高温致畸与热休克反应、凋亡相关关系的研究进展

高温是常见的物理致畸因素之一 ,对多种哺乳动物包括人类具有致畸作用 ,但高温致畸机制尚不明确。在高温致畸过程中 ,细胞凋亡增加 ,同时伴有热休克蛋白表达增强 ,表明高温致畸与热休克反应 ,凋亡之间的关系非常密切。     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术筛选及鉴定高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形下调表达基因

目的克隆高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形下调表达基因，探讨其分子生物学机理。方法应用抑制性消减杂交技术构建高温致畸金黄地鼠胚胎神经管反向消减cDNA文库；联合蓝白斑和菌落PCR方法筛选阳性克隆进行测序和同源性分析；用Northern印迹方法证实这些基因的表达。结果成功构建高温致畸金黄地鼠胚胎神经管反向消减cDNA文库，从中筛选到15个基因，均与GenBank中已知基因有同源性。Northern印迹证实这些基因在高温致畸胚胎神经管中均呈下调表达。结论发现了高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形过程中的一些重要相关基因并对其功能进行了初步探讨。     

MAPKs信号转导蛋白在高温致神经管畸形中的表达

目的:探讨高温致畸中MAPKs激酶中的ERK1/2通路与JNK1/2通路蛋白表达及其作用,进一步揭示高温致畸机制。方法:在高温致金黄地鼠畸形的动物模型上,应用Western blotting技术检测对照组和高温组胚胎的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶ERK1/2及JNK1/2的表达及其磷酸化水平。结果:p-ERK1/2在对照组稳定表达;高温作用后p-ERK1/2表达与对照组相比活性降低,差异明显(P0.05);p-JNK1/2在对照组不表达,在高温组各时段均出现表达,并于高温作用后16h活性达最大值,与对照组差异明显(P0.05)。结论:高温可导致胚胎MAPKs信号转导通路中p-ERK1/2活性表达降低、p-JNK1/2活性升高,引起胚胎发育过程中细胞增殖和凋亡的失衡,从而导致胚胎先天缺陷的发生,这可能是高温致畸的一条重要途径。     

NGF和FGF对高温干扰神经细胞生长分化之保护作用的实验研究

ＮＧＦ和ＦＧＦ对高温干扰神经细胞生长分化之保护作用的实验研究管英俊＊高英茂马金龙刘凯李盛芳（山东医科大学组胚教研室＊潍坊医学院组胚教研室）本实验室的研究证明，高温可干扰神经管的形成、分化和发育，从而引起神经管畸形，并且证明在高温致畸过程中，神经上皮中...     

原位注射bFGF及其抗体对鼠胚神经细胞发育的影响

应用胚胎原位注射方法,通过形态学观察、Ｆｅｕｌｇｅｎ染色、蛋白含量测定及图像分析等技术,观察了ｂＦＧＦ及其抗体在体内对神经细胞发育的影响。结果显示,胚胎原位注射ａｎｔｉ－ｂＦＧＦ在本实验给予的剂量下,对胎鼠的体重、身长以及ＤＮＡ和蛋白合成无显著性影响;在高温致畸动物模型上给胚胎原位注射ｂＦＧＦ,对高温的胚胎毒和致畸作用具有保护作用,可促进胚胎的正常发育;高温可抑制细胞ＤＮＡ的合成,高温后并注射ｂＦＧＦ可促进蛋白合成,增加总蛋白含量。     

应用银染mRNA差异显示法寻找高温致神经管畸形差异表达基因

目的 :寻找高温致神经管畸形的差异表达基因。方法 :在高温致神经管畸形的动物模型上 ,分别于高温处理后 2 4、48和 72小时 ,提取鼠胚神经管组织总RNA和正常对照组鼠胚相应时间的神经管组织总RNA ,反转录合成cDNA第一链后进行差异显示PCR扩增 ,采用PAGE和银染技术显示差异条带 ,回收差异条带并经PCR二次扩增后 ,用点杂交方法筛除假阳性条带 ,再用Northern印迹杂交进一步鉴定。结果 :在高温致畸的鼠胚神经管组织中筛选到一个特别明显的差示cDNA片段N3 2 ,该片段所在基因在高温致畸的胚胎神经管组织中的表达远低于正常同龄胚的神经管组织。结论 :N3 2片段所在基因的低表达与高温致神经管畸形相关。     

高温致畸金黄地鼠神经管cDNA文库的构建与鉴定

目的:构建高温致畸金黄地鼠神经管cDNA文库。方法:在高温致神经管畸形动物模型上,提取高温致畸金黄地鼠胚胎神经管总RNA,用SMARTTMcDNA文库构建试剂盒反转录合成cDNA第1链,经LD-PCR合成全长双链cDNA,去除小于500 bp的片断后与λTriplEx2噬菌体左、右臂连接,体外包装,构建成未扩增cDNA文库,再进行文库扩增。测定未扩增和扩增文库的滴度及重组率;随机挑取噬菌斑,经PCR扩增,电泳检测所构建cDNA文库的质量。结果:未扩增文库滴度为2.03×106pfu/ml,重组率为98.4%,文库扩增后滴度达2.503×109pfu/ml,重组率为97.6%。插入片段长度分布于500~3 000 bp之间。结论:成功地构建了高质量的高温致畸金黄地鼠神经管cDNA文库。     

粘连蛋白和凝集素受体在高温致神经管畸形中的作用

粘连蛋白和凝集素受体在高温致神经管畸形中的作用山东医科大学病理生理教研室（济南２５００１２）闫晓梅山东医科大学组织胚胎教研室高英茂本实验用免疫组织化学和亲合细胞化学的方法研究了纤维粘连蛋白（Ｆｎ）、层粘连蛋白（Ｌｎ）及凝集素受体在高温致畸中的作用，以...     

高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形的上调表达基因筛选及其鉴定

目的:筛选高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形的上调表达基因,探讨其分子生物学机制。方法:通过抑制性消减杂交技术获得消减产物,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,构建高温致金黄地鼠胚胎神经管畸形的消减cDNA文库;联合蓝白斑和菌落PCR方法筛选含插入片段的阳性克隆,进行测序和同源性分析,并经Northern杂交技术检测基因的表达。结果:成功构建高温致金黄地鼠胚胎神经管畸形的消减cDNA文库,其中2个克隆插入片段的基因序列与小鼠磷酸甘油酸酯激酶(Pgk-1)同源。Northern杂交证实该基因在高温致畸胚胎神经管的表达较其在同龄正常胚胎神经管明显升高。结论:Pgk-1的上调表达可能与高温致神经管畸形密切相关。     

高温对原代培养神经细胞的影响(英文)

本实验仿照高温致畸动物模型的制作程序处理原代培养的神经细胞 ,取受精后 10 d金黄地鼠胚胎神经管制成细胞悬液 ,进行原代培养。随机分为对照组和高温组 ,高温组于接种后 2 4h置 42℃水浴中持续 2 0 min;对照组置 3 7℃水浴中持续 2 0min,于 3 7℃、5 % CO2 孵箱中继续培养。应用倒置相差显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、MTT测定、凝胶电泳、原位末端标记(TU NEL)、免疫细胞化学反应以及图像分析等技术 ,观察了高温对原代培养神经细胞的影响。结果显示 :高温可使神经细胞的凋亡数增多、存活数减少、神经网络稀疏。高温后细胞内超微结构也发生明显变化 ,表现为核形态不规则 ,染色质浓缩、边聚 ,粗面内质网、高尔基复合体膨大 ,线粒体结构基本正常。MTT测定示细胞内线粒体酶的活性降低 ,DNA电泳可见梯状带纹 ,TUNEL 较DNA电泳更敏感 ,且可在原位显示单个凋亡细胞。高温可诱导 bcl-2和 bax蛋白产物表达出现异常变化。上述结果表明 ,高温可诱导原代培养神经细胞凋亡 ,bcl-2和 bax在高温诱导凋亡过程中发挥重要调节作用     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.