硫酸镁对重型颅脑损伤的治疗作用研究

目的 探讨硫酸镁治疗重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)的临床效果及作用机制.方法 将入选病例随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例.对照组按常规治疗,治疗组加用硫酸镁.分别采用原子分光光度法和放射免疫法测定治疗前后血清Mg2+和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度;入院时、入院2周分别记录格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS);sTBI后3个月随访记录格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS).结果 治疗组血清IL-1β浓度于治疗后2、3、7 d明显低于对照组(P均<0.01),血清TNF-α浓度于治疗后2、3 d明显低于对照组(P均<0.05).治疗组入院2周GCS评分明显高于对照组(P<0.05).治疗组sTBI后3个月GOS评分高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 硫酸镁治疗sTBI近期疗效良好.Mg2+可通过抑制sTBI患者急性期炎症反应而起到脑保护作用.     

三种认知量表间记忆内容的相关性分析

目的 探讨简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和Rivermead行为记忆量表-Ⅲ(RBMT-Ⅲ)在脑损伤患者记忆能力评估中的相关性以及特点。方法 2016年3月至2018年2月,脑损伤患者62例完成MMSE、MoCA和RBMT-Ⅲ测评,并进行相关性分析。结果 三个量表总分间呈正相关(r = 0.682~0.786, P < 0.001),回溯性记忆( r = 0.525~0.610, P < 0.001)和长时记忆评分间均呈正相关( r = 0.553~0.692, P < 0.001)。RBMT-Ⅲ短时记忆与MMSE短时记忆评分呈正相关( r = 0.337, P = 0.007)。RBMT-Ⅲ前瞻性记忆与MMSE、MoCA回溯性记忆呈正相关(r = 0.639、r = 0.585, P < 0.001),RBMT-Ⅲ短时记忆与MMSE、MoCA长时记忆呈正相关( r = 0.454、r = 0.534, P < 0.001)。 结论 MMSE、MoCA和RBMT-Ⅲ评估脑损伤患者回溯性记忆和长时记忆具有良好的一致性;RBMT-Ⅲ和MMSE评估脑损伤患者短时记忆也具有良好的一致性;脑损伤患者MMSE和MoCA记忆分项有助于评估基于事件的前瞻性记忆水平,而长时记忆分项有助于评估短时记忆水平。     

股骨头和血清LncRNA HOTAIR表达与非创伤性股骨头坏死进展的相关性

目的探讨非创伤性股骨头坏死（ONFH）患者血清和股骨头局部LncRNA HOX转录反义RNA（HOTAIR）的表达与疾病严重程度的关系。方法纳入本院接收的保髋或全髋置换的非创伤性ONFH患者90例,健康对照84例。RT-PCR检测血清和局部HOTAIR的表达,影像学进展由国际骨循环研究学会（ARCO）分期判定,采用VAS和Harris髋关节评分评价ONFH患者临床严重程度,应用ROC曲线确定血清HOTAIR在影像学进展中的诊断价值。结果非创伤性ONFH患者血清HOTAIR表达高于健康对照组(1.97±0.32 vs 1.00±0.10,P < 0.001),ONFH组织中的局部HOTAIR在坏死区高于非坏死区(2.37±0.25 vs 1.00±0.10,P < 0.001)。ARCO 4级的ONFH患者血清和局部HOTAIR表达高于3级（2.22±0.28 vs 1.94±0.36,P=0.001;2.58±0.22 vs 2.42±0.32,P=0.02）。ARCO 3级的ONFH患者与ARCO 1/2级相比,血清HOTAIR表达升高（1.94±0.36 vs 1.73±0.23,P=0.009;2.42±0.32 vs 2.13±0.24,P < 0.001）。血清中和局部HOTAIR的表达与ARCO分级呈显著正相关（r=0.569,P < 0.001;r=0.585,P < 0.001）。血清和局部HOTAIR表达与VAS评分呈正相关（血清r=0.557,P < 0.001;局部r=0.672,P < 0.001）,与HSS评分呈显著负相关（血清r=-0.326,P=0.002;局部r=-0.489,P < 0.001）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清HOTAIR可作为诊断非创伤性ONFH影像学进展的良好指标(AUC=0.663, P=0.030; AUC=0.726, P=0.003)。结论非创伤性ONFH患者血清和局部HOTAIR表达升高可能反映ONFH病情的严重程度。     

脊髓损伤恒河猴下肢残留跨步能力的评估

目的 观察评估脊髓损伤后恒河猴的下肢残留跨步能力。方法 成年雌性恒河猴4只,胸椎T_7-9右半侧切除脊髓组织1 cm。分别在脊髓损伤前、脊髓损伤后6周和12周,采用VICON系统进行双下肢步态测试,获取动物在跑步机上连续跨步中的双下肢步态周期时长,步长、步高、膝/踝关节角度幅值以及联动参数比值,并量化分析。结果 脊髓损伤后,恒河猴双下肢的协调性破坏,右下肢明显拖拽;左下肢步态周期时长显著增加(P < 0.001),膝/踝关节角度屈曲/伸展的幅值均显著增大( P < 0.001)。联动参数比值在脊髓损伤前后均无显著性差异( P > 0.05)。左下肢步态周期时长与步长( r= 0.838, P = 0.001)、步高(r= 0.726, P = 0.007)和踝关节角度变化幅值(r= 0.766, P = 0.004)均相关,踝关节角度变化幅值与步长呈正相关(r= 0.627, P = 0.029)。结论 脊髓损伤后恒河猴健侧肢体步态模式发生改变。健侧下肢代偿性调整运动策略,以适应患侧下肢功能的缺失。     

重度脑外伤患者长期功能结局的影响因素

目的 了解重度脑外伤患者1年随访结局及其相关因素。 方法 2015年1月至2018年12月,重度脑外伤患者135例,住院期间记录性别、发病年龄、教育年限、损伤部位、病变侧,并采用残疾等级量表(DRS)、简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、Fugl-Meyer评定量表(FMA)运动和平衡部分,以及改良Barthel指数(MBI)进行评定。出院后随访1年,再次评定DRS。 结果 发病年龄(r = 0.188)、初次DRS评分(r = 0.530)、MMSE评分(r = -0.376)、FMA运动部分评分(r = -0.284)、FMA平衡部分评分(r = -0.425)、MBI评分(r = -0.480)、脑干受损(r = 0.194)、弥漫性脑损伤(r = 0.202)与随访时DRS评分相关(P < 0.05);性别( r = -0.175)、初次DRS评分(r = 0.586)、MMSE评分(r = -0.242)、FMA运动部分评分(r = -0.301)、FMA平衡部分评分(r = -0.228)、MBI评分(r = -0.367)、枕叶受损(r = 0.209)与DRS差值相关(P < 0.05)。 结论 重度脑外伤患者的受伤年龄、早期认知和运动功能障碍程度,影响患者长期结局,仍需进一步研究损伤部位对长期结局的影响。     

体素内不相干运动成像定量评估肝窦阻塞综合征

目的  探讨体素内不相干运动(IVIM)MRI定量参数评估野百合碱诱导的大鼠肝窦阻塞综合征(SOS)微循环障碍的可行性。方法  选取36只SD大鼠,随机分成SOS组(n=30)和基准组(n=6)。SOS组大鼠用野百合碱溶液灌胃,剂量为160 mg/kg,分别在灌胃后第1、3、5、7、10天随机选取6只大鼠行IVIM MRI检查,测量肝脏的水分子扩散(D)、灌注分数(f)、伪扩散系数(D^*)、表观扩散系数(ADC),待扫描完成后处死该组大鼠行肝脏取样,测量病理评分。基准组大鼠不做任何干预,在SOS组开始灌胃前1 d行IVIM MRI检查,扫描完成后处死该组大鼠行肝脏病理检查。根据肝纤维化程度将大鼠肝脏分为正常、早期、晚期SOS。分析IVIM MRI定量参数与病理评分及受试者工作特征曲线的相关性。结果  D、f、D^*、ADC的定量参数值在第1、3、5天下降,在第7、10天升高,与病理评分呈负相关关系。与正常肝脏比较,“早期”SOS的D(P < 0.01)、f (P < 0.01)、D^*(P < 0.001)、ADC(P < 0.001)均降低,“晚期”SOS的D(P < 0.001)、f (P < 0.001)、D^*(P < 0.001)、ADC(P < 0.001)进一步降低。f (r=-0.723)与病理评分的相关系数高于D(r=-0.539)、D^*(r=-0.550)和ADC(r=-0.554)。鉴别诊断“早期”SOS和“晚期”SOS时D和f的ROC曲线下面积值(分别为0.8和0.85)高于D^*和ADC(分别为0.74和0.73)。结论  IVIM MRI可以定量评估不同分期SOS肝脏功能和结构的变化,随着SOS损伤的进展,IVIM MRI定量参数出现不同程度的改变,可以为临床监测SOS进展提供重要信息。     

阶梯式减压策略结合去骨瓣减压术对重型脑创伤患者术中急性脑膨出和近期预后的影响

目的:探讨阶梯式减压策略结合去骨瓣减压术(decompressive craniectomy,DC)对重型脑创伤(severe traumatic brain injury,sTBI)患者术中急性脑膨出及近期预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析83例sTBI手术患者的临床资料,依据DC术中是否采用阶梯式降压策略,分为研究组(n=38,采用阶梯式降压策略进行DC)和常规组(n=45,采用标准DC)。观察两组sTBI患者手术指标、并发症情况和术后昏迷程度,并比较两组术后6个月格拉斯哥预后分级评分(Glasgow Outcome Scale,GOS)。结果:研究组手术时间、出血量均少于常规组(分别t=3.097、2.614;P0.05),术中迟发性血肿发生率、急性脑膨出率均显著低于常规组(分别χ~2=4.585、4.024,P0.05),研究组术后脑梗死率低于常规组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组术后7、14 d时格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)均高于常规组(分别t=2.392、2.430,P0.05),术后6个月GOS评分高于常规组(t=2.725,P0.05),近期预后良好率高于常规组(χ~2=4.270,P0.05)。结论:阶梯式减压策略结合DC能减少sTBI患者术中迟发性血肿和急性脑膨出的发生,促进术后恢复和改善近期预后。     

弥散张量成像各向异性分数与缺血性脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的相关性

目的 探讨不同区域弥散张量成像(DTI)参数与缺血性脑卒中患者上肢运动功能恢复的关系。方法 2019年1月至12月,缺血性脑卒中患者20例接受常规药物和康复治疗3周,治疗前后,DTI测量梗死灶及对侧相应部位,患侧和健侧大脑脚、内囊后肢各向异性分数(FA),计算双侧FA比(rFA)。同时采用Fugl-Meyer评定量表上肢部分(FMA-UE)进行评定。结果 治疗后,患者FMA-UE评分显著增加(t = 9.074, P < 0.001)。梗死灶FA与rFA显著升高( t > 14.519, P< 0.001)。治疗前后各部位患侧FA和rFA差值均与FMA-UE评分差值正相关(r = 0.445~0.565, P< 0.05),以患侧内囊后肢相关性最强。结论 缺血性脑卒中,脑内FA的改变与上肢运动功能恢复相关,尤其是内囊后肢。     

老年女性肌少症与平衡功能的相关性

目的 探讨老年女性肌少症与平衡功能之间的相关性。方法 2017年9月至11月,招募60~70岁老年女性224例,根据肌容量、握力和6米步速分为正常组(n = 198)和肌少症组(n = 26)。比较两组闭眼单足站立时间和5次坐立试验时间;闭眼单足站立时间和5次坐立试验时间分别与肌容量、握力和6米步速行Pearson相关分析。结果 老年女性肌容量、握力、6米步速单个指标异常率分别为20.5%、14.3%和2.2%,肌少症发生率11.6%。肌少症组闭眼单足站立时间显著短于正常组(t = 4.072, P < 0.001),5次坐立试验时间显著长于正常组( t = -5.461, P < 0.001);正常组闭眼单足站立时间与6米步速明显正相关( r = 0.675, P < 0.01);肌少症组闭眼单足站立时间与6米步速( r = 0.492)和握力(r = 0.286)均显著正相关(P < 0.001);两组5次坐立时间均与握力( r = 0.351, r = 0.462)、肌容量(r = 0.258, r = 0.321)、6米步速(r = 0.337, r = 0.396)显著正相关(P < 0.001)。 结论 相对肌肉质量和力量而言,老年女性增龄过程中肌肉功能保持相对较好。患肌少症的老年女性动静态平衡功能均下降。静态平衡主要与肌肉功能关系较大,动态平衡与肌肉质量、力量和功能均有关联。     

智能化疼痛管理决策与质量监测系统在跟骨骨折内固定手术患者中应用

目的 探讨智能化疼痛管理决策与质量监测系统在跟骨骨折内固定手术患者中的应用效果。方法 选取2019年1-6月收治的跟骨骨折内固定术患者40例为对照组,行常规性疼痛干预,选取2019年7-12月骨科收治的跟骨骨折内固定术患者42例为研究组,应用智能化疼痛管理决策与质量检测系统对患者实施疼痛管理,比较2组干预前后疼痛评分、睡眠质量、术后锻炼依从率、并发症发生率、足踝功能恢复情况及患者满意率。结果 研究组干预后数字疼痛评分量表(numerical rating scale, NRS)评分、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh sleep quality index, PSQI)、并发症发生率均低于对照组(t=5.464,P<0.001;t=16.940,P<0.001;χ²=5.550,P=0.018),术后锻炼依从率、Morrey评分、MaryLand评分及满意率均高于对照组(χ²=9.217,P=0.002;t=12.906,P<0.001;t=10.687,P<0.001;χ²=6.717,P<0.001)。结论 智能化疼痛管理决策与质量监测系统能有效减轻患者跟骨骨折内固定术后的疼痛感,提高锻炼的依从性,降低并发症的发生率,有利于患者术后的康复,提高患者的满意度。     

重型脑损伤后脑氧代谢的变化及意义

目的探讨重型脑损伤后脑氧代谢的变化规律及其意义。方法对符合入选标准的45例重型脑损伤患者在手术后进行生命体征监测和格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS），监测颅内压（ICP）、脑灌注压（CPP），颈内静脉血气和桡动脉血气，计算颈内静脉氧饱和度（SjvO2）、脑氧摄取（CEO2）和动-静脉氧含量差（AVDO2）。根据不同ICP、CPP和GCS进行分组，同时选择10例无颅脑病变的非急性患者作为对照组。结果患者组伤后1dSjvO2下降，CEO2和AVDO2升高，伤后2～4d，SjvO2升高，CEO2和AVDO2下降，与对照组相比差异均有显著性（P均〈0．05）。伤后2～4d，ICP轻、中度升高组SjvO2升高，CEO2和AVDO2下降；同样，CPP轻、中度降低组SjvO2升高，CEO2和AVDO2下降；ICP重度升高组和CPP重度降低组上述指标变化较慢，与ICP轻、中度升高组或CPP轻、中度降低组比较差异均有显著性（P均〈0．05）。特重型颅脑损伤和重型颅脑损伤组相比，伤后2～5d脑氧代谢指标差异均有显著性（P均〈0．05）。ICP与SjvO2呈负相关（r=-0．8652，P〈0.01），与CEO2呈正相关（r=0．4172，P〈0．05），与AVD02呈正相关（r=0．4771，P〈0．05）；CPP与SjvO2呈正相关（r=0．8830，P〈0．01），与CEO2呈负相关（r=0．6724，P〈0．05），与AVD02呈负相关（r=-0．8350，P〈0．01）；GCS与SjvO2呈正相关（r=0．8230，P〈0．01），与CEO2呈正相关（r=0．8010，P〈0．001），与AVDO2无相关性（r=2．6310，P=0．677）。结论重型脑损伤后24h内存在脑缺氧、缺血，伤后2～4d为脑氧合过度、脑充血；特重型颅脑损伤伤后2～5d一直存在脑缺血、缺氧，伤后2～4dICP轻、中度升高组和CPP轻、中度降低组为脑氧合过度、脑充血；ICP重度升高组和CPP重度降低组一直存在脑缺氧、缺血；影响脑氧代谢的主要因素为ICP、CPP和病情严重程度。     

Non-infectious hyperthermia in acute brain injury patients: relationships to mortality, blood pressure, intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure

The present study was conducted to investigate the frequency of hyperthermia during the first 72 h after acute brain injury, and to compare subjects that developed hyperthermia with those that did not with respect to blood pressure, intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and mortality. This study was conducted by performing a retrospective medical record review of 126 brain injury patients admitted to the neurological intensive care unit of a university hospital located in Incheon, South Korea. Our results showed that 25.4% of the subjects had hyperthermia for at least 1 day during the first 3 days of hospitalization. Hyperthermic subjects demonstrated higher mortality and ICP, and lower CPP and GCS scores than non-hyperthermic subjects, indicating a reduced cerebral blood flow. The findings may provide a possible explanation for poor clinical outcome and offer justification for the careful monitoring of body temperature in patients with acute brain injury.     

Magnetic resonance imaging changes in the pituitary gland following acute traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the anatomical changes in the pituitary gland following acute moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, case-control study. SETTING: Neurosciences Critical Care Unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Forty-one patients with moderate or severe TBI who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during the acute phase (less than seven days) of TBI. MRI scans of 43 normal healthy volunteers were used as controls. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patient demographics, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, Injury Severity Score (ISS), post-resuscitation Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS), mean intracranial pressure (ICP), mean cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), computed tomography (CT) data, pituitary gland volumes and structural lesions in the pituitary on MRI scans. The pituitary glands were significantly enlarged in the TBI group (the median and interquartile range were as follows: cases 672 mm3 (range 601-783 mm3) and controls 552 mm3 (range 445-620 mm3); p value<0.0001). APACHE II, GCS, GOS and ICP were not significantly correlated with the pituitary volume. Twelve of the 41 cases (30%) demonstrated focal changes in the pituitary gland (haemorrhage/haemorrhagic infarction (n=5), swollen gland with bulging superior margin (n=5), heterogeneous signal intensities in the anterior lobe (n=2) and partial transection of the infundibular stalk (n=1). CONCLUSIONS: Acute TBI is associated with pituitary gland enlargement with specific lesions, which are seen in approximately 30% of patients. MRI of the pituitary may provide useful information about the mechanisms involved in post-traumatic hypopituitarism.     

Intracranial hypertension in head injury: management and results

Objective: (1) To describe the pattern of intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in a group of severe head-injured patients, (2) to quantify complications of ICP monitoring, and (3) to describe a management protocol and its results. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: General intensive care unit in a teaching hospital. Patients: 138 comatose patients, selected according to the following criteria: age > 16 years, coma [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) K 8] with at least one pupil reactive after resuscitation, digital recording of intracranial and arterial pressure, and jugular saturation measurements. Measurements and results: Median GCS was 5, and 62 patients had significant extracranial injuries; 71 had intracranial hematomas, which were urgently evacuated. Mean ICP was 20.5 mm Hg (SD 8.34), mean CPP was 71.86 mm Hg (SD 11.22); cerebral extraction of oxygen averaged 29 %. Medical therapy was used to control ICP in 130 cases; 93 patients required hyperventilation. Vasopressors were infused in 16 cases; in 14 cases a barbiturate infusion was started. In 6 patients all pharmacological treatments failed and surgical decompression was done. The only complication of ICP monitoring was meningitis in 3 patients. Outcome at 6 months was a good recovery and moderate disability for 82 patients (59.4 %), severe disability and vegetative status for 37 (26.8 %), and 19 patients died (13.7 %). The severity of intracranial hypertension was related to poorer results at 6 months. Conclusions: Intracranial hypertension is very frequent in severe head injury but can be reasonably well controlled by combined surgical and medical therapy. Received: 23 June 1998 Accepted: 7 January 1999     

重型颅脑伤患者颈静脉血氧饱和度的监测及其临床意义

目的：探讨重型颅脑创伤后颈静脉血氧饱和度（ＳｊＯ２）的变化以及临床意义。方法：重型颅脑创伤患者３３例，格拉斯哥昏迷评分（ＧＣＳ）平均５．４６分，入院后经皮穿刺颈内静脉留置导管，监测ＳｊＯ２，同时监测颅内压（ＩＣＰ）、动脉氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）、脉搏氧饱和度（ＳｐＯ２）以及颈静脉、动脉血气水平，每８小时测１次，监测１～７天。结果：３３例患者中有２５例出现脑氧不饱和状态，其中脑充血１９例，脑缺氧６例。创伤程度和颅内压影响ＳｊＯ２，并密切相关（创伤程度：ｒ＝－０．８７７，Ｐ＜０．００１；颅内压：ｒ＝０．４６８，Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论：严重颅脑创伤后，脑充血（脑过度灌注）较为常见，并与颅内压密切相关；ＳｊＯ２增高提示脑过度灌注。重型颅脑伤后若ＳｊＯ２持续０．５０或＞０．７０都表明预后不良。     

亚低温血液滤过对重症脑损伤脑血流动力学的影响

目的观察亚低温血液滤过对重型颅脑损伤患者脑血流(CBF)及颅内压(ICP)的影响。方法选择重型脑损伤患者65例,分为对照组(n=30)与观察组(n=35)。对照组采用常规治疗;观察组采用常规治疗加亚低温血液滤过治疗。应用经颅多普勒(TCD)监测CBF,应用ICP 监护仪监测ICP。每天进行格拉斯哥昏迷(GCS)评分。结果治疗5 d 后,观察组GCS 评分高于对照组(P<0.05),CBF 高于对照组(P<0.05),ICP 明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论与传统降温疗法相比,亚低温血液滤过能够改善重症颅脑损伤引起的CBF 紊乱,降低ICP,改善预后。     

Changes in cerebral interstitial glycerol concentration in head-injured patients; correlation with secondary events

Objective To investigate the association between the occurrence of secondary events, clinical outcome and the interstitial glycerol levels as measured with cerebral microdialysis.Design All patients received a ventriculostomy, a Camino pressure sensor and a CMA 70 microdialysis catheter. Intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) were continuously monitored. Hourly microdialysis samples were collected and glycerol concentrations analyzed on-line. Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) scoring, blood gas and other laboratory analyses or investigations followed the routine of the intensive care unit. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was assessed 6 months after injury.Setting Intensive Care Unit and Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Hospital.Patients Fifteen consecutive patients with severe traumatic brain injury and a GCS of 8 or less.Results No association was found between low CPP, high ICP, low PaCO₂, low SaO₂ or rise in temperature and the level of interstitial glycerol. In patients with a favorable outcome, the glycerol concentration never reached a level above 150 mol/l, whereas a peak glycerol level above 150 mol/l had a positive predictive value of 100% for an unfavorable outcome. The average of the area under the curve during the first 24 h of monitoring was significantly higher in the group with an unfavorable outcome (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p=0.044).Conclusion Measuring interstitial glycerol for early detection of secondary adverse events, which possibly lead to secondary brain damage, does not seem useful. A peak level of interstitial glycerol above 150 mol/l has a positive predictive value of 100% for an unfavorable outcome and hence indicates the severity of the parenchymal damage.     

Status of cerebral perfusion pressure and cerebral oxygenation in the acute period after cranio-cerebral injury

Sixty-one patients with severe craniocerebral injuries were examined on days 1-3 after the injury. Consciousness was no more than 8 points by the Glasgow Coma Scale. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) favorable outcomes and 2) unfavorable outcomes. Gaseous composition of arterial and venous blood was analyzed in all patients, intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were measured, artificial ventilation of the lungs (AVL) and noninvasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation (CO) were carried out. The results indicate that continuous monitoring of CPP and CO helps control the time course of cerebral blood flow, thus promoting early detection and effective treatment of cerebral ischemia in critical patients.     

Early SjvO2 monitoring in patients with severe brain trauma

Objective: To investigate early cerebral variables after minimal resuscitation and to compare the adequacy of a cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) guideline above 70 mmHg, with jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation (SjvO₂) monitoring in a patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Prospective, observational study. Setting: Anesthesiological intensive care unit. Patients: 27 TBI patients with a postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 8. Intervention: After initial resuscitation, cerebral monitoring was performed and CPP increased to 70 mmHg by an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) with volume expansion and vasopressors as needed. Measurements and results: MAP, intracranial pressure (ICP), CPP, and simultaneous arterial and venous blood gases were measured at baseline and after treatment. Before treatment, 37 % of patients had an SjvO₂ below 55 %, and SjvO₂ was significantly correlated with CPP (r = 0.73, p < 0.0001). After treatment, we observed a significant increase (p < 0,0001) in CPP (78 ± 10 vs 53 ± 15 mmHg), MAP (103 ± 10 vs 79 ± 9 mmHg) and SvjO₂ (72 ± 7 vs 56 ± 12), without a significant change in ICP (25 ± 14 vs 25 ± 11 mmHg). Conclusion: The present study shows that early cerebral monitoring with SjvO₂ is critical to assess cerebral ischemic risk and that MAP monitoring alone is not sensitive enough to determine the state of oxygenation of the brain. SjvO₂ monitoring permits the early identification of patients with low CPP and high risk of cerebral ischemia. In emergency situations it can be used alone when ICP monitoring is contraindicated or not readily available. However, ICP monitoring gives complementary information necessary to adapt treatment. Received: 10 July 1998 Final revision received: 5 January 1999 Accepted: 20 January 1999     

Intensive care for pediatric traumatic brain injury

Purposes

The aims of this study are to describe a cohort of head-injured pediatric patients, focusing on current practice for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and treatment and to verify the relationship between clinical and radiological parameters and the six-month outcome in a multivariable statistical model.

Methods

A retrospective review was done of a prospectively collected database considering patients younger than 19?years admitted to three neuro-intensive care units (ICU). Patients were divided into four age groups: 0?C5 (infant), 6?C12 (children), 13?C16 (pre-adolescent) and 17?C18?years (adolescent). The ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were analyzed calculating average data and values exceeding thresholds for more than 5?min. Outcome was assessed 6?months after trauma using the Glasgow Outcome Score.

Results

There were 199 patients, 155 male, included. Sixty percent had extracranial injuries. Pupils were abnormal in 38?%. Emergency evacuation of intracranial hematomas was necessary in 81 cases. The ICP was monitored in 117 patients; in 87 cases ICP was higher than 20?mmHg, with no differences among age groups. All but six patients received therapy to prevent raised ICP; barbiturates, deep hyperventilation or surgical decompression were used in 31 cases. At 6?months, mortality was 21?% and favorable outcome was achieved by 72?%. Significant predictors of outcome in the multivariable model were the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) motor score, pupils and ICP.

Conclusions

Pediatric head injury is associated with a high incidence of intracranial hypertension. Early surgical treatment and intensive care may achieve favorable outcome in the majority of cases.