老年肺栓塞患者的临床特点分析

目的探讨老年肺栓塞的临床特点和诊断方法,减少误诊率和漏诊率。方法回顾性分析我院确诊的60例老年(≥65岁)肺栓塞的高危因素、临床表现和辅助检查结果。结果老年肺栓塞的危险因素为下肢静脉血栓(DVT,33.3%)、手术外伤(25.0%)、长期卧床(23.3%)。呼吸困难为最常见症状(80.0%),96.7%患者临床症状缺乏特异性。螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)结果显示老年患者肺栓塞部位主要为右下叶肺动脉(38.9%)、右肺动脉(35.2%)和左下叶肺动脉(29.6%),53.7%的患者为多支血管受累。核素肺通气/灌注扫描(V/Q扫描)的阳性率为73.9%,CTPA的阳性率为65.2%,43.5%的患者V/Q扫描和CTPA均为阳性,二者联用的检出率为95.7%。结论老年肺栓塞表现为多处、主要血管受累,以右肺动脉和双下叶肺动脉多见。提高老年肺栓塞的诊断水平,及时正确的诊断和治疗可改善预后,降低病死率。推荐联合使用V/Q扫描和CTPA检查。     

肺栓塞动物模型(猪)V/Q SPECT显像与平面显像的对比

目的应用201Tl标记栓子制作肺栓塞动物模型(猪),比较肺V/QSPECT显像和平面显像的灵敏度、特异性和准确性,探讨肺通气显像在肺栓塞诊断中的意义及V/Q显像在亚肺段肺动脉栓塞(PE)诊断中的作用。方法16头试验用小型猪,栓塞前应用不同技术参数行99Tcm窗肺灌注平面及断层显像,每头猪分别置入0～3个栓子,栓塞后行99Tcm窗及201Tl窗双窗肺通气平面、断层显像及99Tcm窗肺灌注平面、断层显像。最后行X线平片或CT显像并进行肺脏解剖确定栓子位置。结果共可见栓子28个,其中17个位于左肺,11个位于右肺。平面显像的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为75%、75%和75%,而断层显像的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为100%、75%和96.9%。结论肺通气/灌注断层显像的灵敏度及准确性均较平面显像高,而特异性两者相同。同时行V/Q显像可提高肺栓塞的诊断率。V/QSPECT断层显像可提高亚肺段性PE的诊断率。选用低能通用准直器、平面显像矩阵128×128、断层影像Zoom1.46可较好的满足临床诊断需要。     

The role of lung imaging in pulmonary embolism

The advantages of lung scanning in suspected pulmonary embolism are its diagnostic sensitivity, simplicity and safety. The ability to delineate regional pulmonary ischaemia, to quantitate its extent and to follow its response to therapy provides valuable clinical data available by no other simple means. The negative scan effectively excludes pulmonary embolism but, although certain of its features favour the diagnosis of embolism, the positive scan inherently lacks specificity and requires angiographic confirmation when embolectomy, caval plication or infusion of a thrombolytic agent are contemplated. The addition of simple ventilation imaging techniques with radioxenon overcomes this limitation by providing accurate analog estimation or digital quantitation of regional ventilation: perfusion (V/Q) ratios fundamental to understanding the pathophysiologic consequences of embolism and other diseases of the lung.     

核素一日法肺通气/灌注显像在肺血栓栓塞症中的应用

目的 应用核索一日法肺通气/灌注(V/Q)显像研究下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)和肾静脉血栓(RVT)患者肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)的发病情况,并与CT血管造影(CTA)结果 进行比较.方法 99例DVT和RVT患者进行肺通气(锝气体)/锝标记大颗粒聚合人血清白蛋白(99mTc-MAA)灌注显像和胸部X线片检查,其中12例进行V/Q平面和单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)显像,23例同期进行CTA检查.根据肺栓塞前瞻性研究(PIOPED)诊断标准(1995年修订版),综合分析V/Q显像和胸部X线片结果 ,将PTE划分为高、中、低、极低度可能性和正常5类,并以高、中、低度可能性为阳性,极低度可能性和正常为阴性.比较灌注相SPECT显像与V/Q平面显像发现的病灶数量.结果 99例患者中,PTE高度可能性为35.4%(35/99)、中度可能性为8.1%(8/99)、低度可能性为9.1%(9/99)、极低度可能性为4.0%(4/99)、正常为43.4%(43/99),阳性率为50.5%、阴性率为49.5%.12例同时进行CTA、肺灌注V/Q平面显像和SPECT显像检查的患者,3种检查分别发现48、43和50个阳性肺段.8例CTA检查阳性患者的48个受累肺段中,肺灌注V/Q平面显像显示34个肺段阳性,与CTA检查的符合率为70.8%;肺灌注SPECT显像显示39个肺段阳性,与CTA检查的符合率为81.2%;两种检查与CTA检查符合率间的差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.04,P<0.05).肺灌注V/Q平面和SPECT显像分别较CTA检查多发现9个和11个病变肺段,均在亚肺段水平.肺灌注SPECT显像较V/Q平面显像多发现的7个肺段也均定位于亚肺段水平.肺动脉部分栓塞时,由于血流可以通过,肺组织灌注可能正常,V/Q显像往往不能发现病变血管;而当外周肺段、亚肺段较小肺动脉栓塞时,CTA检查易漏诊.结论 SPECT可以明显改进肺V/Q显像.肺V/Q显像可以提供优良、准确的PTE诊断结果 ,CTA检查与其可优势互补.     

多层螺旋CT平扫对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的探讨螺旋CT平扫对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法搜集我院2009年1月至今经CT血管造影证实的肺动脉栓塞患者12例,其中男8例,女4例,年龄19—71岁,平均45岁。所有病例均行X线、CT平扫、增强及三维重建。分析CT平扫所示的间接征象对肺动脉栓塞诊断的价值。结果在常规X线检查12例中,9例表现为一侧肺野局限性片样高密度影,伴有胸腔积液。3例未见明显异常。本组12例中有2例怀疑肺动脉栓塞,并建议CT扫描。CT平扫所示,上述X线所提示的9例阳性病例表现为一侧肺内实变灶,5例实变灶尖端指向肺门,伴有单侧或双侧胸腔积液,X线表现阴性者3例中,1例肺内未见实变,也无胸水,仅表现为肺动脉密度局限性减低;2例病灶位于下叶后基底段,表现为少许索条样稍高密度影,临近胸膜腔出现少许胸水。常规X线片上被膈面遮挡,显示不清晰。此12例中10例高度怀疑肺动脉栓塞,并建议CT增强扫描、三维重建。本组12例行增强扫描,并进行工作站三维重建后,均可以看到肺动脉栓塞表现。结论X线常规摄影对肺栓塞的诊断无特异性,CT平扫间接征象对肺动脉栓塞的检出有一定价值。     

SPECT/CT肺灌注显像与肺通气/灌注平面显像在肺栓塞诊断中的应用比较

目的分析单光子发射型计算机断层/低剂量平扫CT(SPECT/CT)肺灌注显像与肺通气/灌注(V/Q)平面显像在肺栓塞诊断中的应用。方法将2017年6月至2018年10月我院收治的120例疑似肺栓塞患者作为研究对象,所有患者均进行SPECT/CT肺灌注显像和V/Q平面显像检查,以临床最终诊断结果为准,评估SPECT/CT肺灌注显像和V/Q平面显像对肺栓塞的诊断效能。结果 120例患者中最终有100例诊断为肺栓塞,其中肺段病变247个,亚肺段病变285个。SPECT/CT肺灌注显像对肺栓塞诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为89.00%、90.00%、89.17%、97.80%、62.07%,均大于V/Q平面显像的81.00%、80.00%、80.83%、95.29%、45.71%。SPECT/CT肺灌注显像对肺栓塞肺段病变检出率87.04%与V/Q平面显像的82.19%无显著差异(P>0.05),对亚肺段病变检出率92.28%高于V/Q平面显像的85.96%(P<0.05)。结论 SPECT/CT肺灌注显像对肺栓塞的诊断效能优于V/Q平面显像,且可提高对亚肺段病变检出率。     

心电图、超声心动图与CTPA在诊断急性肺栓塞中的应用

目的探析心电图、超声心动图与CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)在诊断急性肺栓塞中的应用。方法选取2016年4月-2018年4月我院收治的疑诊急性肺栓塞患者125例,均行心电图、超声心动图及CTPA检查,根据其影像学特征分析心电图、超声心动图与CTPA对诊断急性肺栓塞的应用价值。结果125例疑诊患者采用CTPA检查确诊为急性肺栓塞者89例,排除急性肺栓塞者36例,共检出栓子数量641个,腔内呈不均匀低密度影,左侧肺动脉栓子共55个、右侧肺动脉主干栓子187个、右下肺动脉栓子93个、支气管分支及肺叶动脉栓子306个,血管均呈不同程度的充盈缺损;确诊组心电图呈IRBBB(不完全性右束支传导阻滞)、典型的SⅠQⅢTⅢ型、V1导联T波倒置、V2导联T波倒置、V1-V2导联ST段抬高<0.1mV、心房颤动、顺钟转位征象的比例明显高于排除组(P<0.05);确诊组患者右室增大、三尖瓣反流、肺动脉高压、肺动脉血栓比例明显高于排除组(P<0.05);采用心电图诊断急性肺栓塞准确率、灵敏度、特异度分别为68.80%、84.27%、30.56%,超声心动图分别为92.00%、95.51%、83.33%,心电图联合超声心动图分别为95.20%、97.75%、88.89%,联合诊断准确率、灵敏度、特异度均较高。结论采用CTPA可准确进行急性肺栓塞疾病诊断,但其为有创检查,且价格相对昂贵,心电图联合超声心动图检查准确率、灵敏度、特异度较高,操作简单,安全性高,费用低廉,可作为早期急性肺栓塞疾病诊断的首选检查方案。     

V/Q显像与CT肺动脉造影在慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压不同栓塞水平中的研究

目的对比肺通气/灌注显像(ventilation/perfusion scan,V/Q)与CT肺动脉造影(CT pulmonary angiography,CTPA)在慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension,CTEPH)肺段动脉及亚段动脉栓子的检出效能。方法选取经临床Wells评分、临床资料、实验室检查及X线肺动脉造影综合确诊为慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压的39例患者,其中男28例,女11例,平均年龄(51.0±16.1)岁,合并近期手术者4例、心力衰竭者7例、既往存在急性肺栓塞12例、合并下肢深静脉血栓26例。临床Wells评分,高度可能性者17例,中度可能性者22例。所有患者均接受V/Q单光子发射计算机断层成像术(single photon emission CT,SPECT)断层显像、CTPA及X线肺动脉造影(pulmonary artery angiography,PAG)检查,检查于3～7 d内完成并由放射科及核医学科有经验医师进行独立、双盲法阅片。采用SPSS 13.0统计软件对V/Q SPECT及CTPA与PAG段及亚段的检查结果进行χ2检验及Kappa一致性检验。结果对于肺段动脉栓子,V/Q SPECT与CTPA的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为84.7%、77.7%,94.6%、98.2%,90.9%、91.2%;亚段肺动脉栓子,V/Q SPECT与CTPA敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为63.2%、50.4%,94.8%、94.8%,93.8%、83.9%。结论 V/Q显像对段及亚段病变定位的敏感性较高,临床中V/Q显像正常即可排除CTEPH,若存在异常须进一步行CTPA、PAG及磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)等检查进一步明确。     

多层螺旋CT对肺动脉栓塞及下肢深静脉血栓形成的诊断价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT对肺动脉栓塞及下肢深静脉血栓形成的诊断价值。方法 将广东省珠海市第二人民医院38例可疑肺动脉栓塞患者作为研究对象,进行多层螺旋CT扫面,采用最大表面覆盖法、多平面投影法、曲面重建法及最大密度投影法,由2名经验丰富医师进行双盲观察。结果 共发现单纯肺动脉栓塞（pulmonary embolism,PE）栓子113处,右侧栓子44处（38.9%）,左侧栓子16处（14.2%）,双侧栓子53处（46.9%）;单纯下肢深静脉血栓（deep vein thrombosis,DVT）栓子49处,右侧栓子26处（53.1%）,左侧栓子16处（32.7%）,双侧栓子7处（14.3%）;PE合并DVT栓子14处,右侧8处（57.1%）,左侧2处（14.3%）,双侧4处（28.6%）。结论 DVT与PE发病关联密切,多层螺旋CT在诊断PE上具有准确率高、操作简单、快速及方便等优势,尤其适宜对PE小病变的诊断。     

V/Q显像与SPECT-CT断层显像在慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压中的研究

目的对比肺通气/灌注平面显像与肺灌注SPECT-CT同机融合断层显像在慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压肺段动脉及亚段动脉栓子的检出效能。方法选取经临床Wells评分、临床资料、实验室检查及X线肺动脉造影综合确诊为慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压的35例患者,其中男25例,女10例,平均年龄（52.4±16.5）岁,合并近期手术者3例、心力衰竭者7例、既往存在急性肺栓塞10例、合并下肢深静脉血栓21例;临床Wells评分,高度可能性者15例,中度可能性者20例。所有患者均接受肺通气/灌注平面显像、肺灌注SPECT-CT断层同机融合显像及X线肺动脉造影检查,检查于5 d内完成并由核医学科及放射科有经验医师进行独立、双盲法阅片。采用SPSS19.0统计软件对肺通气/灌注平面显像、SPECT-CT同机融合显像及X线肺动脉造影段及亚段的检查结果进行χ2检验及Kappa一致性检验。结果对于肺段动脉栓子,肺通气/灌注平面显像与肺灌注SPECT-CT的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为89.63%、69.41%、77.14%;92.53%、93.57%、93.17%。亚段肺动脉栓子,肺通气/灌注平面显像与肺灌注SPECT-CT敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为60.97%、89.05%、82.14%;63.87%、94.0%、86.59%。结论肺灌注SPECT-CT在保留了肺通气/灌注平面显像对肺段及亚段病变定位较高的敏感性同时,提高了对肺段及亚段病变定位的特异性。     

Oral contraception and venous thrombosis

Between 1961 and 1963 there were 347 instances of thrombophlebitis in women using a norethynodrel-estrogen combination (Enovid) for contraception reported to the manufacturer. Fatal pulmonary embolism occurred in 35 cases, of which 9 were due to causes other than Enovid. There is a serious lack of reliable statistics concerning the occurrence of thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism in the female population at various ages. A meeting of specialists in 1962 concluded that no evidence was available to relate spontaneous intravascular clotting with the use of oral contraceptives. Supporters of a simple contraceptive maintain that if Enovid is responsible for the problems noted, the incidence is extremely low and would probably be consistent with the rare-drug idiosyncrasy or sensitivity. There would be a greater health risk to those women who, through nonuse of any contraceptives (when they would have used the oral method), become pregnant and develop thromboembolism as a consequence of pregnancy.     

Wells评分对临床诊断肺栓塞的应用价值

目的将Wells简易评分标准应用于临床肺栓塞诊断,以提高肺栓塞诊断率,降低肺栓塞的误诊率及死亡率。方法回顾性分析282例可疑肺栓塞患者的临床表现、实验室检查、下肢血管彩色超声、核素肺通气-灌注扫描、螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)及心脏超声等临床资料,应用Wells评分标准对282例疑似肺栓塞患者进行评分。结果肺栓塞可能135例(47.8%),肺栓塞不可能147例(52.2%)。以肺栓塞金标准诊断方法进行诊断,肺栓塞可能中确诊有86例(87.8%),肺栓塞不可能中确诊有12例(12.2%);诊断肺栓塞的灵敏度和特异度分别为88.8%和73.4%。ROC曲线下面积为0.854。结论 Wells评分是一项有较高灵敏度和特异性的临床诊断肺栓塞的评分体系,有较高的临床应用价值。     

肺通气/灌注与CT肺动脉造影诊断肺栓塞对比分析

目的:探讨肺通气/灌注(V/Q)显像与CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)在肺栓塞诊断中的应用价值。方法:选择我院2006年4月～2010年4月收治的肺栓塞患者164例,按照疾病程度分为大面积肺栓塞组(48例)、次大面积肺栓塞组(56例)和非大面积肺栓塞组(60例)3组,对3组患者V/Q显像与CTPA检出率进行比较。结果:肺V/Q显像总检出率为91.46%,CTPA总检出率为90.24%,2种方法总检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同方法对A、B、C组阳性检出率不同,A组CTPA检出率明显高于肺V/Q显像,B、C组V/Q显像检出率明显高于CTPA,差异均有统计学意义(t分别为5.83、5.02、5.13,P均<0.05)。结论:肺V/Q显像与CTPA诊断栓塞各有优缺点,临床中根据患者情况结合应用,为治疗提供准确有效的信息。     

肺动脉栓塞13例报告

目的 探讨肺动脉栓塞的临床特点，提高对引起肺动脉栓塞高危因素的认识。方法对13例肺动脉栓塞症状、体征及实验室检查进行回顾分析。结果13例肺动脉栓塞误诊7例(死亡5例)，高达53．85％；5例经肺动脉造影，采用尿激酶溶栓；3例口服华法令及通心络。结论肺动脉栓塞临床并非少见，症状变化多端，不易识别，应提高对肺动脉栓塞的警惕性。     

血浆D-二聚体的测定在排除肺栓塞诊断中的临床意义

目的探讨D-二聚体(D-dimer,DD)在排除肺栓塞诊断中的临床价值。方法使用ELISA法对可疑肺栓塞患者血浆中纤维蛋白降解产物DD进行检测,并对这些可疑肺栓塞患者进行半年的随访,了解是否有肺栓塞或深静脉栓塞的症状。结果共有102例患者参加检测,42例患者(41.1%)的DD检测值<500μg/L,60例患者血浆中的DD检测值>500μg/L,其中有11例患者通过肺通气灌注扫描(V/Q)证实为肺栓塞。ELISADD法的敏感性为100%,阴性预期值为100%。结论DD检测方法简便易行,设备要求不高,可作为排除肺栓塞的首选试验,易在临床诊断中推广使用。     

Pulmonary angiography in a non-teaching hospital over a 12-year period.

OBJECTIVE: To report the safety of pulmonary angiography in a non-teaching hospital and discuss the place of this investigation in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective review of all patients undergoing pulmonary angiography over a 12-year period, November 1979 to October 1991, at Dandenong Hospital, Melbourne. A protocol was established whereby each procedure was performed with the assistance of staff and equipment from the intensive care unit to provide haemodynamic monitoring and measurement of pulmonary artery pressures. PATIENTS: During the review period 114 patients underwent pulmonary angiography, most (108) for suspected pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: One hundred and fifteen pulmonary angiograms were performed, and no deaths related to the procedure occurred. Complications included perforation of the right atrium in three patients, with no sequelae. Cardiac arrhythmias were common but self-limiting. CONCLUSION: In our series, pulmonary angiography was a safe procedure if undertaken with the appropriate monitoring measures. A protocol which includes the participation of the intensive care unit has proved helpful. In addition, it was found that clinical symptoms and signs were unreliable and in 24 patients who also had ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scans, only seven scans were accurate. A review of the literature indicates that V/Q scans lack specificity and that pulmonary angiography may be performed safely. The latter investigation should be more frequently performed.     

The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

A blind assessment of abnormalities of pulmonary scintiscans in patients with pulmonary emboli and other clinical conditions showed that there was no abnormality specific for pulmonary embolism. However, a normal lung scan virtually excluded pulmonary embolism and an area, or areas, of absent perfusion was confirmatory evidence of embolism, without infarction, if the chest radiograph was normal, and of embolism with infarction if the clinical and radiographic findings were compatible.     

螺旋CT对肺栓塞的诊断价值

目的评价螺旋CT诊断肺动脉栓塞(pulmonary embolism;PE)的价值。方法回顾性分析13例因临床高度怀疑肺栓塞患者的影像资料(螺旋CT平扫加增强扫描,核素肺灌注/通气显像扫描),发现能提示PE的异常征象。结果在13例患者中,9例在螺旋CT血管造影(SCTPA)中发现有PE,余4例由核素肺灌注/通气显像检出。7例螺旋CT平扫有阳性发现,其征象有局部肺纹理稀疏纤细、肺动脉扩张、“马赛克”征、胸腔积液或心包积液、肺动脉局限性密度增高、肺梗死灶。结论螺旋CT诊断PE简便、安全、准确性高,是诊断PE的一种可靠性方法,但对于不能使用对比剂或因非典型心肺症状而仅作平扫的病例,螺旋CT平扫异常征象能提示PE的存在。     

PE患者应用GE宝石能谱CT诊断的临床价值分析

目的探讨肺栓塞(PE)患者应用GE宝石能谱CT诊断的临床价值。方法收集2017年8月~2018年12月我院临床疑似PE并行能谱CT检查的患者120例,以CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)确诊的PE患者为研究对象,通过数据处理获取CTPA图像及肺组织碘基物质图像。根据CTPA图像观察栓子分布情况并进行类型,于碘基图中测定栓塞区与与对侧正常区相比碘含量值。结果 120例临床可疑PE患者,经能谱CTPA证实为阳性57例,共发现289个栓子,其中完全型栓子172个,不完全型117个(包括中心型17个、偏心型86个、附壁型14个)。完全型栓子、中心型及偏心型栓子栓塞区碘基值均明显低于对照区(P<0.05);附壁型栓子碘基值在栓塞区与对照组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。完全型栓子灌注减低区检出率明显高于不完全型栓子(P<0.05)。结论宝石能谱CT能够显示肺组织血流灌注异常改变,对PE诊断及病情评估有重要价值。     

Incidence of Pleural Effusion in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism

Background:

No data on the incidence of pleural effusion (PE) in Chinese patients with pulmonary embolism are available to date. The aim of the current study was to investigate the frequency of PE in a Chinese population of patients with pulmonary embolism.

Methods:

This was a retrospective observational single-center study. All data of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) performed over 6-year period on adult patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism were analyzed.

Results:

From January 2008 until December 2013, PE was identified in 423 of 3141 patients (13.5%) with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism who underwent CTPA. The incidence of PE in patients with pulmonary embolism (19.9%) was significantly higher than in those without embolism (9.4%) (P < 0.001). Majority of PEs in pulmonary embolism patients were small to moderate and were unilateral. The locations of emboli and the numbers of arteries involved, CT pulmonary obstruction index, and parenchymal abnormalities at CT were not associated with the development of PE.

Conclusions:

PEs are present in about one fifth of a Chinese population of patients with pulmonary embolism, which are usually small, unilateral, and unsuitable for diagnostic thoracentesis.