A Comparative Study on Post-intervention Use of Tirofiban or Enoxaparin in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of post procedure use of platelet glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲ a receptor in- hibitor （PGI） or low molecular weight heparin （LMWH） in patients with acute coronary syndrome （ACS） undergoing dual anti-platelet loading therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods This was a prospective randomized grouping controlled study in 174 patients with ACS received aspirin 300 mg plus clopidogrel 600mg loading before PCI. After procedure, patients were randomized to intravenous tirofiban for 12 -24 hours （tirofiban group） or subcutaneous enoxaparin for 5 days （enoxaparin group）. Cardiac ischemic events, major bleeding complications, minor bleeding complications, thrombocytopenia, and vascular access complications in both groups were investigated. Results Cardiac ischemic events, major bleeding complications, minor bleeding complications, thrombocytopenia, and vascular access complications in tirofiban group were 8.0% , 3.4% , 6.8% , 3.4% , and 3.4% , respectively. In enoxaparin group, aforementioned event rates were 7%, 2. 3%, 6. 0%, 2. 3%, and 5.8%, respectively. No statistical significance was found between two groups. Conclusions In the setting of dual anti-platelet medication loading and PCI for the treatment of ACS, it is effective to use tirofiban or enoxaparin for aggressive post procedure antithrombotic therapy. It comes with a very low major bleeding complication rate. Use of GPI for 12 to 24 hours was comparable to use of LMWH for 5 days in efficacy and safety.     

cOptical coherence tomography application as guiding in percutaneous coronary intervention procedure one year follow up survey

Background Optical coherence tomography （OCT） is increasingly used in the process of percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）, but there is still lack of data about the significance of OCT in the process of PCI. The study aimed to investigate the long term value of OCT in the procedure of PCI. Methods One hundred sixty-five patients with coronary artery disease and implanted drug eluting stents were enrolled in the retrospective study. OCT was performed after stent implantation to detect the complications in 82 patients, who were named as OCT group. And the other 83 patients without OCT application served the control group. Incidence of the angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, revascularization and cardiac sudden death was observed in the two groups during one year follow-up. Results At one year clinical follow-up, the incidences of angina and revascularization in OCT group were significantly lower than those in control group （angina： 3.66% vs. 18.07%, P 〈 0.05; revascularization： 2.44% vs. 12.04%, P 〈 0.05）, the incidence of acute myocardial infarction was not significantly different （2.44% vs. 4.82%, P 〉 0.05）. Conclusions OCT is a feasible technique for guidance of coronary interventions, and its application during PCI procedure can improve the clinical outcome.     

Hybrid minimally invasive coronary artery revascularization

Background Hybrid coronary revascularization(HCR) is an alternative coronary revascularization strategy that combines a minimally invasive, survival advantage of the left internal mammary artery(LIMA)-left anterior descending(LAD) coronary artery bypass with less-invasive percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)to non-LAD coronary lesions by using drug-eluting stents. We report our experience of hybrid minimally invasive approach in 15 patients. Methods From December 2012 to October 2013, 15 patients underwent revascularization of the left anterior descending artery through minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting(MIDCAB). All patients by endoscopic assist beating heart coronary artery bypass grafting. Seven patients were scheduled for a hybrid procedure. Percutaneous coronary intervention of non- LAD was performed 3 to 5 days preoperatively. Demographic data, perioperative outcome, and annual follow-up were obtained from all the patients. Results In-hospital mortality was 6.67%. The rate of conversion to full median sternotomy was 13.3%. Ventilation time was 6.9 ± 5.1 h. Blood loss volume was 241 ± 67.8 mL. ICU stay was21.3 ± 10.8 h. Hospital postoperative stay lasted for 7.5 ± 1.3 days. Prior to PCI patients showed 100% patent LIMA(Tables 3 and 4). A mean follow-up was 8.5 months. One year graft patency rate was 100%(8 / 8patients for 254-slice tomography). Two patients required reintervention. Conclusions Minimally invasive hybrid coronary revascularization is a safe, feasible and efficacious approach with good results and should be performed in selected patients by surgeons with experience in minimally invasive bypass surgery plus collaboration with cardiologists. eluting stents.     

Ministernotomy for minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting

Background Through a ministernotomy ＂J shaped approach, left internal mammary artery （LIMA） bypass grafting to the left anterior descending artery （LAD） can be performed safely off-pump. To achieve a complete revascularization, percutaneous coronary interventions （PCI） with drug eluting stent implantation to other coronary arteries was used. We reported outcomes of the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease with minimally invasive coronary artery bypass （MICAB） and PCI. Methods Between January 2009 and Dec 2012, 14 patients （11 males, 3 females, mean age was 64.8 _ 10.1 years. Two-vessel disease account for 35.7% （5/14） of these patients, three-vessel disease 64.2% （9/14） （Table 1）. All patients underwent a minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting via mini-sternotomy ＂J＂ shaped approach. Seven patients were followed by PCI, 7 for obtuse marginal circumflex, 5 for right coronary artery （RCA）. Angiographic assessment of graft patency was performed in all patients during the PCI procedure. The clinical follow-up period lasts from 11-24 months. Results The in-hospital mortality was 0%. There was neither conversion to a full median sternotomy nor intraoperative complications. Ventilation time was 6.6 ＋_ 4.1 h. Blood loss ranged 341 ＋_ 78.8 mL. ICU stay ranged 22.3 _ 12.8 h. Hospital postoperative stay lasted for 6.5 ＋ 1.6 days. Prior to PCI patients showed 100% patent left internal mammary artery. One patient had mediastinitis （Tables 2-3）. Rate of freedom from cardiac reintervention during the follow-up period was 92.8% （13/14）. Conclusions The inferior J-shaped sternotomy is simple, reproducible, and the safest technique for performing minimally invasive coronary bypass surgery. MICAB ＋ PCI is also safe, feasible and efficacious.     

Effects of Late Reperfusion on Left Ventricular Function and Its Relationship With Viable Myocardium After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With or Without Diabetes

Objectives To compare the different effects of late successful reperfusion with PCI on left ventricular function and its relationship with viable myocardium after acute anterior wall myocardial infarction in patients with or without diabetes. Methods A total of 125 consecutive subjects with acute anterior wall myocardial infarction were selected, and divided into diabetes mellitus （DM） group （ n = 43） and Non-DM group （ n = 82） according to WHO diabetes diagnosis criteria. All patients received successful PCI at 12 ± 8 days from onset. Ischemic viable myocardium was detected with low-dose dobutamine echocardiography, and left ventricular function and wall motion abnormality were also assessed with echocardiography before PCI. The data of clinical manifestations and angiograms before and after PCI were analyzed. Levels of creatinine kinase-MB （CK-MB）, and troponin T （TnT） before PCI, 6 hours and 24 hours after PCI were assessed. All patients received clinic and echocardiography follow-up for 6 months. Results Higher rate of TIMI 2 flow, and lower rate of TIMI 3 flow in DM group were demonstrated immediately after PCI, and the rate of serum CK-MB and/or TnT levels were higher in DM group, compared with Non-DM group（P 〈 0.05）. 63% of DM patients and 56% of non-DM patients had viable myocardium before PCI（ P 〉 0. 05）. There were no significant differences of left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, left ventricular end diastolic volume index （LVEDVI）, left ventricular end systolic volume index （LVESVI）, and wall motion score （WMS） between two groups at baseline before PCI（P 〉 0.05）. After six months, WMS was decreased and LVEF was increased in Non-DM group, but the WMS and the LVEF did not changed, and the LVEDVI was increased in DM group compared with baseline; the LVEDVI, LVESVI, LVEF, and WMS were significantly different between two groups （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0. 01 ）. Conclusions Compared with non-diabetics, delayed successful revascularization with PCI in diabetics patient with acute myocardial infarction has less benefitial effect on the improvement of late phase left ventricular function, and it may be because the insufficient reperfusion or reperfusion injury to myocardium but not the viable myocardium contributing to the poor result. （S Chin J Cardiol 2009; 10（4） ： 196 -203）     

Effect of jailed balloon technique on side branch protection in percutaneous coronary intervention for bifurcation lesions

Background Data comparing the jailed balloon technique （JBT） and conventional jailed wire technique （JWT） during percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） for bifurcation lesions is scanty. Methods From January 2013 to June 2013, 192 consecutive patients undergoing elective PCI for de novo Medina 1,1,1 bifur- cation lesions were enrolled in this study. JBT and JWT were applied to protect the side branch （SB） at the discretion of the operator. Procedural outcomes were compared between the JBT and the JWT group. Results Seventy-four patients were treated with JBT and 118 with JWT. Proportion of patients achieving TIMI 3 flow in main branch （MB） was similar in both groups while in SB it was much lower in JWT group compared with JBT group （74.6% vs. 93.2%, P = 0.001）. In addition, patients in JWT group showed higher incidence of periprocedural myocardial infarction （MI） compared with patients in JBT group （11.9% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.008）. Similar tendency was observed in SB occlusion （18.6% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.009）. No device-related complications were observed in both groups. Conclusion JBT is an effective and safe measure to protect the SB during PCI for bifurcation lesions.     

Comparison Between Upstream Tirofiban and Downstream Tirofiban in Patients With Non-ST-segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes at High-risk Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions： Efficacy and Safety

Objectives To compare the efficacy and safety of upstream tirofiban with downstream tirofiban in patients with non- ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes （NSTE-ACS） at high-risk undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods Two hundred and four patients with NSTE-ACS at high-risk undergoing PCI were randomized to upstream （4 -6 hours before coronary angiography） tirofiban or downstream （with the guidewire crossing the lesion） tirofiban. We evaluated myocardial damage after PCI by qualitatively analyzing cardiac troponin I （cTnI） and MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase （CK-MB）. Platelet aggregation inhibition and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction （TIMI） flow grade were assessed. The incidences of major adverse cardiac events （MACE） at 24-hour, 90-day and 180-day after PCI were followed up. The incidences of bleeding complications and thrombocytopenia during tirofiban administration were recorded. Results There were 102 patients with NSTE-ACS randomly assigned to upstream group and downstream group respectively. The peak serum levels of cTnI within 48 hours after PCI were significantly lower with upstream tirofiban than downstream tirofiban （0.34 vs 0. 61 ; P 〈 0.05 ）. Post-procedural cTnI elevation within 48 hours was significantly less frequent among patients who received upstream tirofiban than downstream tirofiban （63 % vs 82%, P 〈 0. 05 ）. The peak serum levels of CK-MB as well as post-procedural CK-MB elevation within 48 hours after PCI were not significantly different between the two groups （ 15 vs 18 and 38% vs 43% ; respectively; P 〉 0. 05 ）. ECG changes and the inhibition of platelet aggregation between two groups were similar （ P 〉 0.05 ）. Although the inci- dences of MACE at 90-day and 180-day after PCI were not statistically different, they were consistently lower with upstream tirofiban （3 % vs 6% and 6% vs 16% ; P 〉 0.05 ）. The incidences of bleeding complications and thrombocyto- penia were similar in the two groups （ 11% vs 9% ; P 〉 0.05 ）. Conclusions Among patients with NSTE-ACS at high-risk undergoing PCI, upstream tirofiban is associated with attenuated myocardial damage without increasing complications. （ S Chin J Cardiol 2009; 10（4） ： 179 -185）     

Hyperuricemia and severity of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing selective percutaneous coronary intervention

Background Hyperuricemia as an independent predictor for presence of coronary artery disease(CAD)has been studied insufficiently. In this study, we evaluated the predictive value of hyperuricemia for the severity of coronary artery disease. Methods A total of 683 patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were prospectively observed and were divided into two groups (hyperuricemic group, n = 216, and normouricemic group, n = 467). Hyperuricemia (HUA) was defined as an serum uric acid level 7 mg/dL in males and 6 mg/dL in females. Severe CAD was defined as triple-vessel disease or left main disease. Results One hundred and eighteen (55%) severe CAD occurred in the hyperuricemic group and 211(45%) in the normouricemic group (P = 0.02). The median uric acid levels of the severe CAD patients were significantly higher than secondary CAD (single vessel disease or two-vessel disease) patients (379 ± 111 vs 360 ± 105, P = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for potential confounding factors, showed that HUA was an independent risk factor of coronary artery disease (odds radio = 1.63, 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.61, P = 0.040). Moiety of in-hospital complications such as acute heart failure (17.6% vs. 6.2%, P 0.001), hypotension (3.8%, vs. 1.3%, P = 0.04), contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) (7.4% vs. 1.3%, P 0.001) after PCI, were significantly higher in hyperuricemic groups. Conclusions Hyperuricemia was an independent predictor for severe coronary artery disease (triple-vessel disease or left main disease).     

药物洗脱支架的研发现状和展望

近年来,在第一代药物洗脱支架（drug—elutingstents,DESs）并发的支架内血栓形成（stentthrombosis,ST）的机制研究基础上,国内外研发产业为了防止血管再内皮化过程的延迟和减少ST的发生,特别是降低晚期sT（1atestentthrombosis,     

心绞痛患者PCI术前大剂量阿托伐他汀对围手术期心肌损伤的影响

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）是所有采用经皮穿刺方法减轻冠状动脉狭窄的各种心导管技术的总称,早期PCI术主要是指经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术（percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty,PTCA）.自从1977年Gruzentig在瑞士完成世界上第一例PTCA后,心血管造影的临床应用日趋广泛,成为临床上判断冠状动脉病变部位和程度的＂金标准＂.     

心肌梗死后PCI术心肌再灌注治疗研究进展

急性心肌梗死（AMI）的再灌注治疗包括溶栓治疗和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术。其治疗目的是使不可逆的心肌坏死最小化以减少早期死亡率,改善长期预后和心功能。随着心肌梗死早期血管再通治疗的广泛开展,ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）的早期病死率已显著下降,由1986年的13％下降至2000年的约4％。     

Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention： A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background Clopidogrel is beneficial after acute coronary syndrome. Recent studies suggest the superiority of prasugrel compared with clopidogrel. The enhanced platelet inhibition with prasugrel lead to a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with moderate to high risk acute coronary syndrome scheduled for PCI. However, prasugrel showed signs of increased bleeding potential. We performed a meta-analysis to assess clinical safety and efficacy of prasugrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, clinicaltrials. gov, proceedings of major US and European cardiology meetings, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases 2000-2010 and reviews, reference lists of relevant articles. The search strategy paired the term "prasugrel" "clopidogrel" with the following: "acute coronary syndrome" "percutaneous coronary intervention" We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind trials that evaluated clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Two reviewers independently assessed the trials. Differences were resolved by consensus. Results A total of 2 trials with 14512 patients were available for analysis. Overall, prasugrel appeared significantly superior to clopidogrel for the risk of MACE (OR = 0.820.74-0.90, P ﹤0.0001), stent thrombosis (OR = 0.470.35-0.62, P 0.00001), death(OR = 0.850.78-0.93, P = 0.0003), and myocardial infarction (OR = 0.760.68-0.85, P﹤0.00001), without any significant difference in stroke (P = 0.85). However, major bleeding associated with non coronary artery bypass grafting Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction related to prasugrel (OR = 1.321.03-1.67, P = 0.03). Conclusions Prasugrel is superior to clopidogrel for acute coronary syndrome, while causing more bleedings.     

再议aVR导联的临床应用意义

<正>aVR导联在体表心电图(electrocardiograph,ECG)中的地位长时间以来没有受到足够的重视,aVR导联大多仅用于窦性心律的判别上,将aVR导联P波的倒置作为窦性心律诊断的必备条件之一。近年来,人们逐渐注意到了aVR导联在急性冠状动脉综合征、心律失常、心室肥厚和肺动脉高压等方面的诊断或鉴别价值。本文就aVR导联近年来在临床中的应用价值作一介绍。     

入院即刻血糖与急性冠脉综合征

入院即刻血糖可能反映机体在应激性刺激过程中产生的应激反应的强烈程度。入院即刻血糖的水平与体内炎症反应强度、血容量、血小板聚集及黏附等存在相关性。对入院即刻血糖的研究可以为评估急性冠脉综合征（acute coroary syndrome,ACS）患者的预后提供新的指标。现就入院即刻血糖的特性与急性冠脉综合征的关系作一综述。     

替罗非班在急性冠脉综合征患者中的应用

急性冠脉综合征（acute coronary syndromes,ACS）是严重危害人类健康的一类疾病,包括不稳定型心绞痛（unstable angina pectons,UAP）、急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死（non—ST segment elevated myocardial infarction,NSTEMI）和急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（ST segment elevated myocardial infarction,STEMI）及猝死,     

A Seven-year Experience for The Surgical Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Objective A 7-year experience for the treatment strategy using mono- and bi-polar radiofrequency （RF） ablation procedures in a heterogeneous group of patients was reported. Methods Between July 2003 and May 2009, the data of 314 consecutive patients aged 13 -75 （48.70 ± 11.09 ）undergone the radiofrequency ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation （AF） associated with concomitant cardiac surgery were analyzed. Monopolar was used for 91 patients; Medtronic bi-polar RF ablation procedure for 92 patients and Atricure RF ablation procedure for 131 patients. All patients were combined with valve surgery. Regular follow-ups were performed at 3, 6 month after surgery. Results Hospital mortality after combined open heart and surgical RF ablation was 0 %. The success rates for sinus rhythm conversion with monopolar RF were 73.6 % immediately, 74. 7 % at 3 months, 79. 1% at 6 months ; with Medtronic bi- polar RF, the rates were 78.3 % immediately, 82. 8 % at 3 months, 84 % at 6 months ; with Atricure bi-polar RF, the rates were 82. 4 % immediately, 84. 1% at 3 months, 83.9 % at 6 months. Conclusions The use of RF ablation procedures is a safe and efficient option to cure AF during open heart surgery in a selective group of patients.     

CABG perioperative depression

Background Depression is very common in coronary artery bypass surgery （CABG） patients and increases the cost of patients’ care and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but decreases their quality of life. Clinicians should routinely screen for depression in CABG perioperative period with certain kinds of survey instruments like the Beck Depression Inventory （BDI）, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale （HADS）, the Patient Health Questionnaire （PHQ-9）, et al; meanwhile, should not hesitate to manage it with pharmacotherapy and psychosocial intervention or behavioral therapy.     

Increasing Uric Acid Concentration in Elderly With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Objectives Plasma uric acid （UA） concentration was suspected to elevate in elderly with ischemic cardiomyopathy （ICM）. Methods We analyzed the data of 235 elderly aged 60 years and older with coronary heart disease： silent myocardial ischemia or angina pectoris confirmed by angiography. Among these patients, 154 had ICM defined as left ventricular end-diastolic diameter （LVDd） male 〉 55 mm, female 〉 50 mm （mean. 63.51 ± 7.70 mm） measured by echocardiography. Difference in UA was analyzed between patients with and without ICM. Results There was significant increase of UA in ICM compared with non-ICM （432.82 ± 143.05 umol/L vs 361. 06 ± 137.35 umol/L, P 〈 0. 05 ） ; and UA was positively related to LVDd （ r = 0. 25, P 〈 0. 05 ）. Conclusions There was significant increase of UA in elderly with ICM due to longterm silent myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris. Moreover, UA was positively related to LVDd. （ S Chin J Cardiol 2009; 10（4） ： 212 -215）     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗出血并发症的治疗进展

冠状动脉疾病（CAD）是心内科的常见病,近年来对于该疾病的治疗有了迅速的发展,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）作为一种有效治疗CAD的手段日益应用广泛,使得缺血事件大大降低,但出血并发症却不断增加。现对PCI患者出血、贫血和输血等情况作一综述。     

急性冠脉综合征抗血小板治疗新进展

急性冠脉综合征（acute coronary syndromes,ACS）是以冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破溃,继发完全或不完全闭塞性血栓形成为病理基础的一组临床综合征。