腰椎经后路椎体间融合后单边或双边固定对邻近节段退变的影响

背景：在行后路椎体融合内固定术中,椎弓根钉置入不可避免会损伤邻近关节突关节。目前一致认为单边固定因保留一侧关节突关节可明显降低邻近节段退变的发生率,但仍缺乏对邻近节段退变的影响因素及不同节段退变发生率的长期随访研究。目的：对比经后路椎体间融合术（posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF）后单边或双边椎弓根螺钉固定对邻近节段退变的影响。方法：2006年2月至2007年12月,101例行PLIF手术的L4-L5椎间盘突出症患者纳入本研究。采用单边固定42例,双边固定59例。所有患者术后随访时间均超过5年。邻近节段分为三个节段：第1个近端邻近节段、第2个近端邻近节段及远端邻近节段。依据末次随访的影像学资料评估邻近节段退变的情况,并记录末次随访时的ODI评分评价腰椎功能。结果：单边固定组第1个近端邻近节段、第2个近端邻近节段及远端邻近节段退变的发生率分别为57.1%（24/42）、45.2%（19/42）、38.1%（16/42）;双边固定组第1个近端邻近节段、第2个近端邻近节段及远端邻近节段退变的发生率分别为72.9%（43/59）、68.0%（40/59）、50.8%（30/59）。两组第1个近端邻近节段和远端邻近节段退变发生率无统计学差异,而第2个近端邻近节段退变发生率具有统计学差异。末次随访时单边固定组和双边固定组的ODI评分分别为25.6±5.9、28.4±5.2,两组具有显著统计学差异（t=-2.503,P=0.014）。结论：对于行腰椎后路减压融合术的单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者,单边固定者邻近节段退变发生率低于双边固定者,尤其对于第2个近端邻近退变节段的患者。     

A novel technique for the repair of lumbar hernias after iliac crest bone harvest

BACKGROUND: Lumbar hernia is a clinical entity that has been increasingly more common since the advent of iliac bone harvest for bone grafting procedures. These can be very technically difficult to repair and have a high recurrence rate. METHODS: Using a corkscrew anchor suture device, we have developed a novel and simple way to repair these hernias with no recurrence. Here we present our experience with the corkscrew suture anchor device. RESULTS: This technique has been performed in 2 patients at our institution, and in both cases, the hernia was successfully repaired. Our 1-year follow-up on this technique demonstrates intact repairs with no sign of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The placement of corkscrew suture anchors along the iliac crest remnant is a simple technique requiring minimal bony exposure. The anchors facilitate the long-term fixation of mesh despite the lack of fascia in this area. We conclude that this is a simple and effective approach for repair of these challenging hernias.     

Reconstruction of iliac crest with bovine cancellous allograft after bone graft harvest for symphysis pubis arthrodesis

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficiency, as well as the incorporation characteristics of a specific type of xenograft used for iliac crest defects post-harvesting tri-cortical iliac crest bone graft.

Methods

Sixteen patients diagnosed with chronic anterior pelvic pain were operated for pubic symphysis fusion. The tri-cortical graft harvested from the iliac crest was inserted into the pubic symphysis and compressed with a reconstruction plate. The defect in the iliac crest was filled with a block of cancellous bovine substitute (Tutobone®). The length of iliac crest defect, time to fusion of pubic symphysis, time to incorporation of the graft and complications were recorded. The postoperative pain and patients’ satisfaction were evaluated.

Results

The median age of patients was 36.5 years (range 27–75). Fusion was obtained in 15 patients (94 %). The median time to fusion was four months (range three to seven). The length of the iliac crest bone defect ranged from 40 to 70 mm. Integration of the bovine substitute was achieved in 15 patients (94 %) over a median period of three months (range two to six). The postoperative median pain score was 2 (range 1–5). Twelve patients (75 %) reported good satisfaction. No major complications or allergic reactions were observed.

Conclusions

The xenograft used in this study provided a safe and effective method of reconstruction of iliac crest donor site defects. It has satisfactory incorporation, high biocompatibility and no signs of inflammatory reactions. This new technique is simple and easily reproducible in routine clinical practice.     

Chronic donor site pain complicating bone graft harvesting from the posterior iliac crest for spinal fusion.

To explore the relationship between surgical approach and chronic posterior iliac crest donor site pain, 151 bone graft harvests with follow-up periods longer than 1 year were evaluated using a detailed questionnaire and follow-up clinical visits. There was no difference in the incidence of chronic donor site pain between harvests performed through the primary midline incision versus a separate lateral oblique incision (28 vs 31%). Twice as many donor sites harvested for reconstructive spinal procedures were reported as having chronic pain as compared with those harvested for spinal trauma, regardless of approach used (39 vs 18%). The association of chronic donor site pain with residual back pain was also greater in the spinal reconstructive group. Thus, it appears that incidence of chronic donor site pain is more dependent on diagnosis than on surgical approach.     

脊柱侧凸后路矫形融合术术后感染的治疗

目的评价清创术后置管冲洗、负压吸引及一期关闭伤口对脊柱侧凸后路矫形融合术术后感染的治疗效果。方法回顾1984年2月～1997年10月924例行脊柱后路矫形融合术的脊柱侧凸病例,发现感染15例,男5例,女10例,年龄11～32岁,平均17.5岁;特发性脊柱侧凸7例,先天性脊柱侧凸8例;内固定系统包括Harrington Luque3例,Harrington8例,CD4例。结果7例诊断为术后早期感染,平均发现时间为术后15d,清创术后除2例内固定物取出外,其余5例均予保留。8例迟发感染,平均发现时间为术后5.5个月,所有病例均予彻底清创,4例内固定物完全取出(其中1例因并发呼吸功能衰竭死亡),2例内固定物部分取出,2例保留。所有病例清创术后均置管持续冲洗及负压吸引,一期关闭伤口。平均置管冲洗2.8周,清创术后静脉使用抗生素19d。14例患者平均随访3.5年,未见感染复发。结论清创术后置管冲洗、负压吸引及一期关闭伤口,是治疗脊柱侧凸后路矫形融合术术后感染的有效方法。保留植入物,对多数病例并不影响对感染的控制。     

Postoperative deep wound infection in adults after posterior lumbosacral spine fusion with instrumentation: incidence and management

The authors reviewed 817 instrumented lumbosacral fusions in adults and found an incidence of 3.2% deep wound infections. The primary focus of this study was the management of these infections, with particular attention to whether the implants needed to be removed. A consulting infectious disease specialist indicated that an acute infection of a low back fusion wound could not be healed without removal of the metallic implants. This opinion was in contrast to the authors' daily experience and prompted this study. The authors identified and reviewed 817 cases of instrumented posterior lumbosacral arthrodeses in adults. A detailed analysis of any case with a deep wound infection was performed and yielded and infection rate of 3.2% (26 patients). Of these, 24 achieved a clean, closed wound without removal of instrumentation through a protocol of aggressive debridement and secondary closure. Instrumentation removal is not necessary to obtain a clean, closed wound using an aggressive approach with early diagnosis, vigorous debridement in the operative room under general anesthesia, delayed primary or secondary closure, and appropriate antibiotic coverage.     

一期后路椎弓根螺钉固定联合前路经腹膜后病灶清除治疗腰骶段脊柱结核

目的:探讨一期后路椎弓根螺钉固定联合前路经腹膜后病灶清除治疗腰骶段脊柱结核的疗效。方法:2012年10月~2015年3月共收治12例腰骶段脊柱结核患者,其中男9例,女3例;年龄24~77岁(43.9±18.4岁);病变节段位于L4~S1。术前抗结核药物治疗2~4周,血沉下降及结核中毒症状改善后,行手术治疗。均为一期后前路手术,即后路微创置入椎弓根螺钉内固定系统后,前路经腹旁正中腹膜后入路行结核病灶清除植骨融合术。术后继续系统抗结核治疗12~18个月。记录手术时间、术中出血量、手术入路相关并发症、植骨融合情况,比较术前、术后疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)分级、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、腰椎局部前凸角(local lordotic angle,LLA)。结果:12例患者均顺利完成手术,术中切除的病灶组织行病理检查,均符合结核改变。手术时间165~380min(268.8±76.7min);出血量160~2500ml(627.5±640.3ml)。共有3例手术相关并发症,均发生于前路手术时,1例为静脉丛撕破,经压迫后止血;2例腹膜撕裂,术中进行修补。随访12~48个月(31.1±9.8个月),12例均获骨性融合,无结核复发征象,无内固定松动、断裂征象。8例术前神经功能损害者术后有不同程度的恢复。术前VAS评分为7.1±1.1分,末次随访时为2.1±1.0分;术前ESR为65.8±29.9mm/h,末次随访时为15.1±8.5mm/h;VAS和ESR均较术前显著降低(P0.05)。术前LLA为3.0°±8.3°,术后即刻矫正为11.0°±6.0°,末次随访时为10.4°±5.9°;与术前相比较,术后即刻LLA显著改善(P0.05),末次随访时LLA无明显丢失。结论:一期后路椎弓根螺钉固定联合前路经腹膜后病灶清除治疗腰骶段脊柱结核,可以显著矫正脊柱畸形并获得满意的临床疗效,但前路经腹膜后入路存在一定的并发症发生率,需谨慎操作。     

后路经椎弓根固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗腰骶脊柱结核

目的：评价后路经椎弓根固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗下腰段和腰骶段脊柱结核的效果和优点。方法：总结1996年3月～2000年12月采用后路经椎弓根固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗的42例下腰段和腰骶段脊柱结核患者的临床资料。结果：术后40例疼痛消失、2例腰痛减轻。30例随访1～4年(平均2年)，经定期X线摄片复查证实植骨块均在6～8个月融合，未见植骨块松动移位。患者弯腰和下蹲活动无受限。1例内固定于术后1．5年松动、另1例内固定于术后2年断裂。结论：后路经椎弓根短节段固定联合前路病灶清除是治疗下腰段和腰骶段脊柱结核的有效方法，能有效防止植骨块松动移位而促进植骨融合，术后患者床上活动不受限，便于护理。     

Surgical strategy of lumbopelvic instrumentation in the treatment of lumbosacral tuberculosis: S2‐alar‐iliac screws vs iliac screws

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and clinical outcomes of S2‐alar‐iliac (S2AI) and iliac screw (IS) techniques in the lumbopelvic reconstruction of lumbosacral tuberculosis patients. From January 2014 to August 2016, 26 patients with lumbosacral tuberculosis attending the 8th Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital were included in this retrospective study. The subjects were divided into two groups based on the lumbopelvic fixation type (16 patients in the S2AI group, 10 patients in the IS group). The operation time, blood loss, length of hospitalisation, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐reactive protein (CRP) level, visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), ambulatory status, and 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) scores of the patients in two groups were recorded and compared. In addition, surgical complications were collected and analysed. The operation time and intraoperative blood loss were significantly lower in the S2AI group than that in the IS group (P < .05). Compared with preoperative data, postoperative data showed significant improvement in ESR, CRP level, ODI scores, VAS scores, ambulatory status, and SF‐36 (P < .05), but there was no significant difference in remission degree between the two groups. Compared with IS group, The S2AI group had significantly lower rates of symptomatic screw prominence (P < .05). Both the IS and S2AI fixation techniques can achieve satisfactory outcomes for the restoration of lumbosacral stability of lumbosacral tuberculosis. Furthermore, compared to the traditional IS fixation technique, the S2AI fixation technique can shorten operation time and reduce surgical trauma for the treatment of lumbosacral tuberculosis.     

Crankshaft effect after posterior spinal fusion and unit rod instrumentation in children with cerebral palsy

Radiographs and charts were reviewed for all children with cerebral palsy who underwent posterior-only spinal fusion with the unit rod for neuromuscular scoliosis by the senior author from 1989 through 1996. Fifty patients were found to have an open triradiate cartilage at the time of fusion. A single observer obtained measurements of the preoperative, postoperative, and most recent spine films using the standard Cobb angle. Amount of change was calculated over the respective periods. Forty-three patients had at least 2 years of clinical follow-up. Twenty-nine patients had more than 2 years of both radiographic (mean, 4.6 years) and clinical follow-up (mean, 4.8 years) with a closed triradiate cartilage on their most recent films. In this group, the mean absolute curve change over the length of radiographic follow-up was 0.6 degrees (range, -9-14). None of the 43 patients with at least 2 years of clinical follow-up (mean, 4.5 years) had any radiographic change that was clinically significant on chart review. Therefore posterior spinal fusion alone with unit rod instrumentation is adequate treatment to control crankshaft deformity in skeletally immature children with neuromuscular scoliosis due to cerebral palsy.     

Repetitive posterior iliac crest autograft harvest resulting in an unstable pelvic fracture and infected non-union: case report and review of the literature

Fractures of the pelvic ring have been well studied, and the biomechanical relationship between the anterior and posterior elements is an important concept to understand these complex injuries. The vast majority of these injuries are due to trauma. However, in rare circumstances, autogenous bone graft harvesting may lead to an unstable pelvic ring. In this case report, we describe a rare complication in a 70-year old female patient who developed an unstable pelvis and an infected non-union secondary to repeated posterior iliac graft harvest. The orthopaedic surgeon should be aware of this detrimental complication associated with extensive or repeated posterior iliac crest graft harvest.     

The influence of lumbar lordosis on spinal fusion and functional outcome after posterolateral spinal fusion with and without pedicle screw instrumentation

The aim of the current study was to examine the correlation between lumbar lordosis, spinal fusion, and functional outcome in patients suffering from severe low back pain, treated by posterolateral spinal fusion with or without pedicle screw instrumentation. One hundred thirty patients were randomly allocated to posterolateral lumbar fusion with or without Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Functional outcome was assessed preoperatively, and 1 and 2 years postoperatively. Lordosis angles of the lumbar spine and fusion rates were assessed at the 1- and 2-year follow-up. No difference in lordosis angle was found between the two groups at any time. Lordosis was unchanged at 2 years compared with preoperative status in both groups. In the instrumented group, nonunion (23%) was followed by a decrease in lordosis at follow-up (p < 0.05). However, in the noninstrumented group, nonunion (14%) resulted in increased lordosis (p < 0.05). No correlation was found between functional outcome and lordosis angle. The current study showed no correlation between functional outcome and lordosis angle either before or after posterolateral spinal fusion. Use of instrumentation did not influence lumbar spinal alignment compared with noninstrumented fusions. The sagittal alignment was stable both 1 and 2 years after solid fusion. The failure mode of instrumented fusions was a reduced degree of lordosis in contrast to an increased degree of lordosis in patients with noninstrumented fusion.     

The comparison of the results after spinal fusion with or without iliac screw insertion in the treatment of neuromuscular scoliosis

Introduction

Neuromuscular scoliosis leads to a wide range of spinal disorders which disturb the musculoskeletal system. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical and radiological results of posterior spinal fusion with and without extending the instrumentation to iliac bones in treatment of neuromuscular scoliosis.

Lumbar spinal canal stenosis in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: Surgical outcomes after posterior decompression surgery without spinal instrumentation

BackgroundTo evaluate surgical outcomes after posterior decompression surgery for lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).MethodsThe patients (n = 184; 132 males and 52 females; mean age 72.0 years; mean follow-up 30.7 months) who underwent posterior decompression surgery for LSS were identified and classified as either DISH (D) or non-DISH (N) based on whole spine radiograph findings. Data on age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, operation time, and estimated blood loss, were evaluated, while radiographic parameters were measured from radiographs obtained pre- and post-operatively.ResultsMean age and ASA classification were comparable between the two groups, while the proportion of males was significantly higher in the D group (87.5%) than in the N group (67.6%) (p = 0.016). Further, mean operation time was longer in the D group (89.0 min) than in the N group (73.7 min) (p = 0.036) and mean estimated blood loss was larger in the D group (98.7 g) than in the N group (51.9 g) (p = 0.006). At two years after surgery, the development of anterior translation was significantly higher in the D group (33.3%) than in the N group (17.3%) (p = 0.021). Improvements in ODI and SF-8 after the surgery were better in the N group than in the D group.ConclusionsCompared to LSS patients without DISH who also underwent posterior decompression surgery for LSS, surgery in patients with DISH was characterized by greater blood loss, longer operation time, increased translation at the decompressed segment, and poor recovery.     

Long-term three-dimensional changes of the spine after posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

This is a prospective study comparing the short- and long-term three-dimensional (3D) changes in shape, length and balance of the spine after spinal instrumentation and fusion in a group of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. The objective of the study was to evaluate the stability over time of the postoperative changes of the spine after instrumentation with multi rod, hook and screw instrumentation systems. Thirty adolescents (average age: 14.5 ± 1.6 years) undergoing surgery by a posterior approach had computerized 3D reconstructions of the spine done at an average of 3 days preoperatively (stage I), and 2 months (stage II) and 2,5 years (stage III) after surgery, using a digital multi-planar radiographic technique. Stages I, II and III were compared using various geometrical parameters of spinal length, curve severity, and orientation. Significant improvement of curve magnitude between stages I and II was documented in the frontal plane for thoracic and lumbar curves, as well as in the orientation of the plane of maximum deformity, which was significantly shifted towards the sagittal plane in thoracic curves. However, there was a significant loss of this correction between stages II and III. Slight changes were noted in apical vertebral rotation, in thoracic kyphosis and in lumbar lordosis. Spinal length and height were significantly increased at stage II, but at long-term follow-up spinal length continued to increase while spinal height remained similar. These results indicate that although a significant 3D correction can be obtained after posterior instrumentation and fusion, a significant loss of correction and an increase in spinal length occur in the years following surgery, suggesting that a crankshaft phenomenon may be an important factor altering the long-term 3D correction after posterior instrumentation of the spine for idiopathic scoliosis. Received: 3 March 1998 Revised: 22 August 1998 Accepted: 15 September 1998     

Prediction of postoperative trunk imbalance after posterior spinal fusion with pedicle screw fixation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

The objective of this retrospective study was to explore, which radiographic parameters, immediately after posterior spinal fusion with pedicle screw fixation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), best correlate with subjacent disc wedging at a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Sixty-four consecutive AIS patients who underwent posterior pedicle screw-only instrumentation were studied. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were obtained to measure various parameters regarding global coronal, shoulder, sagittal, and regional balance. Specific correlation of these parameters to selected 2-year postoperative disc wedging and lowest-instrumented vertebra (LIV) tilt and translation were analyzed. The average lateral disc opening changed from 4.59±4.75 preoperatively to 1.46±2.82 at 2 weeks and 2.81±6.43 at 2 years postoperatively. Two-year postoperative lateral disc opening significantly correlated with the 2-week postoperative lateral disc opening, C7 plumbline relative to the posterior-superior corner of the first sacral vertebra distance, and LIV-center sacral vertical line (CSVL) distance (r=0.7433, P<0.0001). The two-year postoperative LIV tilt significantly correlated with the 2-week postoperative LIV tilt, T12-LIV lordosis, LIV-CSVL distance, and C7-CSVL distance (r=0.8879, P<0.0001). Two-year postoperative LIV-CSVL significantly correlated with 2-week postoperative LIV-CSVL distance and lateral disc opening (r=0.6104, P<0.0001). Two-year postoperative disc wedging, LIV tilt, and LIV translation occurred most often when disc wedging and LIV deviation or obliquity existed immediately postoperatively. This study identified a potential indicator for AIS repair. Preoperative surgical planning and intraoperative correction are important for avoiding subjacent regional imbalance after scoliosis fusion.     

青少年特发性右胸腰弯/腰弯后路矫形术后主动脉位置变化及置钉风险评估

[目的]探讨青少年特发性右胸腰弯/腰弯患者后路矫形术后主动脉位置变化及评估椎弓根螺钉误置导致主动脉损伤的风险。[方法]研究对象为2009年2月²013年2月在本院行后路矫形内固定融合术并有完整术前术后CT检查的16例右胸腰弯/腰弯特发性脊柱侧凸(Lenk 5C型)患者,其中男4例,女12例,平均年龄16.4岁(132013年2月在本院行后路矫形内固定融合术并有完整术前术后CT检查的16例右胸腰弯/腰弯特发性脊柱侧凸(Lenk 5C型)患者,其中男4例,女12例,平均年龄16.4岁(13¹8岁),Cobb角平均43.8°(42°18岁),Cobb角平均43.8°(42°⁵0°)。在术前、术后CT片上测量指标包括:主动脉椎体角(α)、椎体旋转角(β)、左侧安全距离(left safety distance,LSD)及右侧安全距离(right safety distance,RSD)。术前、术后分别采用35、40、45 mm长度的椎弓根螺钉进行模拟置钉。如椎弓根螺钉长度大于安全距离,则定义为存在主动脉损伤的风险。分别评估术前、术后T1250°)。在术前、术后CT片上测量指标包括:主动脉椎体角(α)、椎体旋转角(β)、左侧安全距离(left safety distance,LSD)及右侧安全距离(right safety distance,RSD)。术前、术后分别采用35、40、45 mm长度的椎弓根螺钉进行模拟置钉。如椎弓根螺钉长度大于安全距离,则定义为存在主动脉损伤的风险。分别评估术前、术后T12^L4各节段主动脉损伤的风险。[结果]术前α角从T12至L4逐渐增加,β角从T12至L1增加,从L2至L4逐渐减少。LSD从T12至L4逐渐增加。RSD从T12至T2逐渐增加,从T2至T4逐渐减少。术前模拟置钉发现:随着椎弓根螺钉长度的增加,主动脉损伤的潜在风险逐渐增加。术后α角变化趋势与术前相似,从T12至L4呈增长趋势。与术前相比,T12节段术后左侧安全距离显著性增加(P=0.028),L1节段术后右侧安全距离显著性减小(P=0.031)。术后椎弓根螺钉误置导致主动脉损伤的风险百分比与术前相似。[结论]青少年特发性右胸腰弯/腰弯在T12及L1节段左侧椎弓根置钉时主动脉损伤的理论风险相对较大。矫形术后,主动脉相对位置发生变化,但椎弓根螺钉误置导致主动脉损伤的理论风险并未明显上升。     

Reconstruction of the proximal femur with a vascular pedicle iliac crest graft after tumour resection

A useful method of reconstruction of the proximal femur after tumour resection is described. An anterior iliac crest bone graft with an intact vascular supply based on the deep circumflex iliac vascular bundle is used to fill the bone defect. It is swung down to the femur behind the iliopsoas muscle and locked into place in the femur. Sixteen cases of locally aggressive tumours have been resected and reconstructed by this method. Follow-up for five to eight years shows good reconstitution of the femur and hip function without recurrence.