61.8%,54.8%,48.5%,28.3%,女性分别为1.2%,1.0%,0.7%和0.2%.人群的戒烟率、成功戒烟率分别为11.3%和8.6%.非吸烟者的被动吸烟率为43.1%,暴露场所主要是工作场所和家中.结论 上海市居民吸烟率、被动吸烟率处于较高水平,戒烟率较低,烟草控制面临巨大挑战.     

上海市孕早期妇女被动吸烟的影响因素调查

目的了解上海市闵行区孕早期被动吸烟情况,探索被动吸烟的影响因素,以便为降低烟草对妇女健康的危害及此后的干预策略提供依据和建议。方法 2011年5月至2012年5月期间对3 729名孕妇进行问卷调查,回收有效问卷3 277份。运用Logistic回归模型分析孕妇被动吸烟的影响因素。结果孕妇被动吸烟率为45.3%,孕妇被动吸烟的主要场所是在家中及工作场所之外,但是,与其他场所相比孕妇近30 d内在家中被动吸烟的天数最多,在工作场所平均每天被动吸烟的时间最长。孕妇被动吸烟的主要来源依次是:家中丈夫以外的其他成员、同事、家中客人。年龄、文化程度、工作状况、是否为初次怀孕、家中同住吸烟者和丈夫是否吸烟均会对孕妇在不同场合的被动吸烟产生不同影响。结论上海市孕妇主动吸烟率较低,被动吸烟率较高。低文化程度、初次怀孕、低年龄孕妇和丈夫吸烟的孕妇是被动吸烟干预中需要重点关注的人群。通过对孕妇及其家人和同事进行健康教育、在家中及工作场所建立无烟政策、加强公共场所控烟力度有助于降低孕妇二手烟的暴露。     

产妇孕期被动吸烟现况及有关被动吸烟的KAP研究

目的:了解产妇孕期被动吸烟现况及其有关被动吸烟的知识、态度及行为(KAP)。方法:采用随机抽样的方法于2005年4～8月对长沙市5家医院住院分娩的620名产妇进行面对面的问卷访谈,收集产妇孕期被动吸烟的情况及有关被动吸烟的KAP。结果:产妇孕期被动吸烟率为38.9%,烟雾主要来源是家中,其次为打麻将场所;产妇有关被动吸烟的知识平均得分为(5.32±2.08)分(总分12分);其态度有70.2%的产妇认为丈夫应该戒烟,91.0%认为公共场所应该禁烟;对吸烟者采取的行为以回避为主,不同场所的回避率为53.8%～76.6%,而敢于主动劝阻的较少。结论:产妇孕期被动吸烟率较高,烟雾主要来源是在家中,产妇有关被动吸烟的知识掌握不够深入,对于别人吸烟的态度虽然是正面的,但是能够真正采取有效行为避免被动吸烟的很少。     

上海市某社区非吸烟孕妇被动吸烟现状及其影响因素调查

目的了解上海市某社区非吸烟孕妇的被动吸烟情况,分析其影响因素,为制定相关干预措施以减少二手烟对孕期妇女健康的危害提供依据。方法 2017年2—6月,选取在上海市某社区卫生服务中心建立孕产妇保健手册的孕妇及其配偶作为调查对象进行问卷调查。问卷内容包括孕妇及配偶的基本信息及对被动吸烟的认知情况。结果参与本次调查的583名孕妇的孕期被动吸烟率为121人(20.8%);有66.9%的孕妇每日被动吸烟的时间达10~59 min;孕妇在孕前和孕期在公共场所的被动吸烟率最高(孕前44.6%,孕期47.3%)。孕妇对当面吸烟者的态度是影响孕期被动吸烟率的主要因素。结论孕妇被动吸烟受配偶文化程度和孕妇对当面吸烟者态度的影响较大。公共场所是孕妇二手烟暴露的最主要场所。为减少被动吸烟对孕妇及胎儿的危害,应制订相应的家庭控烟教育和公共场所吸烟治理措施。     

某市中心医院就诊高血压患者吸烟及戒烟行为现状调查

目的了解高血压患者吸烟及戒烟行为现状,为制订控烟策略提供依据。方法采用自制量表对2017-05/2018-05在某中心医院就诊的高血压患者进行问卷调查率的比较采用χ2检验,以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果有效样本量为593人,吸烟率为32.21%,男性高于女性,城镇户籍高于农村户籍患者(P0.05),不同年龄组、教育程度、收入水平及高血压病史组患者吸烟率均不同,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。现在吸烟率为28.33%,男性现在吸烟率为49.48%,女性现在吸烟率为7.95%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。不同年龄组及收入水平就诊患者现在吸烟率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。每日吸烟量中位数为15支,开始吸第1支烟叶的中位年龄为18周岁。重型吸烟率为12.65%,不同性别、年龄组、户籍类型及人均月收入水平患者重型吸烟率不同,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。logistic回归分析结果提示,男性、高收入是就诊高血压患者现在吸烟的危险因素。戒烟率12.04%,成功戒烟率为6.28%,打算戒烟率38.69%。分析戒烟及打算戒烟患者的戒烟原因,77.53%是因为意识到吸烟的危害,21.35%是因为患病不得不戒烟。被动吸烟率32.28%,被动吸烟的场所多数为家里,占65.10%。结论就诊高血压患者吸烟率高,戒烟及成功戒烟水平较低,被动吸烟率较高,建议在日常诊疗过程中,加强对患者的控烟指导,以提高患者的治疗效果。     

2010年上海市居民控烟现况调查

[目的]了解《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》实施后,居民吸烟、戒烟、被动吸烟水平及城市控烟整体环境改善情况,为今后控烟工作的持续开展提供基础数据。[方法]2010年11月-2011年1月,在全市18个区（县）采用多阶段分层随机抽样,以面对面访谈形式对1925名常住居民进行“有关吸烟知识、态度和行为的城市基线调查”。[结果]上海市15岁及以上常住居民吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率和重型吸烟率分别为28．3％、22．5％、19．6％和8．5％。吸烟人群戒烟率和成功戒烟率分别为20．4％和11．7％;现在吸烟人群尝试戒烟率和一年内尝试戒烟率分别为21．2％和8．5％。非吸烟者被动吸烟率为43．5％,室内工作场所被动吸烟率为48．9％。餐厅和酒吧室内公共场所吸烟率分别高达60．9％和40．O％。城市控烟信息在各类媒体得到初步覆盖,以电视节目（66．1％）和报纸或杂志（58．2％）最高。[结论]上海市已初步形成控烟信息媒体覆盖环境,常住居民吸烟率有所下降但仍处于较高水平,被动吸烟仍未改善,公共场所控烟并没有得到转变。     

上海市光明镇40岁以上农村居民吸烟现况调查

目的调查和分析上海市光明镇40岁以上人群吸烟现况。方法以现况研究设计,整群抽样的方法抽取社区40岁及以上人群作为调查对象,以统一的调查表格进行面询调查,调查内容包括一般情况和吸烟相关情况。计算吸烟率、被动吸烟率,描述其年龄和性别分布特征。结果男性吸烟率为86.7%,女性为0,2%,平均为36.4%,男性吸烟率显著高于女性(P<0.01);男性平均每日吸烟量为(17.97±8.53)支;男、女被动吸烟率分别为84.2%和58.4%,男性被动吸烟者中91.2%在工作或公共场所暴露,女性被动吸烟者中90.0%在家庭暴露。结论上海市农村社区40岁以上人群男性吸烟率和男女被动吸烟率均处于较高水平。     

青海省疾病监测点成年居民吸烟、戒烟及被动吸烟状况分析

目的掌握青海省成年居民吸烟、戒烟和被动吸烟流行状况,为加强控烟教育及行为干预提供政策和科学依据。方法采用青海省"中国慢性病及其危险因素监测(2010)"调查数据,对3个国家级疾病监测点的1792名18岁及以上调查对象的吸烟和戒烟行为、被动吸烟等情况进行分析。结果调查对象的现在吸烟率和现在每日吸烟率分别为28.9%和26.3%;男性居民的现在吸烟率(62.6%)和现在每日吸烟率(56.9%)均明显高于女性(2.6%,2.4%)(P0.01);吸烟者开始每日吸烟年龄为20.7岁,日均吸烟量为14.8支;吸烟者的打算戒烟率、戒烟率和成功戒烟率分别为39.2%、19.8%和14.6%;非吸烟居民的被动吸烟率为54.1%,其中农村非吸烟居民的被动吸烟率(59.1%)高于城市(52.5%)和半农半牧地区(50.7%),女性非吸烟居民的被动吸烟率(55.6%)高于男性(49.0%),其差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论青海省成年居民吸烟率和被动吸烟率都较高,而戒烟率低,各级政府和卫生行政部门应加强控烟干预和宣传,监督执行公共场所禁烟的规定,深入推进全省的控烟工作。     

上海市松江区居民吸烟状况分析

[目的]了解上海市松江区居民的吸烟情况。[方法]在松江地区4个镇1个街道共16万人口中随机选择4772名居民采用统一标准的调查问卷进行入户调查。[结果] 被调查人群中现在吸烟率为23.62％,曾经吸烟率为2.83％,居民现在吸烟率与年龄、性别和文化程度有关P值均<0.01)。开始吸烟的平均年龄为22.59±5.43岁,最主要的原因是好奇、社交需要和解乏。77.3％的现在吸烟者还没有考虑在未来6个月内戒烟。被动吸烟率为65.13％,被动吸烟的场所主要是家中和公共场所。[结论] 松江地区居民的吸烟率低于全国1996年调查的15岁以上人群吸烟率(35.3％)。但松江地区大多数吸烟者尚未考虑戒烟,需要开展有针对性的控烟干预。大多数非吸烟者都受到被动吸烟的危害,有必要采取措施减少在家中和公共场所等地方被动吸烟的机会。     

上海市长宁区居民被动吸烟状况及其影响因素调查

目的了解上海市长宁区居民被动吸烟状况及其影响因素。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,在长宁区178个居委会中,随机抽取长宁区年龄为15～69周岁的常住居民,开展一对一问卷调查。内容涵盖被动吸烟状况及烟草危害的知信行。结果长宁区居民被动吸烟率40.4%,其中家中被动吸烟率为22.2%,工作场所被动吸烟率为22.5%,其他公共场所以餐厅被动吸烟率最高(66.0%),政府办公机构次之(12.5%)。男性与女性非吸烟者被动吸烟率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。吸烟者与非吸烟者家中吸烟规定差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。非条件Logistic回归分析发现,男性(OR=0.404,95%CI:0.243～0.673)和高收入(OR=1.350,95%CI:1.008～1.808)是被动吸烟的危险因素,家庭禁烟规定严格(OR=0.512,95%CI:0.387～0.677)则是保护因素。结论长宁区居民遭受被动吸烟以活动的公共场所为主,其中餐厅最高;居民在工作场所以及家中的被动吸烟率相对较低。今后将致力于加强男性非吸烟者、月收入相对较高人群的烟草危害健康教育。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.