经病理确诊的特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎1例报道并文献复习

目的 探讨特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断及治疗。方法 报道本院1例经病理确诊的特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎患者的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果 本例患者表现为慢性反复头痛,头颅磁共振增强扫描示左侧小脑幕异常增生并强化,病理活检提示大量慢性炎症细胞浸润,经过激素冲击治疗头痛缓解,后续小剂量激素联合免疫抑制剂甲氨蝶呤口服,临床预后良好。结论 特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎病因复杂,多以慢性头痛、多组脑神经麻痹及小脑性共济失调为主要临床表现; 头颅MRI可见特征性硬脑膜肥厚及强化表现; 临床需与多种颅内疾病相鉴别,病理活检可确诊; 激素治疗基础上联合免疫抑制剂可防止病情复发。     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎1例报道及文献复习

目的探讨肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现、影像学特征及治疗。方法报道本院1例患者的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果本例患者表现为多组颅神经麻痹,头部MRI示局部硬脑膜异常增生并强化,激素治疗后好转,激素减量后病情再次复发,加用硫唑嘌呤后病情得以控制。结论肥厚性硬脑膜炎以慢性头痛、多组颅神经麻痹及小脑性共济失调为主要临床表现;头颅MRI可见特征性的硬脑膜肥厚并强化改变;激素治疗的基础上加免疫抑制剂可防止病情复发。     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎

肥厚性硬脑膜炎是以颅内硬脑膜弥漫性增厚和纤维性炎症过程为特征的一种少见疾病,分为特发性和继发性,主要表现为头痛、多颅神经麻痹、偏瘫及癫痫发作等。头颅MRI可见硬脑膜局部或弥漫性增厚,增强扫描可见强化。皮质类固醇激素和免疫抑制剂治疗有效,如出现脑实质或神经受压症状,多需手术治疗。本文复习文献,对HP近年研究进行综述。     

特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床、病理特点及治疗体会

目的探讨特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎（IHCP）的临床、病理特点并介绍治疗体会。方法收集4例IHCP患者的临床、影像和病理资料,总结其临床特点及治疗方法。结果IHCP主要临床表现为慢性头痛、多脑神经麻痹以及癫痫发作,头颅MRI增强检查可见局部脑膜增厚,脑膜病理检查显示肉芽组织样增生。甲基泼尼松龙联合免疫抑制剂治疗IHCP效果好。结论IHCP多以慢性头痛起病,头颅影像可见硬膜肥厚,糖皮质激素加免疫抑制剂治疗有效。     

IgG4相关肥厚性硬脑膜炎临床、影像及病理特点研究

目的总结IgG4相关肥厚性硬脑膜炎(IgG4-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis,IgG4-RHP)的临床、MRI和病理学特点。方法收集2014-01-01—2016-12-31首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经病学中心神经感染与免疫科收治的IgG4-RHP患者的临床资料,分析其临床表现、MRI及病理学特点。结果共收集6例患者,其中男2例,女4例,首发症状主要为为慢性头痛6例、脑神经损伤3例、痫性发作2例。所有患者血清IgG4水平均升高,头颅MRI检查均可见硬脑膜强化。所有患者病理学检查结果符合IgG4-RHP表现。结论IgG4-RHP在临床中并不少见,对于诊断肥厚性硬脑膜炎的患者应进一步行血清IgG4水平检测,必要时行硬脑膜活检以助于早诊断、早治疗。     

特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎临床、实验室检查及影像学特点分析

目的分析6例特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎(IHP)患者的临床特点及辅助检查特征。以提高对特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎的认识。方法回顾性分析并总结2014年1月至2017年11月在河南省人民医院神经内科就诊的6例临床诊断为特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎(IHP)患者的临床、实验室检查结果及影像学特点。结果 6例患者主要临床表现为头痛、颅神经受累、癫痫、精神行为异常和共济失调。实验室检查血沉(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及脑脊液细胞和蛋白等炎性指标增高。磁共振影像表现为对称或不对称的硬脑膜T1加权等和(或)低信号,T2加权低信号,增强有强化。所有患者均给予激素冲击治疗,预后良好。结论 IHP以头痛及颅神经受累为主要表现,实验室检查炎性指标的升高及影像学硬脑膜增厚强化均有助于临床医师诊断及识别本病。     

IgG4相关特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎:一例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨IgG4相关特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现、影像学及组织病理学特点.方法 回顾分析1例IgG4表达阳性的特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎患者的临床表现、组织学特征,并复习相关文献.结果 男性患者,55岁.以癫痫发作起病,主要表现为发作性左侧肢体抽搐.MRI增强扫描显示局部硬脑膜增厚,并呈线样或结节样强化.大体标本观察硬脑...     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎9例的临床表现及影像学特征分析

目的分析肥厚性硬脑膜炎患者的临床表现、影像学特征、治疗及预后,以提高对该病的认识。方法收集我院2012年2月至2015年7月收治的肥厚性硬脑膜炎患者9例,进行回顾性分析。结果 9例患者均慢性起病,平均病程10.3 m(1 m~3 y),8例以慢性头痛为首发症状,1例以精神异常为首发症状,6例合并脑神经受损。实验室检查示9例非特异性炎性指标升高,6例脑脊液检查压力升高,7例蛋白升高。头部磁共振成像(MRI)以小脑幕、大脑镰等处硬脑膜局限性或弥漫性肥厚为主,T1加权像表现为等信号,T2加权像表现为等信号或低信号,增强明显强化,呈线性或结节性异常强化的特征性表现,治疗后复查可见硬脑膜增厚变薄或消失,强化减轻。9例均经糖皮质激素治疗,6例明显好转,3例无效加用免疫抑制剂后好转。结论肥厚性硬脑膜炎常表现为慢性头痛及脑神经受损,MRI增强可见特征性表现,糖皮质激素治疗可明显缓解症状,难治者可加用免疫抑制剂治疗。     

IgG4相关特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎：一例报告并文献复习

目的探讨IgG4相关特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现、影像学及组织病理学特点。方法回顾分析1例IgG4表达阳性的特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎患者的临床表现、组织学特征,并复习相关文献。结果男性患者,55岁。以癫痫发作起病,主要表现为发作性左侧肢体抽搐。MRI增强扫描显示局部硬脑膜增厚,并呈线样或结节样强化。大体标本观察硬脑膜明显增厚,质地坚硬;光学显微镜下可见硬脑膜异常增厚,纤维结缔组织增生及大量炎性细胞浸润,以淋巴细胞和浆细胞为主,伴少量嗜酸性粒细胞。免疫组织化学染色大量淋巴细胞表达IgG,部分表达IgG4。糖皮质激素和免疫抑制药治疗有效。结论特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎是一类病因不明的硬脑膜纤维性炎性病变,部分患者可能是IgG4相关硬化性疾病谱中的一员。     

特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎临床及病理特点(附3例报道)

目的探讨特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎(IHCP)的临床、影像学、病理表现及治疗。方法回顾性分析3例经影像诊断(其中2例经病理活检证实)的IHCP患者的临床资料,总结其临床表现、实验室检查、影像学表现和治疗特点。结果 3例患者均有慢性偏头痛样头痛及脑神经麻痹表现,2例病程有复发和缓解。2例红细胞沉降率加快、C反应蛋白增高,其中1例类风湿因子升高,另1例抗核抗体阳性。脑脊液蛋白3例均升高。头MRI强化均可见硬脑膜增厚,部位与脑神经麻痹相关。糖皮质激素单用或联合环磷酰胺治疗有效。结论 MRI强化对IHCP诊断有特异性,脑膜活检可确诊该病。糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂对IHCP复发治疗有效。     

Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis

Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis is a rare form of fibrosing chronic inflammatory process of unknown etiology, which causes thickening of the intracranial dura mater. We present four patients with hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis who presented with chronic headache and cranial nerve palsies. The diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis was based on neuroimaging findings of thickened enhancing dura, exclusion of known causes and histopathologic findings compatible with nonspecific inflammation in the meningeal biopsies. Corticosteroid therapy was effective in all cases in inducing a complete or partial remission of the neurologic symptoms and signs. We describe the clinical, radiological and pathological features of idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis and discuss the relationship of this entity with other inflammatory fibrosclerotic disorders to explain the pathogenesis. A high index of suspicion, prompt confirmation of the diagnosis by meningeal biopsy, and early institution and long-term maintenance of steroid therapy may help to prevent irreversible neurologic sequelae, especially blindness.     

Long-term lack of progression after initial treatment of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis

Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis (IHCP) is a rare inflammatory disease which is sometimes difficult to diagnose and can lead to misinterpretations of the clinical and imaging findings. The main clinical manifestations are headache, ataxia and cranial nerve palsy. In most of the reported patients continuous medication is needed to avoid disease recurrence. We present a female patient with an 8-year follow-up, no clinical regression and no need for any further medical treatment. Even though most patients with IHCP experience recurrence after diagnosis and initial treatment there were no clinical or imaging signs of relapse in our patient. Our patient is still not under any medical or surgical treatment due to the lack of any significant symptoms.     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现及影像学特征

目的探讨肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现及影像学特征。方法通过4例肥厚性硬脑膜炎的病例报告及相关文献资料的临床表现及影像学特征来进行总结和讨论。结果肥厚性硬脑膜炎主要表现为头痛、脑神经麻痹,MRI表现为硬脑膜增厚呈线条状或斑块状,增强扫描后肥厚的硬脑膜强化。结论肥厚性硬脑膜炎可表现为多种临床过程,MRI表现较具特征性,结合临床表现有利于肥厚性硬脑膜炎的早期诊断。     

Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis

Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis is a rare disorder of unknown origin. It is a fibrosing inflammatory process that involves the dura mater. Herein are described 14 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis; their clinical, laboratory and radiological findings, as well as their treatment, are analyzed. Neuropathological findings of six cases including two autopsied cases are also presented. The main clinical features were headache and cranial nerve palsies. Many patients had mild to moderate elevation of C‐reactive protein, and three patients had perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. The CSF in most cases showed inflammatory changes. Neuroimaging studies revealed diffuse or localized thickening of the dura, and MRI findings were key to diagnosis of this disorder. The clinical course was chronic. All patients were treated with corticosteroid and improved intially, but half of them experienced relapses. Two patients received surgical intervention. Pathological examination in two autopsied cases revealed diffuse thickening of the dura, especially in the posterior part of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli. Microscopic examination of the dura showed dense fibrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration composed mainly of lymphocytes. The cell infiltration was marked at the surface of the dura mater. One case had necrotizing vasculitis of the small arteries located in the dura and the cerebral surface. There were no giant cells, caseation necrosis, or epitheloid granuloma. Four patients underwent biopsy of the dura, and the pathological study showed non‐specific inflammatory changes. The relationship of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis with connective tissue disease or vasculitis syndrome is discussed.     

肥厚性硬膜炎8例分析及文献复习

目的探讨肥厚性硬膜炎的发病机制、临床特点、脑脊液和影像学改变及治疗。方法回顾性分析8例肥厚性硬膜炎患者的临床资料并复习文献。结果 8例患者发病年龄为43～78岁,6例患者均有头痛,2例患者以头晕为主要症状,6例患者存在脑神经受累表现,其中舌咽神经、迷走神经受累4例。血生化检查红细胞沉降率增快5例。腰穿脑脊液检查示压力增高4例,蛋白、细胞数增高;8例患者均未查到结核杆菌、隐球菌、瘤细胞。头MRI及增强扫描示广泛硬脑膜增厚强化。经糖皮质激素治疗后头痛缓解,脑神经受累症状部分好转。结论肥厚性硬膜炎病因复杂,临床多表现为头痛,脑神经易受累,头颅MRI增强发现典型的影像学改变有利于临床诊断,糖皮质激素治疗有效。     

Hypertrophe kraniale Pachymeningitis als seltene Ursache für Kopfschmerzen

Hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis is an uncommon, fibrosing, inflammatory process that involves the dura mater. The condition is being reported more frequently owing to the use of cranial MRI. The main clinical feature is headache, whereas cranial nerve lesions, cerebellar symptoms, and epileptic seizures occur more rarely. A variety of autoimmune and infectious diseases can result in this condition, which is labeled as idiopathic in the absence of any definite inciting factor. The diagnosis of hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis is based on neuroimaging of thickened and enhancing dura mater. It can be defined pathologically on biopsy. A specific treatment is indicated in some cases of secondary hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis. Mostly, treatment relies on corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. This review summarizes the current knowledge on causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of this disorder.     

Two cases of cranial pachymeningitis presenting only severe continuous headache or convulsion]

In cranial pachymeningitis, headache, cranial nerve palsies, and ataxia were the most common clinical manifestations. We reported two rare cases presenting only headache or convulsion as a main symptom. A 66-year-old man was suffering from severe continuous headache for years with no other clinical symptoms. Laboratory data revealed positive RA test and elevated RAPA. With oral steroid therapy, his headache was subsided. A 39-year-old woman visited us with convulsive attacks as only symptom. Biopsy of the thickened dura revealed granulated epithelioid cells without central necrosis. With antituberculosis therapy, hypertrophy of dura, as well as the symptom, was disappeared. It is difficult to diagnose pachymeningitis when patients manifest only headache or convulsion. We suggest to carry out Gd-enhanced MR scan in these cases.     

Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis masquerading as Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.

Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis is a rare condition. A case of idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis presenting as Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is being reported. The importance of neuroimaging in patients with suspected Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is discussed. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome might represent a focal manifestation of Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis. Future studies are necessary to further clarify the relationship between these two conditions.     

A case of subarachnoid hemorrhage with pituitary apoplexy caused by idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis

Steroid therapy is considered to improve clinical symptoms in hypertrophic pachymeningitis. We present a 70-year-old man with idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis, whose clinical signs progressively worsened despite steroid therapy. He died of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with pituitary apoplexy 2 months after the admission regardless of improvement of laboratory data and magnetic resonance imaging appearance by one-and-half-month steroid therapy. Autopsy revealed thickened dura mater supporting the diagnosis of hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Brain parenchyma is generally not affected by the disease; however, histological investigation suggested that inflammation of the dura caused damage to superior hypophyseal artery resulting in SAH and apoplexy in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The higher dose and the longer duration of steroid therapy should have achieved in our case although most laboratory data recovered within the normal range. The aggressiveness of hypertrophic pachymeningitis must be evaluated by clinical signs rather than by laboratory data or imaging examinations.     

Case report of Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with multiple cranial nerve palsy and hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis]

We report a 41-year-old man whose initial neurological symptoms are atypical of Wegener's granulomatosis. The patient was admitted because he developed left ocular pain, headache, bilateral visual loss and left abducens nerve palsy. He was initially diagnosed with optic neuritis at ophthalmological department and steroid therapy was started. Although steroid therapy led to rapid recovery of visual acuity and eye movement, he was readmitted for seizure. Two weeks later, a second seizure attack occurred, followed by palsy of the left side of cranial nerves II, III, IV, V and VI. Brain MRI showed focal thickening and enhancement of the dura mater over left frontal lobe, leading to a new presumptive diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis. Steroid therapy was resumed and the symptoms improved rapidly. As right hemiparesis developed during the clinical course, another brain MRI was obtained. T2-weighted image showed a high intensity area in the left portion of the pons. 14 months later, recurrent epistaxis suggestive of Wegener's granulomatosis appeared. A subsequent nasopharyngeal mucosa biopsy revealed a necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. A significant elevation of PR-3 ANCA was also noted. A definitive diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis was established. The initial presentation of this case was of multiple cranial neuropathies with no superior respiratory tract symptoms, which are typical of early stage Wegener's granulomatosis. In patients with various central nervous system symptoms and MRI evidence of hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis, a thorough clinical workup of vasculitis syndrome including Wegener's granulomatosis should be considered.