沈阳市2006-2010年大气污染与先天性心脏病病例对照研究

目的 探讨大气污染与出生缺陷即先天性心脏病（以下简称先心病）之间是否具有相关性。方法 以妊娠期间居住于沈阳市、末次月经位于2006年1月1日-2010年12月31日且分娩先心病缺陷患儿的孕产妇共计842例为研究对象,利用病例对照研究分析妊娠妇女在妊娠前后暴露于大气污染物中与分娩先心病患儿之间的关系。结果 沈阳市属中国大气污染较为严重的地区,每年的1-3月、11、12月是各污染物浓度均较高的时期,其中SO₂浓度最高时达到145.9 μg/m³,NO₂为541.4 μg/m³,PM10为163.6 μg/m³,每年的7月是SO₂、NO₂浓度较低的时期,SO₂为22 μg/m³,NO₂为27.2 μg/m³,PM10浓度最低月份在8月,为90.6 μg/m³,每月间污染物浓度差异有统计学意义。分娩先心病患儿孕妇在妊娠前2、3个月的SO₂暴露均值高于对照组,在妊娠第2、3个月的NO₂暴露均值高于对照组,妊娠前1、2、3个月、妊娠第1、2、3个月的所在地区PM10平均暴露浓度均高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义。结论 妊娠妇女孕前3个月及妊娠早期应避免暴露于大气污染物浓度较高的地区,因其可能会诱发胎儿先心病的发生。     

深圳市2006-2010年空气污染物浓度变化特征

目的探讨深圳市2006--2010年大气污染物浓度时空变化特征。方法收集深圳市9个国控环境监测点2006--2010年空气中SO2、NO2和PM10的逐日日均浓度,其检测采用大气质量连续自动监测系统进行监测,系统以光谱法仪器（DOAS仪器）为主。结果深圳市2006--2010年空气中SO2、NO2、PM10的年均浓度总体呈下降趋势,SO,从0．0310mg／m3下降至0．0112mg／m3,NO2从0．0544mg／m3下降至0．0460mg／m3,PM10从0．0650mg／m3下降至0．0584mg／m3;每年日均浓度符合《环境空气质量标准》（GB3095—1996）的天数和达标标准亦逐年上升。季节趋势看,每年夏季各污染物平均浓度最低。关外两个监测点的污染物浓度高于关内。结论深圳市2006--2010年SO2、NO2和PM10浓度总体呈下降趋势,大气质量逐年改善,季节趋势明显,需重点关注改善关外大气质量。     

室内颗粒物污染对儿童哮喘的影响

目的探讨室内大气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM1污染对儿童哮喘的影响。方法采用1∶1成组病例-对照研究,于2015年10月—2016年5月对石河子市80名哮喘儿童和80名健康对照儿童进行问卷调查与室内颗粒物浓度检测,分析儿童哮喘的危险因素。结果两组合计160名儿童的室内PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM1浓度范围分别为26.57~507.30、12.66~159.00、4.53~77.08μg/m~3,其中PM_(10)超标率为61.9%,PM_(2.5)超标率为6.9%。病例组室内空气中的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM1浓度中位数均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,儿童有过敏史(OR=5.171)、有环境烟草烟雾(ETS)暴露(OR=2.429)、PM_(2.5)浓度高于中位数(OR=3.459)是儿童哮喘的危险因素,母乳喂养(OR=0.454)是儿童哮喘的保护因素,均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童有过敏史、ETS暴露和PM_(2.5)暴露可能增加儿童哮喘风险,同时应提倡母乳喂养,以保护儿童呼吸系统健康。     

Postmenopausal breast cancer is associated with exposure to traffic-related air pollution in Montreal, Canada: a case-control study

Background

Only about 30% of cases of breast cancer can be explained by accepted risk factors. Occupational studies have shown associations between the incidence of breast cancer and exposure to contaminants that are found in ambient air.

Objectives

We sought to determine whether the incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer is associated with exposure to urban air pollution.

Methods

We used data from a case–control study conducted in Montreal, Quebec, in 1996–1997. Cases were 383 women with incident invasive breast cancer, and controls were 416 women with other incident, malignant cancers, excluding those potentially associated with selected occupational exposures. Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were measured across Montreal in 2005–2006. We developed a land-use regression model to predict concentrations of NO₂ across Montreal for 2006, and developed two methods to extrapolate the estimates to 1985 and 1996. We linked these estimates to addresses of residences of subjects at time of interview. We used unconditional logistic regression to adjust for accepted and suspected risk factors and occupational exposures.

Results

For each increase of 5 ppb NO₂ estimated in 1996, the adjusted odds ratio was 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.71). Although the size of effect varied somewhat across periods, we found an increased risk of approximately 25% for every increase of 5 ppb in exposure.

Conclusions

We found evidence of an association between the incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer and exposure to ambient concentrations of NO₂. Further studies are needed to confirm whether NO₂ or other components of traffic-related pollution are indeed associated with increased risks.     

Risk of leukaemia and residential exposure to air pollution in an industrial area in Northern Italy: a case-control study

Leukaemia risk in adult populations exposed to environmental air pollution is poorly investigated. We have carried out a population-based case-control study in an area that included a fossil fuel power plant, a coke oven and two big chemical industries. Information on residential history and several risk factors for leukaemia was obtained from 164 cases, diagnosed between 2002 and 2005, and 279 controls. A higher risk for subjects residing in polluted areas was observed, but statistical significance was not reached (adjusted OR = 1.11 and 1.56 for subjects living in moderately and in heavily polluted zones, respectively, p = 0.190). Results suggest a possible aetiological role of residential air pollution from industrial sites on the risk of developing leukaemia in adult populations. However, the proportion of eligible subjects excluded from the study and the lack of any measure of air pollution prevent definitive conclusions from being drawn.     

Air pollution and postneonatal infant mortality in the United States, 1999-2002

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate the relationship between cause-specific postneonatal infant mortality and chronic early-life exposure to particulate matter and gaseous air pollutants across the United States. METHODS: We linked county-specific monitoring data for particles with aerodiameter of < or = 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and < or = 10 microm (PM10), ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide to birth and death records for infants born from 1999 to 2002 in U.S. counties with > 250,000 residents. For each infant, we calculated the average concentration of each pollutant over the first 2 months of life. We used logistic generalized estimating equations to estimate odds ratios of postneonatal mortality for all causes, respiratory causes, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and all other causes for each pollutant, controlling for individual maternal factors (race, marital status, education, age, and primiparity), percentage of county population below poverty, region, birth month, birth year, and other pollutants. This analysis includes about 3.5 million births, with 6,639 postneonatal infant deaths. RESULTS: After adjustment for demographic and other factors and for other pollutants, we found adjusted odds ratios of 1.16 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.27] for a 10-mug/m3 increase in PM10 for respiratory causes and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.09-1.32) for a 10-ppb increase in ozone and deaths from SIDS. We did not find relationships with other pollutants and for other causes of death (control category). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports particulate matter air pollution being a risk factor for respiratory-related postneonatal mortality and suggests that ozone may be associated with SIDS in the United States.     

空气细颗粒物污染对卒中影响研究进展

大气污染是近年来社会日益关注的环境问题。脑卒中是主要发生于老年人的脑血管疾病,具有极高的致死性和致残性。目前已经有很多研究证实了脑卒中发病与死亡和空气污染之间存在相关性。本文对近年来关于脑卒中发病与死亡和空气污染的关系部分研究进行综述。     

空气污染和低出生体重

空气污染与低出生体重之间的关系的研究在国外已有较多报道,通过回顾文献发现,孕期接触空气中的一氧化碳、可吸入颗粒、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、多环有机物、总悬浮颗粒等物质的污染可能与低出生体重的发生有关,但目前发生机制还不明确.     

Air pollution/working activity correlation: a case study in a dental hospital

The paper deals with a multidimensional approach demonstrating a direct link between the entity of ongoing dentistry activity (number and kind of interventions) and specific pollution components. Simultaneously indoor/outdoor air concentrations of a set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and activity variables, describing the amount and nature of ongoing dentistry activities, were monitored over a year at a dental hospital located in an urban area. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to single out mutually orthogonal pollution components which were then correlated to "pathology" factors arising from the analysis of dentistry activity indexes. The use of a multidimensional perspective allowed us to obtain a statistically significant model of the link between level of pollution and dentistry activity. In particular, the correlation approach linking pollution results to pathological variables allows us to establish a causative link even in the presence of sub-threshold concentrations of pollutants.     

居住环境及室内空气污染与肺癌发病关系病例对照研究

目的 了解居住环境及室内空气污染与肺癌发病的关系。方法 采用病例对照研究方法对2006年1月-2014年12月在福建医科大学附属第一医院、附属协和医院、南京军区福州总医院经病理确诊的1 374例新发肺癌患者和同期到医院非肿瘤科室访视的按性别、年龄（±2岁）频数匹配的1 374名健康对照人群进行问卷调查。结果 病例组肺癌患者居住地附近企业污染类型为废气污染、废水污染、粉尘污染、多种污染、其他污染、家庭被动吸烟、10年前烹调燃料为煤烟型、近10年烹调燃料为煤烟型、室内烹调油烟量很少、有些、很多、厨房与卧室不分开、居室通风情况一般、差的比例分别为10.2%、3.2%、2.2%、2.6%、1.5%、46.5%、40.2%、11.6%、54.7%、23.8%、4.5%、2.9%、18.5%、3.3%,均高于对照组健康人群的4.2%、0.9%、0.5%、0.7%、0.6%、25.7%、22.9%、5.2%、48.3%、18.7%、1.7%、1.5%、9.0%、1.2%（均P<0.05）;病例组肺癌患者使用排风扇或抽油烟机、炒菜时油温中等热、住宅类型为楼房的比例分别为58.8%、63.3%、67.6%,均低于对照组健康人群的75.3%、70.2%、86.8%（均P<0.05）;在调整性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、婚姻状况、体质指数、吸烟情况、职业危险因素暴露史、肿瘤家族史、肺部疾病史等混杂因素后,多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,居住地附近企业污染类型为废气、废水、粉尘和多种污染、家庭被动吸烟、10年前烹调燃料为煤烟型、室内烹调有油烟和居室通风不良是肺癌发病的危险因素,炒菜时油温中等热和住宅类型为楼房是肺癌发病的保护因素。结论 居住环境及室内空气污染可增加肺癌的发病风险。     

上海市大气污染对不同特征居民呼吸疾病就诊人数影响

  目的  探究黑龙江省牡丹江市大气污染对不同年龄、性别居民呼吸疾病就诊人数影响以及季节性变化,为牡丹江市因大气污染致呼吸疾病的防治提供理论依据。  方法  选择牡丹江市各医院2015年1月 — 2016年12月期间于呼吸科就诊的8 943 515例门诊、急诊就诊人员,采用半参广义相加模型（GAM）分析空气中二氧化硫（SO₂）、可吸入颗粒物（PM_2.5）、二氧化氮（NO₂）等主要大气污染物对不同年龄、性别居民呼吸疾病就诊人数影响。  结果  PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂作为危险因子,对全人群呼吸系统疾病的最佳滞后天数分别为lag1、lag2、lag0,且污染物每增加增加10 μg/m³对应的ER（95 % CI）分别为3.981%（2.746 ~ 5.216%）、6.938 %（5.017 % ~ 8.859 %）、9.873 %（7.454 % ~12.292 %）;大气污染对女性呼吸系统的影响明显高于男性,儿童和老人更易受大气污染物的影响,其中PM_2.5每升高10 μg/m³,男性儿童（≤ 18岁）、成人（19 ~ 64岁）和老人（≥ 65岁）的呼吸系统就诊例数分别升高 3.308 %（95 % CI = 2.331% ~ 4.285%）、1.667 %（95 % CI = 0.821% ~2.521%）、2.912 %（95 % CI = 2.149 % ~ 3.675 %）,女性分别升高 3.517 %（95 % CI = 2.362 % ~ 4.672 %）、1.839 %（95 % CI = 0.985 % ~ 2.639 %）、3.233 %（95 % CI = 2.459 % ~ 4.007 %）,SO₂、NO₂仅对儿童与老年人群的呼吸系统疾病有影响,对成年人无明显影响。  结论  牡丹江市大气污染对女性呼吸系统的影响显著高于男性,同时对≥ 65岁老人以及≤ 18岁儿童呼吸系统的影响明显高于成年人。     

Air pollution and emergency admissions in Boston, MA

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Many studies have shown that ambient particulate air pollution (PM) is associated with increased risk of hospital admissions and deaths for cardiovascular or respiratory causes around the world. In general these have been analysed in association with PM(10) and ozone, whereas PM(2.5) is now the particle measure of greatest health and regulatory concern. And little has been published on associations of hospital admissions and PM components. DESIGN: This study analysed hospital admissions for myocardial infarction (15 578 patients), and pneumonia (24 857 patients) in associations with fine particulate air pollution, black carbon (BC), ozone, nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), PM not from traffic, and carbon monoxide (CO) in the greater Boston area for the years 1995-1999 using a case-crossover analysis, with control days matched on temperature. MAIN RESULTS: A significant association was found between NO(2) (12.7% change (95% CI: 5.8, 18)), PM(2.5) (8.6% increase (95% CI: 1.2, 15.4)), and BC (8.3% increase (95% CI: 0.2, 15.8)) and the risk of emergency myocardial infarction hospitalisation; and between BC (11.7% increase (95% CI: 4.8, 17.4)), PM(2.5) (6.5% increase (95% CI: 1.1, 11.4)), and CO (5.5% increase (95% CI: 1.1, 9.5)) and the risk of pneumonia hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of associations seen for myocardial infarction and pneumonia (strongest associations with NO(2), CO, and BC) suggests that traffic exposure is primarily responsible for the association with heart attacks.     

Cooking smoke and tobacco smoke as risk factors for stillbirth

Smoke from biomass combustion produces some of the same pollutants found in tobacco smoke and ambient air, yet only one study to date has linked cooking with biomass fuels to increased risk of stillbirth. The mechanisms by which biomass smoke may cause stillbirth are through exposure to CO and particulates in biomass smoke. Using information on 19,189 ever-married women aged 40-49 included in India's 1998-99 National Family Health Survey, we examined the association between household use of biomass fuels (wood, dung, and crop residues), tobacco smoke (both active and passive), and risk of stillbirth. Data were analyzed using binary and multinomial logistic regression after controlling for several potentially confounding factors. Results indicate that, with other factors controlled, women who cook with biomass fuels are significantly more likely to have experienced a stillbirth than those who cook with cleaner fuels (OR= 1.44; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.97). Women who cook with biofuels are twice as likely to have experienced two or more stillbirths as those who cook with cleaner fuels (RRR= 2.01; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.62). The adjusted effect of active tobacco smoking is also positive (OR = 1.23) but not statistically significant. No effect of passive smoking was found, nor was there evidence of any modifying effects of tobacco smoking.     

Ambient air pollution and apnea and bradycardia in high-risk infants on home monitors

Background: Evidence suggests that increased ambient air pollution concentrations are associated with health effects, although relatively few studies have specifically examined infants.Objective: We examined associations of daily ambient air pollution concentrations with central apnea (prolonged pauses in breathing) and bradycardia (low heart rate) events among infants prescribed home cardiorespiratory monitors.Methods: The home monitors record the electrocardiogram, heart rate, and respiratory effort for detected apnea and bradycardia events in high-risk infants [primarily premature and low birth weight (LBW) infants]. From August 1998 through December 2002, 4,277 infants had 8,960 apnea event-days and 29,450 bradycardia event-days in > 179,000 days of follow-up. We assessed the occurrence of apnea and bradycardia events in relation to speciated particulate matter and gaseous air pollution levels using a 2-day average of air pollution (same day and previous day), adjusting for temporal trends, temperature, and infant age.Results: We observed associations between bradycardia and 8-hr maximum ozone [odds ratio (OR) = 1.049 per 25-ppb increase; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.021–1.078] and 1-hr maximum nitrogen dioxide (OR =1.025 per 20-ppb increase; 95% CI, 1.000–1.050). The association with ozone was robust to different methods of control for time trend and specified correlation structure. In secondary analyses, associations of apnea and bradycardia with pollution were generally stronger in infants who were full term and of normal birth weight than in infants who were both premature and LBW.Conclusions: These results suggest that higher air pollution concentrations may increase the occurrence of apnea and bradycardia in high-risk infants.     

Air pollution and childhood asthma emergency hospital admissions: estimating intra-city regional variations

In recent years childhood asthma has increased. Although the precipitants of childhood asthma are yet to be established possible contributing factors are local ambient air pollutants. This study aims to assess associations of regional ambient air pollutants on emergency department childhood asthma presentations across four regions of the city of Melbourne, Australia. Daily emergency department (ED) presentations for asthma in children were studied for the years 2000 and 2001. Estimates of local air pollutant levels were obtained using simulation modelling techniques. Generalized Additive Models were used to examine associations between combined local levels of air pollutants and childhood asthma ED presentations adjusting for seasonal variation, day of week effects, and meteorological variables. There was consistent associations between childhood ED asthma presentations and regional concentration of PM10, with a strongest association of RR = 1.17 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.31) in the central district of Melbourne. NO2 and Ozone was associated with increased childhood asthma ED presentations in the Western districts. This study suggests that regional concentrations of PM10 may have a significant effect on childhood asthma morbidity. In addition, ozone may play a role however, its effect may vary by geographical region.     

Indoor Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in Urban and Rural China

Abstract

During the summer of 1999, information about respiratory health outcomes and relevant covariates was collected from 3,709 Chinese adults in Beijing, Anqing City, and rural communities in Anqing Prefecture. Indoor PM₁₀ and SO₂ were measured in a randorn sample of selected households. Using logistic regression and controlling for important covariates (excluding PM₁₀ and SO₂) and familial intraclass correlation, highly significant differences were found between study areas in the prevalences of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, wheeze, and shortness of breath, but not physician-diagnosed asthma. Generally, the lowest prevalence of respiratory symptoms was observed in Anqing City, a higher prevalence in rural Anqing, and the highest prevalence in Beijing. Median indoor concentrations of PM₁₀ were similar in Anqing City (239 μg/m³) and rural Anqing (248 μg/m³), but much higher in Beijing (557 μg/m³).Median indoor concentrations of SO 2 were similar in all three areas (Beijing: 14 μg/m³,Anqing City: 25 μg/m³,rural Anqing: 20 μg/m³).     

Air pollution as a determinant of asthma among schoolchildren in Mohammedia, Morocco

The objective of the study was to investigate whether air quality in western Morocco is truly a significant risk factor in the development and exacerbation of respiratory diseases and, in particular, asthma. The continuous measurement of the mean concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) in the air and the density of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) for a period of four years was determined. Information on individual characteristics and indoor environments from 1318 children with an average age of 12 years was evaluated by questionnaire, completed by parents (assisted by professional investigators) and symptoms/diseases were medically diagnosed and reported. We have used the Student's t-test, Chi-square tests & odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI 95%) for estimates of the risk of asthma. The prevalence of asthma varies in a significant way according to the zone (chi(2) = 14.61, p < 0.05). Respiratory diseases (OR 6.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.09-9.64, p < 0.0001), strongly polluted zone (OR 3.62, 95% CI 1.71-7.81, p < or = 0.0001) and infectious diseases (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.99-5.47, p < 0.0001) are high risk factors for asthma. Air pollution is a determinant factor but is not the only factor increasing the risk of asthma in children; other factors such as respiratory diseases, infectious diseases, genetic and passive smoking present a high-risk threat.