硬膜下积液形成机制及脑室镜辅助下小骨窗治疗理念

目的探讨外伤性硬膜下积液形成机制及治疗。方法回顾性分析27例外伤性硬膜下积液患者的临床资料,术中通过采用脑室镜观察假膜腔、病理特点和对手术组和非手术组脑容积变化进行分析后推测硬膜下积液机制,根据推测机制采用小骨窗开颅明胶海绵填塞增加假膜壁层脏层粘连而消灭死腔治疗硬膜下积液,术前术后对IL-6和IL-8检测评价手术效果。结果脑中线移位、基底池受压两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),脑萎缩、蛛网膜下腔出血两组比较差异未见统计学意义(P0.05),脑容积与硬膜下腔之间压力不平衡导致脑脊液通过撕裂蛛网膜进入硬膜下腔,采用小骨窗开颅明胶海绵填塞治疗慢性硬膜下积液有效率为93%,术后IL-6和IL-8因子浓度高于术前(P0.05),在长期随访中所有病例均未出现并发症。结论小骨窗开颅明胶海绵填塞增加假膜壁层脏层粘连治疗硬膜下积液是一种安全、简单、有效的方法。     

小骨窗脑室镜手术治疗外伤性硬膜下积液的护理

外伤性硬膜下积液在临床上很常见，大量积液往往伴有明显的神经系统症状，如为进展型患者，则症状更为严重，若待其缓慢吸收或演变成慢性硬膜下血肿再处理则病程漫长，严重影响病情恢复。我科从2002年始尝试用小骨窗脑室镜手术治疗外伤性硬膜下积液32例，并针对性地进行护理，取得了满意疗效，现报告如下。     

外伤性硬膜下积液临床治疗

目的：探讨外伤性硬膜下积液的治疗经验。方法：对46例外伤性硬膜下积液患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：非手术治疗20例。手术治疗30例次,其中腰蛛网膜下腔置管持续引流脑脊液5例,钻孔外引流19例,骨窗开颅蛛网膜撕口4例,积液腔腹腔分流2例。结论：对外伤性硬膜下积液患者,应采取个性化的综合治疗方法。     

开颅术后硬膜下积液小骨窗引流术并发症防治（附60例报告）

目的探讨开颅术后硬膜下积液小骨窗引流术的特点、相关并发症的发生原因及预防措施。方法全麻或局麻下行单侧或双侧小骨窗引流术。结果全组60例除2例拔管后硬膜下积液有不同程度的复发,经保守治疗痊愈外,其余58例治疗效果较好。结论开颅术后硬膜下积液小骨窗引流术较单、双孔引流术更有利于并发症防治。     

高血压性脑出血手术方式的探讨

目的:比较不同的手术方式,以探讨微创介入治疗脑出血及脑室内出血的疗效.方法:依据CT导向下,直接将硅胶管插入血肿腔或铸型出血脑室内,血肿抽吸、溶解外引流术,与传统的或其他术式相比较.结果:16例手术病例中,14例采用微创介入、血肿抽吸、外引流术.术后治愈好转率62.5%;另2例采用小骨窗、开颅血肿清除术,治愈好转率50%.去大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术,以较长时间,此术只作为其他手术失败后的补救手段.结论:微创介入、血肿抽吸、溶解引流术,仅在局麻下施行,手术简短、创伤最小、费用低、疗效好,应是脑出血、脑室内出血手术治疗的首选方式.     

小骨窗开颅显微镜下手术治疗高血压脑内血肿的疗效评价

目的:探讨小骨窗显微镜下开颅手术治疗高血压脑内血肿的有效性。方法:对高血压脑内血肿25例采用小骨窗开颅显微镜下手术清除脑内血肿,同时行血肿腔外引流,术后应用尿激酶溶解残留血肿;传统大骨窗开颅并去骨瓣减压手术组(骨瓣手术组)28例。结果:小骨窗组手术时间明显短于开颅组(P<0.05);两种手术术后4周和6个月治疗效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);小骨窗组病死率显著低于大骨窗组(P<0.05)。结论:小骨窗开颅清除脑内血肿是高血压脑内出血较好的救治方法,可有效降低患者病死率。     

小骨窗开颅并腰大池引流术治疗脑室铸型14例分析

目的：探讨小骨窗开颅并腰大池引流术治疗脑室铸型的临床疗效及应用价值。方法：经出血侧颞部小骨窗开颅清除脑内、脑室内血肿并脑室尿激酶灌注外引流,7天拔管后行腰大池引流术治疗全脑室铸型病人14例。结果：14例中4例恢复日常生活,3例部分自理生活,3例偏瘫,1例植物生存,3例死亡。死亡率为21．4％,低于30％～60％的传统手术死亡率。结论：小骨窗开颅并腰大池引流术治疗全脑室铸型能降低病死率,改善预后,减少并发症。     

不同手术方式治疗高血压脑出血患者的临床研究

目的对比分析高血压脑出血采用不同手术方式治疗的临床效果。方法 81例血压脑出血患者根据手术方式的不同分为三组,分别采用大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术、小骨窗开颅血肿清除术和CT介导下脑室外引流术进行治疗,较三组患者的手术时间、术中出血量和住院天数,并观察三组患者的预后情况。结果三组患者比较,脑室外引流组在手术时间、术中出血量和住院天数上明显优于对照组,小骨窗开颅组患者的术中出血量最多,但手术时间和住院天数较大骨瓣开颅组患者少,大骨瓣开颅组优良率为51.85%,病死率为29.63%;小骨窗开颅组优良率为70.37%,病死率为11.11%;脑室外引流组优良率为66.67%,病死率为14.81%;P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论高血压脑出血应根据出血部位的不同、手术适应证的不同选择合理的手术方式,才能有效降低死亡率及致残率。     

标准大骨瓣开颅治疗急性外伤性硬膜下血肿42例分析

目的探讨标准大骨瓣开颅术在治疗急性外伤性硬膜下血肿的手术适应证、手术时机及手术技巧。方法均采用标准大骨瓣开颅头皮切口,先行颞肌下减压,去除骨瓣、清除血肿及挫裂伤区坏死的脑组织,彻底止血。结果死亡15例,植物状态生存5例,重残2例,良好20例。结论一侧外伤性急性硬膜下血肿可以通过标准大骨瓣开颅达到血肿清除、止血、减压的手术目的 。     

微创治疗高血压性脑出血

目的 探讨高血压脑出血的外科治疗和手术方式。方法 对45例高血压性脑出血采取微创手术即采用小骨瓣开颅 引流术和脑室穿刺引流尿激酶冲洗治疗。结果 45例患者微创手术后良好12例，致残18例，植物生存4例，死亡ll例。结论 小骨窗开颅血肿清除 引流术是比较理想的手术方式。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.