关节镜下复位固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨在关节镜下对胫骨平台骨折进行复位固定的临床疗效.方法 关节镜监视下对42例胫骨平台骨折患者(SchatzkerⅠ～Ⅳ型)进行复位固定.结果 42例均获得随访,时间3～24(10±3)个月.术后3～6个月骨折均完全愈合.术后6个月关节功能按HSS评分:优38例,良4例.结论 在关节镜监视下对胫骨平台骨折进行复位和固定,损伤小,复位固定确切,有利于关节功能早期恢复,疗效满意.     

关节镜监视下微创内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨应用关节镜监视下微创内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的手术方法及临床疗效。方法对35例各种类型胫骨平台骨折患者应用关节镜监视下有限切开复位、锁定钢板内固定治疗并分析其疗效。结果35例全部获得随访,平均随访时问12．8个月,骨折均获愈合。按Rassmussen膝关节评分标准评价,24例为优,8例为良,3例可,优良率91．4％。结论关节镜监视下微创内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折手术创伤小、固定可靠、骨折愈合率高,同时可处理关节内合并伤,术后膝关节功能恢复快。     

关节镜监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折

胫骨平台骨折手术处理已很普遍，国内报道的治疗方法和预后也不尽相同。本组32例胫骨平台骨折均应用关节镜监视下骨折复位，经皮内固定或小切口开窗植骨内固定，结合相应的术后康复，达到了满意的治疗效果。现报告如下。     

关节镜下双钢丝固定治疗胫骨髁间棘骨折

目的介绍关节镜监视下复位双钢丝内固定治疗胫骨髁间棘骨折的技术及临床应用效果。方法对28例胫骨髁间棘骨折在关节镜监视下进行复位,使用前后位双钢丝内固定。结果 28例骨折均一期愈合,无移位。术后3个月,膝关节无不稳及伸屈活动受限,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(92.6±2.8)分。结论关节镜监视下对胫骨髁间棘骨折复位直观、准确,经双钢丝内固定适用于不同类型的胫骨髁间棘骨折,固定可靠,手术疗效满意。     

关节镜监视下复位固定治疗AO-B型胫骨平台骨折

近年来,随着关节镜技术的不断发展和完善,关节镜监视下胫骨平台骨折的复位内固定愈来愈受到重视.在骨折获得良好复位的同时,关节镜技术对关节内其他结构的诊治具有重要作用,这是其他治疗方法无法比拟的[1].2004年6月至2006年12月,我院采用关节镜监视下复位内同定治疗23例AO-B型胫骨平台骨折患者,疗效满意,现报告如下.     

关节镜辅助下微创治疗低能量胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨关节镜监视下微创有限切开钢板内固定治疗低能量胫骨平台骨折的临床方法 及疗效.方法 在关节镜监视下微创治疗低能量胫骨平台骨折16例.结果 15例获得随访,骨折均获骨性愈合.患膝按照Lysholm及IKDC膝关节评价标准:优12例,良2例,可1例.结论 低能量胫骨平台骨折多不合并关节内损伤,关节镜辅助C型臂X线机...     

关节镜监视下微创经皮钢板固定治疗老年胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜监视下采用微创技术治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法自2004年4月~2005年11月,在关节镜监视下利用微创技术骨折复位、人工骨植骨,经皮插入钢板治疗老年胫骨平台骨折11例。结果术后随访6~18个月,骨折均愈合,平均3·6个月,无感染及皮肤坏死,无骨不连等严重并发症。结论关节镜监视下微创经皮骨折复位,钢板固定并人工骨植骨治疗老年胫骨平台骨折,手术创伤小、骨折复位直观、满意,固定可靠。     

关节镜及C臂监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜及C臂X光线机监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折的手术方法及近期疗效。方法胫骨平台骨折患者23例,均在关节镜及C臂监视下小切口复位骨折,行螺钉钢板内固定,术中不切开关节囊,并用关节镜同时处理合并的半月板损伤6例,另有交叉韧带损伤的2例留待二期行重建术。结果所有骨折均解剖复位,3~5个月内愈合,未出现感染、切口愈合不良和骨筋膜室综合征等早期并发症。23例均获随访,时间6~24个月,无骨折端移位、塌陷、内固定松动断裂,无创伤性膝关节炎和膝关节内外翻畸形。按Hohl-Luck膝关节评分评定疗效,优18例,良4例,可1例。结论关节镜及C臂监视下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折具有创伤小,复位固定满意,可同时处理关节内合并伤,术后关节功能恢复快的优点。     

关节镜监视下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折16例报告

目的探讨关节镜技术治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效.方法2003年3月～2004年10月,我院行关节镜监视下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折SchatzkerⅠ～Ⅳ型16例,其中Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型6例,Ⅳ型3例.常规关节镜检查,发现并处理关节内的合并损伤,骨折复位,同时做辅助切口行骨折内固定,术后配合下肢功能锻炼器(continuous passive motion,CPM)早期功能锻炼.结果16例随访平均10.5月(6～20个月),无创面感染和内固定移位,无骨折延期愈合,根据Hohl评分标准,优13例,良3例,优良率100%(16/16).结论关节镜监视下做辅助切口治疗胫骨平台骨折能够取得满意的骨折复位和固定,并且副损伤少,功能恢复快.     

关节镜辅助下内固定治疗外侧胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助下内固定治疗外侧胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效及手术方法。方法自2007年3月至2009年4月对19例外侧胫骨平台骨折患者行关节镜辅助下内固定手术治疗,按Schatzker分型Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型6例。所有患者均应用关节镜探查处理半月板及韧带等合并损伤,并在关节镜监视下行骨折复位、支撑钢板或拉力螺钉内固定术。结果 19例患者均在术后3~4个月获得骨性愈合,无局部感染、骨筋膜室综合征、深静脉血栓等并发症发生。最后一次随访HSS评分平均87.9分（67分~98分）,优良率94.7%。结论关节镜辅助内固定术治疗外侧胫骨平台骨折临床效果良好,可同时处理关节腔内合并组织损伤,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.