WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：八纲辨证（三）

The Chinese characters 寒 and 热, 虚, and 实 are quite common concepts in Chinese language. However in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）, they are used as four principles in syndrome differentiation. In terms of translation, 寒 and 热 are very easy to understand and can be simply translated as ＂cold＂ and ＂heat＂. But the transla- tion of 虚 and 实 used to be a problem. For a quite long time in translation practice,     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：八纲辨证（二）

The Chinese characters表and里reflect two Chinese concepts.In traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）,these two concepts are used as two principles in analyzing the location,tendency and severity of diseases.The Chinese character表literally means＂external＂or＂exterior＂or＂surface＂while the character里literally means＂internal＂     

Very small embryonic like（VSEL） stem cells

It is generally accepted that adult bone marrow(BM) contains both hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recently, a rare population of stem cells different from HSCs and MSCs were identified in murine BM and human cord blood (CB), named as very small embryonic like(VSEL) stem cells. These cells are tiny round and CXCR4 Sca-1 Lin- CD45-, expressing SSEA-1/4, Oct-4 and Nanog, which have potent of differentiation into all three germ-layer lineages, such as cardiomyocytes, neural and pancreatic cells.     

Exposure to Environmental Hexachlorocyclohexane （HCH） and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT） among Rural Children in North Eastern China

Objective To assess HCH and DDT exposure levels and associated risk factors among 262 children aged 6-10 years in a northeastern rural area of China between April and May of 2008. Methods Eight HCH and DDT metabolites in serum samples were monitored by gas chromatography. A questionnaire was administered to identify the sources of pesticides in children＇ serum samples. Results At least one pesticide metabolite was detected in 81.7% of the tested children. Higher amounts of pp＇DDD were detected in 50% of them. Children＇s age and their father＇s occupation as farmers, together with not changing work clothes after work, were the main risk factors for HCH and DDT exposure among them. Conclusion Children living in rural areas are experiencing multiple sources of organochlorine pesticide exposure. These pesticides may have been retained in the environment for a long period of time.     

The Collaborative Cross mouse genetic reference population designed for dissecting complex traits

Complex traits are multifactorial traits controlled by polygenic host factors. These trait-related phenotypic characteristics and performance including body weight, blood chemistry, immune cell profiles, as well host susceptibility to infectious and chronic diseases. In recent years, tremendous efforts were invested aiming to map the host genetic factors attribute to these traits and subsequently clone the gene/s underlying these loci. In parallel to human studies, a number of mouse models and approaches were developed aimed to enhance the mapping process and the gene cloning. These include of using resources such as F2, backcross, advanced intercross lines, outbred populations, consomic, congenic and recombinant inbred lines (RIL). The constraints of these approaches were the limited resolution mapping of genomic regions of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the trait of interests, and the limited genetic diversity observed in the parental founders. To overcome these limitations, a new genetically highly diverse recombinant inbred lines of mouse population was established, namely the Collaborative Cross (CC), created from full reciprocal mating of 8 divergent strains of mice:A/J, C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvImJ, NOD/LtJ, NZO/HiLtJ, CAST/Ei, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ. By intercrossing these eight founders to generate the different CC lines, the genetic makeup of the newly developed resource is completely different from the eight parental lines, and will show heterosis, which subsequently will response differently comparing with their original founders. Finally, our results suggest that it is not essential to defining the phenotypic response of the eight parental lines, prior of assessing the CC lines, because it is believed that genetic interaction of the new genetic makeup of the new lines will reveal new phenotypic response, which completely different from the parental lines.In this report, we present to the community the power of the CC for dissecting variety of complex traits including host susceptibility to infectious and chronic diseases as well body performance traits. Based on our results from a variety of studies, we recommend to the community, that the best strategy of using this population is to aim of phenotyping about 50 and more of CC lines, with limited number of biological replicates (3-4 mice per line), and subsequently using the publicly available high dense genotype information of the CC lines as well the sequence database of the eight founders, it will be possible performing QTL mapping to a unprecedented precision genomic regions less than 1 MB, subsequently lead to identify potential strong candidate genes. These achievements are believed cannot be obtained with any other currently available mouse resource populations.     

提取自红树植物的抗菌药物：制药学的展望

Mangroves are salt-tolerant forest ecosystem that extends between tropical and subtropicalintertidal regions of the world. Mangroves are biochemically unique vegetation that produce wide array of naturalproducts with immense medicinal potential. These plants are the most valuable resources and provide economicand ecological benefits to the coastal people. Natural products from these plants are of great interest as theyprovide innumerable direct and indirect benefits to human beings for the discovery of novel antimicrobial andother bioactive compounds. They possess active metabolites with some novel chemical structures that belong todiverse chemical classes such as alkaloids, phenol, steroids, terpenoids and tannins. Several mangrove specieshave been used in traditional medicine or have few applications as insecticide and pesticide. To date, severalmangroves, and their associated species and solvent extracts are screened for antimicrobial activity along withthe presence of potent bioactive compounds. The present article emphasizes and creates awareness aboutthe potential mangrove plants and their associates as a source of biologically active compounds with potentantimicrobial properties. This paper also elaborates the mechanisms of action and various methods for screeningof antimicrobial compounds.     

Importance of the Development of Veterinary Toxicology in Argentina

The different types of toxic substances that affect farm animals in Argentina are described. These substances include (a) toxic plants, such as Solanum glaucophyllum. Baccharis coridifolia, Festuca arundinacea; (b) mycotoxins, such as zearalenone, tremorgenic mycotoxins, and ergoalkaloid; (c) trace elements, such as fluorine, copper, molybdenum, and arsenic; and (d) others, such as toxic algae and pesticides. The direct and indirect economic loss of farm animals associated with these toxic substances in Argentina is roughly estimated at 50 million dollars a year. A number of recommendations are made to ameliorate the situation. 1989 Academic Press, Inc.     

Localization of Auricular Projection Area of the Liver and Its Use in the Monitoring of Viral Hepatitis

There is a connection between the health state of specific internal organs and the electrical characteristics of related skin areas, although sometimes remote. These skin areas are referred to as organ projection areas (OPA) and include acupuncture points…     

A giant cystic adenomatoid tumor of the adrenal gland: a case report

Adenomatoid tumors are the most commonly located .in male and female genital tracts, but they are rarely found in extragenital locations, especially in adrenal glands. These tumors are considered as benign neoplasms of mesothelial derivation, and pathologically show glandular tubules lined by epitheloid cells with intervening trabeculae with a characteristic mixture of adenoidal, angiomatoid, cystic and solid patterns, in addition to focal calcifications and signet-ring like cells frequently.2 Because of the lack of radiological specificity,     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究:津液辨证(英文)

Intraditional Chinese medicine (TCM),the so-called津液refers to all the fluid and liquid flowingand maintaining inside the human body.In Chineselanguage,津液is a phrase composed of twoChinese characters which describes two differentkinds of fluid or liquid in the human body .According to the theory of TCM,津refers to thepart of fluid that is thin in texture and flowss moothly inside the body while液refers to thepart of fluid that is thick in texture and mainlymaintains in the joints of the body to nourish andlubr...     

关于WHO/ICTM术语问题的几点建议

2008年,世界卫生组织（World Health Organization,WHO）启动了＂疾病名称国际分类第11版＂（International Classification of Diseases-11,ICD-11）的修订工作[1]。与ICD前10版不同的是,在第11版的修订工作中,专门设置了第23章,拟将传统医学纳入其中。但就目前的发展来看,能纳入其中的,只有源自中国的传统医学,即中医药学。     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：各科辨证（二）

外伤瘀滞证pattern/syndrome of stasis and stagnation due to traumatic injury：a pattern/syndrome attributedtotraumaticinjury causinglocal stagnation of qi and blood,manifested by local ecchymosis,pain and tendernessIn Chinese language,瘀and滞are two concepts which are si milar to each other in meaning under certain context,     

中医药学相关学科名称的翻译

笔者在参加世界卫生组织（world Health Organization WHO）有关传统医学国际标准的研制以及中医相关国家标准（英文）的制定时,注意到中医一些基础学科名称的英文翻译在国内外还存在着一定的差异。2010年8月26日,国家中医药管理局委托上海市中医药发展办公室组织专家对我们所承担的“1995和1997中医国家标准”的英文翻译进行了审定。在审定会上,笔者代表课题组向与会专家汇报了本项研究所依据的理论、方法和程序。     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：病因部分（二）

In the previous issue, we have introduced some of the Chinese medical terms about causes of diseases included in WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region （abbreviated as WHO Standard） and International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine compiled by World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies （abbreviated as WFCMS Standard）. We have also made brief comments on international standardization of the English translation of these terms according to the studies made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine：     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：内科疾病（六）

白淫 white ooze ： seminal fluid in the urine or persistent vaginal discharge The so-called 白淫, as defined above , usually refers to seminal fluid in the urine or persistent vaginal discharge.Thus in the current translation , it is translated either as＂spermaturia＂or＂semenuria＂if related to male or as＂leukorrhagia＂if related to female.In traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）     

中医古籍英译史实研究综述

中医古籍,即1911年以前的中医书籍。作为中医理论、思想和文化的主要载体,中医古籍越来越被国内外的专家学者所重视。如何让其走出国门,促进世界医学的共同发展和世界文化的繁荣昌盛,成为当代一个极为重要的课题。中医古籍英译研究,     

WHO西太区与世界中医药学会联合会中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：内科疾病（五）

肝着 liver fixity： a diseased condition arising when qi and blood of the liver meridian become depressed and stagnant     

语义翻译和交际翻译在中医英语翻译中的应用

什么是文化？根据美国著名翻译理论学家奈达（Eugene A．Nida）的观点,文化就是“一个社会全部的信仰和各种实践活动（the totality of beliefs and practices of asociety）”。有些社会学家和人类学家将文化定义为“能够表现出一个社会生活特征的所有信仰方式、习俗、机构、物体和技术（the total pattern of beliefs,customs,institutions,objects and techniques that characterize the life of a human community）”。