黏附分子和血管内皮生长因子在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的研究黏附分子（MUC4）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及临床意义。方法采用免疫组化技术检测20例卵巢良性肿瘤、10例卵巢交界性肿瘤、60例卵巢上皮性卵巢癌组织进行MUC4和VEGF的表达。结果MUC4和VEGF在卵巢良性肿瘤、交界性瘤、上皮性卵巢癌表达差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;MUC4和VEGF在卵巢癌中低分化组织中表达率与高分化组织中相比,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）;在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期（早期）和Ⅲ、Ⅳ期（晚期）卵巢癌组织中,VEGF的表达差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,两组中MUC4的表达差异无显著性;在CA125正常组和CA125升高组中,VEGF的表达差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,两组中MUC4的表达差异无显著性;在早期上皮性卵巢癌中,MUC4表达高于VEGF,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论MUC4与卵巢肿瘤的良恶性、病理分级有关,与临床分期、CA125值无关,VEGF与卵巢肿瘤的良恶性、临床分期、CA125值、病理分级有关。MUC4是上皮性卵巢癌早期诊断的候选指标,VEGF与预后有关,2者联合检测可提高对上皮性卵巢癌诊断的敏感度,能更好的评估病情及预后。     

乳腺癌手术前后血清CA153、CA125、CEA检测的临床意义

目的：探讨乳腺癌患者手术前后血清CA153、CA125和CEA水平的变化。方法：应用化学发光免疫分析法（CLIA）检测168例乳腺癌（Ⅰ＋Ⅱ期125例,Ⅲ＋Ⅳ期43例）患者血清CA153、CA125和CEA含量,并与132例非肿瘤患者作比较。结果：乳腺癌患者手术治疗前血清CA153、CA125和CEA含量非常显著地高于非肿瘤患者组（P〈0.01）;三者联合检测较单一检测阳性率明显增高（P〈0.01）。Ⅰ＋Ⅱ期患者手术后3个月CA153、CA125和CEA水平下降（P〈0.05）,与非肿瘤患者组比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;Ⅲ＋Ⅳ期患者手术后3个月CA153、CA125和CEA水平明显下降（P〈0.05）,但仍高于非肿瘤患者组（P〈0.05）。结论：检测乳腺癌患者血清CA153、CA125和CEA含量对临床诊断和预后观察具有重要的临床价值。     

4项指标联合检测在恶性淋巴瘤诊疗中的价值

目的 探讨血清标志物CA125、铁蛋白（SF）、β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）及乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）在恶性淋巴瘤（ML）患者诊断及疗效判断中的价值.方法 采用化学发光法和速率法检测89例恶性淋巴瘤患者血清CA125、SF、β2-MG和LDH水平.结果 ML组血清CA125、SF、β2-MG、LDH测定值及阳性率明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;血清CA125、SF、β2-MG、LDH联合检测的灵敏度和准确度均高于单项检测;血清CA125、SF、β2-MG、LDH均和ML临床分期相关,Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者水平明显高于Ⅰ/Ⅱ期（P〈0.05）;化疗后缓解组血清CA125、SF、β2-MG、LDH水平下调显著,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 血清CA125、SF、β2-MG、LDH联合检测是ML辅助诊断的有效指标,对ML的临床分期、疗效判断等方面有重要的参考价值.     

血清CA125在卵巢癌诊断及预测分期中的应用价值

目的探讨血清CA125在卵巢癌诊断及预测分期中的应用价值。方法我院妇产科2001年1月—2010年10月收治卵巢癌病人520例,测定其血清CA125水平,并分析其与卵巢癌病理组织学类型、临床分期的关系。结果 520例卵巢癌病人中上皮性卵巢癌组血清CA125水平与生殖细胞肿瘤组及性索间质肿瘤组比较明显增高（F=9.466,P〈0.01）;上皮性卵巢癌组中浆液性囊腺癌CA125水平与黏液性腺癌及透明细胞癌相比明显增高（F=7.399,P〈0.01）;Ⅲ～Ⅳ期组CA125的水平明显高于Ⅰ～Ⅱ期组（F=54.720,t=7.852,P〈0.01）;低分化组血清CA125水平明显高于高、中分化组（F=47.031,t=6.880,P〈0.01）;血清CA125含量〉46.36kU/L时,上皮性卵巢癌的诊断价值最高,对应的诊断灵敏度为82.6%,特异度为61.8%;当CA125〉150kU/L时,晚期病人诊断灵敏度、特异度及准确率分别为85.66%、59.22%及75.48%,此时对卵巢癌晚期诊断意义大。结论血清CA125对上皮性卵巢癌的诊断具有较高价值,尤其是上皮性浆液性囊腺癌病人血清CA125水平升高明显;晚期（Ⅲ～Ⅳ期）以及低分化病人CA125水平较高;CA125诊断价值的最佳临界点高于普遍认为的阳性诊断标准,当CA125〉150kU/L时,对晚期病人诊断意义较大。     

黏附分子和血管内皮生长因子在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的研究黏附分子(MUC4)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及临床意义。方法采用免疫组化技术检测20例卵巢良性肿瘤、10例卵巢交界性肿瘤、60例卵巢上皮性卵巢癌组织进行MUC4和VEGF的表达。结果MUC4和VEGF在卵巢良性肿瘤、交界性瘤、上皮性卵巢癌表达差异有显著性(P0.05);MUC4和VEGF在卵巢癌中低分化组织中表达率与高分化组织中相比,差异有显著性(P0.01);在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期(早期)和Ⅲ、Ⅳ期(晚期)卵巢癌组织中,VEGF的表达差异有显著性(P0.01),两组中MUC4的表达差异无显著性;在CA125正常组和CA125升高组中,VEGF的表达差异有显著性(P0.01),两组中MUC4的表达差异无显著性;在早期上皮性卵巢癌中,MUC4表达高于VEGF,差异有显著性(P0.01)。结论MUC4与卵巢肿瘤的良恶性、病理分级有关,与临床分期、CA125值无关,VEGF与卵巢肿瘤的良恶性、临床分期、CA125值、病理分级有关。MUC4是上皮性卵巢癌早期诊断的候选指标,VEGF与预后有关,2者联合检测可提高对上皮性卵巢癌诊断的敏感度,能更好的评估病情及预后。     

血清肿瘤标志物CA125、CA153、CEA水平检测在卵巢恶性肿瘤中的诊断价值

目的探讨血清肿瘤标志物癌抗原125（cancer antigen 125,CA125）、癌抗原153（cancer antigen 153,CA153）、癌胚托原（Carcinoembryonic antigen。CEA）单独或联合检测对卵巢癌的诊断价值。方法应用电化学发光技术测定经病理确诊的如矍癌患者152例、盆腔良性疾病患者68例及健康对照者80例血清肿瘤标志物CA125、CA153、CEA的含量水平,并计算各项目的阳性率、灵敏性、特异性、准确性等诊断性能指标。结果卵巢癌组3项肿瘤标志物水平显著高于卵巢良性疾病组及健康对照组（P〈0．01）;Ⅲ、Ⅳ期卵巢癌患者各指标阳性率高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;上皮性癌患者各项指标阳性率高于非上皮性患者（P〈0．01）;判断卵巢肿瘤的良、恶性,单项指标以CA125的诊断性能最好;CA125、CA153、CEA联合检测可提高卵巢癌诊断的灵敏性和准确性（P〈0．01）。结论CA125、CA153、CEA单项检测对上皮性卵巢癌均有一定的诊断价值,其中以CA125诊断性能最高。且3项联检优于单项检测。     

胃癌患者血清CEA、CA724、VEGF和Endostatin联合测定的临床意义

目的 研究血清CEA、CA724、VEGF和Endostatin联合测定在胃癌诊断中的临床意义.方法 采用ELISA方法测定60例胃癌患者中VEGF和Endostatin水平,同时采用电化学发光法测定CEA、CA724水平,并以胃溃疡患者和正常人群作对照.结果 胃癌患者血清CEA、CA724、VEGF和Endostatin水平明显高于胃溃疡患者和正常人群,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;且Ⅲ、Ⅳ期均明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.联合检测灵敏度提高至75%明显高于单项检测（分别为43.33%、56.67%、48.33%、40.00%）.结论 血清CEA、CA724、VEGF和Endostatin可用于胃癌的诊断、预后判断,联合测定可提高诊断率.     

血清肿瘤标记物与卵巢良恶性肿瘤的相关性分析

目的 分析血清肿瘤标记物糖类抗原CA125、癌胚抗原（CEA）、人附睾蛋白4（HE4）与卵巢肿瘤性质、卵巢癌临床分期、组织学分型及预后的相关性.方法 CA125、CEA采用电化学发光法检测,HE4采用酶联免疫（ELISA）法检测.选取178例卵巢肿瘤患者为研究对象,均经住院手术治疗,术后病理组织学确诊.其中,卵巢恶性肿瘤92例（卵巢癌组）,卵巢良性肿瘤86例（卵巢良性病变组）,所有病例术前、术后随访均有血清肿瘤标记物CA125、CEA、HE4检查资料,采用回顾性统计方法分析其与卵巢良恶性肿瘤的相关性.结果 卵巢癌组患者血清CA125、CEA、HE4水平与卵巢良性病变组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;卵巢癌高分期组（Ⅲ、Ⅳ期）血清CA125、CEA、HE4水平分别为（423.42±117.35） U/ml、（59.23±19.97） ng/ml、（513.11±221.13）pmol/L,卵巢癌低分期组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）分别为（207.19±61.23） U/ml、（36.78±9.41） ng/ml、（263.82±102.43） pmol/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.01）;卵巢癌组手术后3个月血清CA125、CEA、HE4水平与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;卵巢癌低分期组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）手术后3个月血清CA125、CEA、HE4水平与卵巢良性病变组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;卵巢癌高分期组（Ⅲ、Ⅳ期）手术后3个月血清CA125、CEA、HE4水平与卵巢良性病变组比较差异仍有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.CA125、CEA、HE4诊断卵巢癌的敏感性分别为64.1％、30.4％、42.4％,三项联合检测诊断卵巢癌的敏感性高达92.4％,联合检测与各单项检测敏感性比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 血清肿瘤标记物CA125、CEA、HE4联合动态检测是鉴别卵巢良恶性肿瘤的有效方法,对卵巢癌的早期诊断、临床分期、组织学分型及预后观察具有重要的临床应用价值.     

化学发光法检测CA125和CA153诊断卵巢肿瘤的临床分析

目的探讨分析化学发光法在卵巢肿瘤CA125和CA153检测中的应用效果。方法随机选取2014年1月至2016年1月期间收治的60例卵巢肿瘤患者为研究对象,其中恶性卵巢肿瘤患者30例,良性肿瘤患者30例,同时选取同期来院就诊的非卵巢手术患者30例为对照组。所选患者均接受空腹采集外周静脉血检测,采用化学发光法检测卵巢肿瘤患者CA125、CA153水平,对比分析检测结果。结果相对于健康对照组,恶性卵巢肿瘤组和良性卵巢肿瘤组患者的血清CA125和CA153水平明显升高,各组比较差异具有显著统计学意义(P0.05);且恶性和良性卵巢肿瘤组患者血清CA125和CA153检测阳性率明显高于健康对照组,差异有明显统计学意义(P0.05)。CA125和CA153水平联合检测对卵巢肿瘤的诊断敏感度和准确性远远高于单一血清CA125和CA153水平检测,具有较高的临床诊断价值。结论卵巢肿瘤患者血清CA125和CA153水平的变化采用化学发光法检测效果显著,具有较高的特异性,血清CA125和CA153联合检测能够显著提高临床诊断的准确性。     

CA153等在乳腺癌肺癌及几种疾病中的应用

目的 探讨血清以及胸水中CA153在乳腺癌及肺部疾病中的临床应用价值。方法 采用微粒子酶免疫化学发光分析法对16例乳腺癌患者血清、27例肺癌患者的血清以及其中8例肺癌患者的胸水、122例肺部良性疾病患者的血清及113例正常健康体检者的血清进行CA153、CEA、CA199、CA125水平测定。结果 乳腺癌患者血清CA153水平（37.06±75.03 U/ml）为各种疾病中最高;肺癌组4项肿瘤标志物的水平显著高于正常对照组与肺部良性疾病组（P〈0.01）,肺部良性疾病组4项肿瘤标志物的水平显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,CA153＋CEA＋CA125联合检测对肺癌诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为77.78%6、5.57%,为最佳组合;肺癌患者胸水中4项肿瘤标物的平均值均显著高于血清,胸水与血清间CA125水平有非常显著性差异（P〈0.01）,而CA153、CEA及CA199水平无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,胸水联合检测CA153＋CEA＋CA125阳性率高达100%。结论 乳腺癌组血清CA153水平为各种疾病中最高;其次为肺癌组。检测血清中CA153、CEA等肿瘤标志物、以及胸水中CA125对肺部良、恶性疾病的鉴别诊断具有重要的意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.