硝基咪唑类抗肿瘤放射增敏剂研究进展

硝基咪唑类放射增敏剂是目前国内外研究较为成熟并具有发展前景的一类抗肿瘤放射增敏药。对几类具有代表性的硝基咪唑类化合物的化学结构、生物学活性、作用机制进行综述。     

卟啉硝基咪唑类衍生物的合成及放射增敏作用

目的设计合成卟啉硝基咪唑类化合物,评价其体外肿瘤放射增敏活性,寻找新的肿瘤放射增敏剂。方法以吡咯、苯甲醛、硝基咪唑为原料,经环合、溴代、取代、络合等反应合成卟啉硝基咪唑类化合物及其金属配合物。采用MTT法考查该系列衍生物对人宫颈癌Helo细胞株的放射增敏活性。结果合成了12个未见文献报道的新化合物,其结构经紫外光谱、ESI质谱、红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱确证。在4Gy照射剂量下,化合物15、16、18、19对人宫颈癌Helo细胞株显示出很好的放射增敏活性,对肿瘤细胞的抑制率达到95%左右。结论金属卟啉结构单元的引入,极大地提高了硝基咪唑类的放射增敏活性。     

3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑类乏氧细胞放射增敏剂的构效关系

为了寻找毒性低、增敏作用强的乏氧细胞放射增敏剂,设计并合成了一系列5-溴-,5-甲基-,和5-未取代的3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-1-乙酰胺类化合物,用HeLaS3细胞进行了体外试验。结果表明5-溴取代衍生物的增敏作用强于相应的5-甲基-或5-未取代的硝基三唑衍生物,但是它们的毒性亦增大。修饰1位乙酰胺侧链也可以改变化合物的增敏作用和亲脂性。在所测定的化合物中TA-101[2-(3-硝基-1-三唑基)乙酰胺]由于有高的增敏作用和低亲脂性,可能是一个有希望的放射增敏剂。     

硝基咪唑类药物—放射增敏剂

放射线(钴60、直线中子加速器)是目前治疗恶性肿瘤的主要手段之一。但由于癌细胞增殖快,约有10%左右的细胞处于缺氧状态,这种细胞称乏氧细胞,对幅射的耐受力是氧合条件下的3倍。在导致氧合细胞完全失活的照射剂量下,乏氧细胞仍然可以存活,如加大照射剂量,对正常组织细胞又会造成严重的杀伤,各国都在关注放射增敏     

肿瘤乏氧放射增敏剂的研究进展

摘 要 改善肿瘤细胞的乏氧,可有效减少其对放疗的抵抗,从而提高治愈率。目前用于改善肿瘤细胞缺氧减少放射抵抗的化合物已经不仅仅局限于原有的亲电性放射增敏剂,许多具有靶向性的乏氧放射增敏剂也成为研究重点。本文在介绍肿瘤乏氧机制的基础上,对新型靶向制剂、亲电性乏氧细胞放射增敏剂、生物还原剂与植物天然提取物这四类乏氧细胞放射增敏剂的研究进展进行了综述。     

3－硝基－1，2，4－三唑类乏氧细胞放射增敏剂的构效关系

为了寻找毒性低、增敏作用强的乏氧细胞放射增敏剂，设计并合成了一系列５－溴－，５－甲基－，和５－未取代的３－硝基－１，２，４－三唑－１－乙酰胺类化合物，用ＨｅＬａＳ３细胞进行了体外试验。结果表明５－溴取代衍生物的增敏作用强于相应的５－甲基－或５－未取代的硝基三唑衍生物，但是它们的毒性亦增大。修饰１位乙酰胺侧链也可以改变化合物的增敏作用和亲脂性。在所测定的化合物中ＴＡ－１０１［２－（３－硝基－１－三唑基）乙酰胺］由于有高的增敏作用和低亲脂性，可能是一个有希望的放射增敏剂。     

放射增敏剂的研究进展

目的:为放射增敏剂的研发提供参考。方法:根据文献,综述了非乏氧细胞选择性增敏剂与乏氧细胞选择性增敏剂的研究现状。结果与结论:非乏氧细胞选择性增敏剂以抗肿瘤药物为主,增敏效果好但毒性较大;乏氧细胞选择性增敏剂以经典增敏剂的衍生物为主,其增敏作用目前没有可靠的临床数据支持,仍需进一步的结构改造。对于已有增敏活性的药物进行结构改造,以及新靶点、新机制的研究将成为未来放射增敏剂的研究热点。     

Novel naphthalimide-benzoic acid conjugates as potential apoptosis-inducing agents: design, synthesis, and biological activity

A series of novel naphthalimide derivatives with 4‐[4‐(3,3‐diphenylallyl)piperazin‐1‐yl]benzoic acid as side chain were designed and synthesized. Their antitumor activities were evaluated against a variety of cancer cell lines in vitro. Preliminary results showed that most of the derivatives had cytotoxic activity comparable with that of amonafide, with IC₅₀ values of 10⁻⁶–10⁻⁵ m . Interestingly, compound 12e had the unique antitumor activity against MCF‐7 among the cancer cell lines tested. More importantly, flow cytometric analysis indicated that compared with amonafide, the target compounds could effectively induce G₂/M arrest and progress to apoptosis in HL‐60 cells after double staining with annexin V–FITC and propidium iodide. The present work provided a novel class of naphthalimide‐based derivatives with potential apoptosis‐inducing and improved antitumor activity for further optimization.     

3-取代吲哚-2-酮类化合物的设计、合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成对微管蛋白和血管内皮细胞生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2)激酶具有双重抑制作用的3-取代吲哚-2-酮类化合物,考察其体外抑瘤活性。方法以取代的苯胺为起始原料,经缩合、环合、还原、取代等反应制得系列目标化合物,并考察该系列化合物对微管蛋白和肿瘤细胞的抑制活性。结果共合成了11个新的目标化合物。实验结果显示,化合物j9对微管蛋白和VEGFR-2激酶具有双重抑制活性。所有目标化合物对3种肿瘤细胞株均有中等强度的抑制活性。结论该类化合物是一类具有多靶点作用的抗肿瘤化合物。     

2-氨基噻唑衍生物的设计、合成及对细胞凋亡的抑制活性

目的研究2-氨基噻唑衍生物对神经细胞凋亡的抑制作用和构效关系。方法以PFT-α为先导物,设计并合成出相应的2-氨基噻唑衍生物,利用MTT法和FCM法测定其对由过氧化氢诱导产生的PC12细胞凋亡的抑制作用,利用Cerius²的QSAR⁺模块,求出其QSAR方程。结果合成了11个新型含2-氨基噻唑母环的Schiff碱化合物II,利用IR,MS,¹H NMR,¹³C NMR等法对上述化合物进行表征。细胞实验结果表明,2-氨基噻唑衍生物对PC12细胞具有一定的保护作用并对由过氧化氢诱导的PC12细胞凋亡具有一定的抑制作用。优化QSAR方程为Activity＝6.947 68-0.088 72דLUMO”-0.043 018דAlogp98”-0.128 752דRad0fGration”＋0.018 246דDipole-mag”,上述方程的相关统计参数如下, r²=0.970, F-test=49.149,r=0.985,Lse=0.001。结论2-氨基噻唑衍生物对由过氧化氢诱导的PC12细胞凋亡具有较为明显的抑制作用,部分化合物如I-6,I-9和II-6对于PC12细胞具有细胞保护和细胞凋亡抑制双重活性。QSAR方程提示降低化合物的旋转半径以及化合物最低空轨道的能量有利于提高化合物的活性。     

Structure-based design,synthesis, and evaluation of Bcl-2/Mcl-1 dual inhibitors

Based on our previously reported Bcl-2/Mcl-1 dual inhibitor 4-thiomorpholinyl-2-cyano-3-amidinophenalenone ( A1 ) that simultaneously occupies the p2 and p4 hydrophobic pockets of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, we optimized molecules with different bond angles of the groups extending to the p4 pocket and bulky hydrophobic groups to explore p2. Research on structure–activity relationship resulted in a new derivative B4 that is capable of occupying both the p2 and p4 more deeply and completely than A1 , with K_i values determined by fluorescence polarization assay (FPAs) improving to 0.31 μM for Bcl-2 and 0.16 μM for Mcl-1. Furthermore, B4 exhibited selective lethality on cancer cells over normal cells. It showed stronger apoptosis induction than (–)-gossypol on a Bcl-2/Mcl-1-dependent cancer cell line and killed an Mcl-1-dependent cell line which is resistant to ABT-199 treatment.     

新型氟喹诺酮类衍生物的设计合成及其体外抗菌活性的初探

目的 设计、合成系列新型氟喹诺酮类衍生物,并初筛其体外抗菌活性.方法 通过酰胺键在洛美沙星、左氧氟沙星和加替沙星的C-7位引入乙酰基、正己酰基、苯乙酰基和三甲氧基苯乙酰基,制备了一系列氟喹诺酮类衍生物,并通过二倍稀释法进行抗菌活性初筛.结果与讨论 共制备12个全新目标物,结构经1 HNMR、13CNMR和HRMS确证.通过对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌的体外抗菌活性初筛,发现化合物7的抗菌活性优于阳性对照.此外,在C-7位引入乙酰基的化合物7～9的抗菌活性显著优于母核相同、C-7侧链不同的结构类似物.     

Design,synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine analogues or derivatives as anti‐helmintic drug

The Albendazole was used as the lead compound, which was modified by structural transformation and with alkyl groups. A total of 18 compounds ( 4a – 4r ) were designed and synthesized. The in vitro experiment results showed that compounds 4e , 4f , 4k , 4l , 4q and 4r had good inhibitory effect on egg and imago of roundworm. IC₅₀ of compound 4l to anti‐egg of roundworm was 0.65 ± 0.01 μmol/L and to anti‐imago of roundworm was 1.04 ± 0.01 μmol/L. At the same time, it showed that compound 4l had the best effect in vivo, and the rate of anti‐helmintic could reach more than 99%. The results of acute toxicity tests indicated that these compounds were with LD₅₀ > 2100 mg/kg by oral administration, so they were low toxicity compounds. In a word, compound 4l was most likely to be a new anti‐helmintic drug through screening in vitro and in vivo.     

Bifunctional compounds eliciting anti-inflammatory and anti-cholinesterase activity as potential treatment of nerve and blister chemical agents poisoning

Certain organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents (e.g. soman) induce neuroinflammatory processes during acute poisoning. An increased level of typical inflammation markers was also observed in poisoning by alkylating agents such as sulfur mustard (HD). The therapeutic potential of new bifunctional compounds was investigated, eliciting activity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and anti-cholinesterase (anti-ChE) activity, as an antidotal treatment for both soman and HD poisoning in mice. Three bifunctional compounds were used that include the ChE inhibitor pyridostigmine (PYR) coupled to either ibuprofen (IBU) or diclofenac (DICLO) through an eight (octyl) or ten (decyl) hydrocarbon chain spacer: IBU-PO, IBU-PD and DICLO-PD. These compounds are 15-25 fold less toxic than PYR in mice and exert peripheral and central anti-inflammatory and anti-ChE activity in vivo. IBU-PO (4 mg kg(-1), i.p.), IBU-PD (4 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and PYR (0.13 mg kg(-1), i.p.) reduced to control levels the brain edema in soman-poisoned mice (1.1 LD50, s.c.). Pre-treatment with IBU-PO, IBU-PD and DICLO-PD 4-5 h before soman challenge (2.2-2.3 LD50, s.c.) combined with antidotal treatment (atropine, 11 mg kg(-1), 2-PAM-Cl, 25 mg kg(-1), i.m.) afforded a longer 24 h survival rate (SR) than with PYR pre-treatment. DICLO-PD exhibited the largest protection efficacy (SR = 70% vs 17% with PYR). These results indicate a longer duration of action of bifunctional compounds compared with PYR. DICLO-PD (5% in propyleneglycol) reduced significantly the HD-induced edema in mouse ear-skin (51% increase in biopsy weight compared with 100% without treatment). Quantitative evaluation of ear-skin sections showed that only following DICLO-PD treatment was there a marked decrease in edema. DICLO-PD also elicited a significant decrease in HD-induced vesication as displayed by the reduced sub-epidermal blister level. The data indicate possible use of NSAID-ChEI bifunctional compounds for the medical treatment of both nerve and alkylating chemical agents.     

Effects of substituted 2-nitroimidazoles and related compounds on unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes and in non-transformed (BL8) and transformed (JB1) rat liver epithelial derived cell lines

1. Using unscheduled DNA synthesis as an index, the possible interaction of a number of substituted nitroimidazoles, e.g. misonidazole, with cellular DNA has been investigated. Transformed (JB1), non-transformed (BL8) rat liver epithelial derived cell lines and freshly prepared rat hepatocytes have been used. 2. Under anaerobic or aerobic conditions, relative to cells exposed to a nitroquinoline-N-oxide standard, misonidazole and related nitroimidazoles were very poor at stimulating unscheduled DNA synthesis in JB1 or BL8 cells or in hepatocytes, even at the highest concentrations tested (10 mM). Under anaerobic conditions, metabolic activation did occur as judged from the time-dependent depletion of cellular reduced glutathione in all three cell types. 3. It was concluded that in hypoxic cells an important mode of action of such nitroimidazoles as chemotherapeutic sensitisers may be by their interaction with cellular thiols rather from their interaction with DNA. 4. Functionalisation of the nitroimidazole ring with a side chain containing an aziridine function, e.g. RSU-1069 (1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-3-(1-aziridinyl)-2-propanol), results in the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in cells exposed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. On a molar basis, however, this induction was not so great as that caused by the simple monofunctional alkylating agent 1-aziridineethanol itself. Methyl-substitution of the aziridine ring in RSU-1069 reduced the extent of unscheduled DNA synthesis. 5. With all the compounds tested, unscheduled DNA synthesis was greater in JB1 cells than in BL8s or in hepatocytes.     

Structure-based molecular design, synthesis, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of pyridazinone derivatives as nonclassic COX-2 inhibitors

A scaffold with bicyclic core carrying pyridazinone moiety, which exhibited potent in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, was introduced in this article. The design of these compounds was assisted by docking and superposition experiments on cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme. The activity of a chloro analogue was as high as that of diclofenac in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema anti-inflammatory screening.     

具有Src激酶和NO合酶双重抑制作用的4-芳杂胺-3-氰基喹啉类抗肿瘤化合物的设计、合成与生物活性研究

Src与iNOS为肿瘤发生、转移中位于不同通路的重要靶酶,本文采用分子拼合的药物设计原理,设计合成了全新的酪氨酸Src蛋白激酶与iNOS的双重抑制剂。所设计合成的化合物经过Src激酶和iNOS的抑制活性检测及体外抗肿瘤测试,实验结果表明大部分化合物对于两种靶酶均表现出一定的抑制活性,部分化合物对于多种肿瘤细胞的增殖有一定的抑制作用。其中化合物33对Src激酶和iNOS均有比较好的抑制活性,对于肝癌HepG2和结肠癌HT-29细胞的增殖也有明显的抑制作用。