内科住院患者情感性精神障碍的研究

目的了解综合医疗机构患者中情感性精神障碍的患病率。方法对综合医院内科４１７例住院患者进行调查，并以中国精神疾病分类与诊断标准第２版修订本和国际疾病分类第１０版诊断标准进行诊断。结果亚临床抑郁性障碍和焦虑性障碍的患病率分别为２３．７％和３４．８％，重性抑郁症、心境恶劣、惊恐障碍和躯体形式障碍的患病率分别为３．６％、２．４％、１．２％和１．０％；内科医师对情感性精神障碍的识别率仅为１０．５％。结论在综合医疗机构患者中情感性精神障碍的患病率较高，应重视对其研究，并提高综合科医师的识别和处理能力     

综合医院住院患者对会诊联络服务的需求

目的：调查综合医院住院患者对精神科会诊联络服务（CLS）的需求。方法：对我院临床各科申请精神科会诊的住院患者,共131例,进行精神科会谈,得出精神障碍的诊断及治疗建议;并对患者进行综合医院焦虑抑郁量表（HADS）及综合医院住院患者精神科会诊联络服务需求临床调查表评估和调查。结果：①精神科会诊率为1．37％（95％可信区间：1．14％-1．59％）,精神科会诊后精神障碍的诊断：神经症性、应激相关以及躯体形式障碍为30．5％（n=40）,器质性精神障碍22．2％（n=29）,心境障碍16．0％（n=21）,与生理紊乱和躯体因素有关障碍12．2％（n=16）,精神分裂症,分裂性障碍和妄想性障碍9．9％（n=13）。②综合医院焦虑抑郁量表评分：焦虑症状检出比例为37．9％（39／103）,抑郁症状检出比例为61．2％（63／103）。③对精神科治疗的需求：72．8％患者对精神药物治疗表示兴趣;57．3％对心理社会治疗有兴趣。④需求相关因素：患者对精神药物治疗需求与3个因素有关：是否有焦虑症状（P：0．001）,既往是否接受过精神科药物治疗（P=0．005）,以及患者最近一段时间（至少1周以内）的睡眠状况（P=0．014）。心理社会支持需求与2个因素有关：是否有焦虑症状（P=0．006）,是否患者自己提出会诊申请（P=0．038）。结论：综合医院住院患者伴发心理社会问题及精神障碍时,对精神药物及心理社会治疗的需求均相当高。     

综合医院住院患者抑郁障碍患病率调查

目的调查综合医院住院患者抑郁障碍的现患率及其在不同科室的分布情况。方法首先采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）对2007年5月在某综合医院不同科室住院的863例患者进行调查,然后对筛选有抑郁者和20％的无抑郁者采用美国《精神障碍诊断与统计手册第四版》DSM—IV轴I障碍定式临床检查（SCID—I／P）作为金标准进行抑郁障碍的诊断。结果综合医院住院患者各种抑郁障碍现患率为39．24％,重性抑郁障碍现患率为4．78％、抑郁障碍者中以女性、年龄大者、经济状况差、文化程度低、住院时间长、既往有躯体疾病史及复发情况者居多（x2=37．932,12．447,22．490,19．670,37．932,12．447,22．490,19．670;P均〈0．01）。综合医院医生识别率仅为2．88％。结论综合医院住院患者抑郁障碍患病率高;医生识别率低;女性、年龄大者、经济状况差、文化程度低、住院时间长、既往有躯体疾病史及复发者是抑郁障碍患病的高危人群。     

北京市50家综合医院门诊患者抑郁障碍的调查

目的 了解北京地区综合医院门诊患者抑郁障碍的患病率。方法 随机抽取50家各级综合医院为调查现场，由精神科护士用自制抑郁筛选量表调查各科门诊患者2877例，由精神科医师对筛选阳性和10％的筛选阴性者以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM—Ⅳ）为金标准做出诊断。结果 （1）符合DSM—Ⅳ重性抑郁发作者为73例，现患病率为2．54％。其中内、外科患者的患病率（分别为3．03％和3．12％）高于其他科（1.58％）；而性别分布的差异无统计学意义。（2）抑郁障碍总的现患率、年患率和终生患病率分别为3．09％、3．65％和6．16％；其中，重性抑郁障碍分别为1．97％、2．53％和4．48％。（3）检出的73例重性抑郁发作患者中，仅10例（14％）因抑郁求助和接受医生提供的服务，并被正确识别。结论北京综合医院非心理科门诊患者抑郁障碍的现患率为3．09％；患者对抑郁问题而求助医生的比例低。     

单双相情感性障碍的家系遗传倾向研究

本文通过住院的１６９例情感性障碍先证者，就其家系成员罹患精神病情况以及某些遗传倾向进行研究分析。同时对情感性障碍的分型，临床患病等作了比较。发现３６．１％的先证者有家族精神病史，罹患病的三级亲属中，Ⅰ级亲属占６２．４％，双亲患病率为８．６％，母亲患病率显著高于父亲患病率（Ｐ＜０．００２）。提示：遗传是情感性障碍的可能病因之一，母亲患病后对其后代影响最大。单相型患者的Ⅰ级亲属患病率并不低于双相型的Ⅰ级亲属患病率。     

河北省精神障碍的现况调查

目的了解河北省≥18岁人群各类精神障碍的患病率和分布特点。方法2004年10月至2005年3月采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18岁人群，共24000名，以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查患者版进行调查，用DSM，Ⅳ对各类精神障碍进行诊断。结果（1）患病率：20716人完成调查，精神障碍的时点患病率为162．43‰[95％可信区间（95％CI）为15．8％-16．7％]，排在前三位的是重性抑郁障碍（27．01‰）、未特定的焦虑障碍（25．09‰）和心境恶劣障碍（23．12‰）；终生患病率为185．12‰（95％CI为18．0％～19．0％），排在前三位的是重性抑郁障碍（47．47‰）、酒精依赖性和滥用性障碍（38．62‰）和未特定抑郁障碍（25．51‰）。（2）时点患病率：女性（167．95‰）高于男性（156．95‰），农村（165．63‰）高于城市（144．31‰），均P〈0．05～0．01；并随年龄的增长而不断上升，其中30～49岁为137．17‰～156．71‰，50-≥70岁为201．44‰～285．41‰。结论河北省精神疾病的患病率较高，其中女性和农村的患病率高；重性抑郁障碍是省内患病率最高的精神疾病。     

神经内科住院患者心境障碍的研究

目的；了解神经内科患者中心境障碍的患病率。方法；对综合医院神经内科住院患者进行调查，以CCMD－2－R和ICD－10标准进行诊断。结果：中度以上抑郁性障碍和焦虑性障碍的患病率分别为26.8%和39.5%，抑郁症，心境恶劣，躯体形式障碍和惊恐障碍的患病率分别为4.3%,2.5%,2.5%和1.0％。神经内科医师对心境障碍的识别率仅为31．5％。结论；在综合医院神经内科住院患者中心境障碍的患病率较高。应重视对其研究，并提高神经内科医师对此的识别和处理能力。     

住院精神疾病患者中自杀行为的调查

目的 调查上海市市级、区级精神卫生中心住院患者中的自杀行为。方法 使用自制调查表、阳性阴性症状量表(PANSS),汉密尔顿17项抑郁量表(HAMD-17),临床总体印象量表(CGI)调查2001年1月至2002年2月上海市精神卫生中心和上海市5家区级精神卫生中心住院患者中的自杀行为。结果 上海市精神卫生中心住院患者中自杀行为出现比例为10.13％,区级精神卫生中心该比例为5.52％,平均为7.26％;出现自杀行为患者集中于35～54岁年龄段,病程多5～30年;女性患者自杀比例高于男性患者;自杀方式前三位为:服用药物和各种物品、尖锐物自杀、高处跳下;自杀1次者为多(62.1％),最多者自杀11次;诊断构成比以精神分裂症和情感性障碍为主(两者合计占87.5％)。结论 上海市精神卫生中心与区级精神卫生中心住院患者中出现自杀行为比例上存在的差异,可能与收治患者病情相对严重和复杂程度有关,服用药物和各种物品为第一位的自杀方式,不容忽视。     

癔症性精神障碍的文化程度差异性研究

癔症性精神障碍的文化程度差异性研究武汉市第二精神病院（４３００８４）陈刚癔症性精神障碍是一常见病，国内报告患病率为３．１１％［１］，近来，有人认为文化程度在疾病过程中起了一定的作用，为探讨不同文化程度在其发病形式、临床表现等方面有无差异，本文对其住院...     

综合医院临床医师抑郁／焦虑障碍识别的对照分析

目的：分析综合医院临床医师对抑郁、焦虑的识别以及抑郁焦虑障碍与患者躯体症状的关系。方法从青海大学附属医院各科门诊及住院患者中选取200例作为实验组,另从同期人群中选取100例正常人做为对照组。用综合医院焦虑抑郁量表（HAD）自我评估筛检出抑郁、焦虑及抑郁合并焦虑症状病人,再由医学心理科专业医生使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定抑郁、焦虑患病率,并进一步调查上述病人抗抑郁、抗焦虑的诊治情况,对比各组患者躯体主诉情况及诊断结果。结果实验组有抑郁/焦虑障碍者68例（34％）,对照组患抑郁/焦虑障碍者15例（15％）;实验组三种主诉症状的患者所占比例更大;实验组HAD 、HAMD及 HAMA三项量表评估结果均较之对照组更高。结论综合医院临床医师在疾病诊断中,患者躯体症状尤其是多种症状叠加时,可能存在抑郁/焦虑症状,应重点识别,充分结合患者的临床表现,提高临床抑郁/焦虑识别率。     

Recorded psychiatric comorbidity with bipolar disorder – A Finnish hospital discharge register study

Bipolar disorder is frequently connected to other psychiatric disorders. On the basis of The National Hospital Discharge Register in Finland, we studied the recorded prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity among bipolar inpatients by clinicians, and the factors that were associated with it. Of the 2687 hospital stays in 1998, 82% had no other recorded psychiatric diagnosis except an episode of bipolar disorder. Psychiatric comorbidity was recorded in 18% of hospital stays, of which 20% had two comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Substance-related disorders (11%) were the most commonly recorded comorbid disorders. Personality disorders were recorded in 6%, and anxiety disorder in 1% of the hospital stays. These figures should be considered far below the expected ones. Recorded comorbidity was associated with the type of episode. Comorbidity in bipolar disorder in psychiatric hospitals in Finland seems to go greatly undetected and may have a deteriorating impact on the course of the illness.     

Geropsychiatric consultation in a general hospital in Taiwan

The aim of this study was to characterize clinically significant issues in a psychiatric consultation service for geriatric inpatients in a general hospital in Taiwan. This was a case-control study. During a 5-month period, 100 geriatric (age > or =65 years) inpatients consecutively referred for consultation-liaison psychiatric service from non-psychiatric departments formed the study group. Another 100 medical inpatients, also referred for consultation-liaison to the psychiatric service, but aged 17-50, formed the control (non-geriatric) group. The diagnosis, demography, reason for referral, symptomatology, and other clinical characteristics were determined by consensus between two psychiatrists. Psychiatric diagnosis was made according to criteria in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The geropsychiatric consultation rate was 0.9%. Geriatric patients constituted 20.1% of all psychiatric referrals. Common reasons for referral of geriatric inpatients were confusion (32%), depression (17%), disturbing behaviors (14%), and psychosis (14%). The most common psychiatric disorder among geriatric patients was an organic mental disorder (79%), followed by a depressive disorder (13%). More geriatric patients suffered from cancers and cerebrovascular diseases than non-geriatric patients. The geriatric group was more likely to have multiple physical illnesses. Organic mental disorder and depressive disorders are the most common psychiatric diagnoses in the geropsychiatric consultation service of the authors. In the authors' experience, both psychotropic medication treatment and psychosocial intervention are important in geropsychiatric consultation.     

Recorded psychiatric comorbidity with bipolar disorder--a Finnish hospital discharge register study

Bipolar disorder is frequently connected to other psychiatric disorders. On the basis of The National Hospital Discharge Register in Finland, we studied the recorded prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity among bipolar inpatients by clinicians, and the factors that were associated with it. Of the 2687 hospital stays in 1998, 82% had no other recorded psychiatric diagnosis except an episode of bipolar disorder. Psychiatric comorbidity was recorded in 18% of hospital stays, of which 20% had two comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Substance-related disorders (11%) were the most commonly recorded comorbid disorders. Personality disorders were recorded in 6%, and anxiety disorder in 1% of the hospital stays. These figures should be considered far below the expected ones. Recorded comorbidity was associated with the type of episode. Comorbidity in bipolar disorder in psychiatric hospitals in Finland seems to go greatly undetected and may have a deteriorating impact on the course of the illness.     

精神科住院病人精神药物使用情况调查

目的：了解目前住各精神药物的使用情况。方法：以１９９８年１２月１日为调查日,共调查４所精神病院,１所为全部住院患者,３所为分别随机抽取男女各１个病区的住院患者。用自制的调查表调查当日用药情况,共调查５４９例。结果：住院患者的用药以氯丙嗪和氯氮平最常用,分别为６０．１％和５９．７％,以后依次为氟哌啶醇,和利和奋乃静。结论：由于氯丙嗪和氯氮平较为有效,安全和价廉,故成为临床最常用的精神药物     

Psychiatric disorders in adults diagnosed as children with atypical autism. A case control study

Summary. The prevalence and types of psychiatric disorders were studied in a clinical sample of 89 individuals with atypical autism (AA) first seen as children, and 258 matched controls from the general population using data from the nationwide Danish Psychiatric Central Register. The average observation time was 36.9 years, and mean age at follow-up 45.3 years. A total of 61 persons with AA (68.5%) had been in contact with psychiatric hospitals during the follow-up period, compared with 10.9% in the comparison group. A whole range of significantly elevated psychiatric disorders was found, so AA is not seen to be associated with any specific mental disorder. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders were the most commonly associated psychiatric disorders, diagnosed at least one time in 34.8% of the AA cases. Our findings underscore that it is important for clinicians working in adult psychiatric services to be aware that AA and a wide range of psychiatric disorders often co-exist. Correspondence: Svend Erik Mouridsen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark     

北京地区综合医院患者抑郁障碍的患病率

目的了解综合医院患者抑郁障碍(目前为抑郁发作的心境障碍)的患病率。方法由精神科护士采用抑郁症诊断筛查量表对分层抽样的北京50家综合医院顺序就诊的2877例门诊患者和2925例住院患者进行筛查,然后由精神科医师在盲法下采用美国《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第4版(DSM-IV)配套的轴Ⅰ障碍用临床定式检查患者版(SCID-I/P)》对筛查阳性和10%筛查阴性者进行半定式精神科检查,以确定最后诊断。结果综合医院患者抑郁障碍的现患率、年患病率和终生患病率分别为5.23%、5.72%和8.22%;其中重性抑郁障碍的相应患病率分别为2.94%、3.46%和5.32%。结论北京地区综合医院患者抑郁障碍总的现患率并不显著高于我国普通人群。     

Current comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among DSM-IV major depressive disorder patients in psychiatric care in the Vantaa Depression Study

BACKGROUND: While numerous studies have documented the high comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) with individual mental disorders, no published study has reported overall current comorbidity with all Axis I and II disorders among psychiatric patients with MDD, nor systematically investigated variations in current comorbidity by sociodemographic factors, inpatient versus outpatient status, and number of lifetime depressive episodes. METHOD: Psychiatric outpatients and inpatients in Vantaa, Finland, were prospectively screened for an episode of DSM-IV MDD, and 269 patients with a new episode of MDD were enrolled in the Vantaa Depression MDD Cohort Study. Axis I and II comorbidity was assessed via semistructured Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, version 2.0, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-II-R personality disorders interviews. RESULTS: The great majority (79%) of patients with MDD suffered from 1 or more current comorbid mental disorders, including anxiety disorder (57%), alcohol use disorder (25%), and personality disorder (44%). Several anxiety disorders were associated with specific Axis II clusters, and panic disorder with agoraphobia was associated with inpatient status. The prevalence of personality disorders varied with inpatient versus outpatient status, number of lifetime depressive episodes, and type of residential area, and the prevalence of substance use disorders varied with gender and inpatient versus outpatient status. CONCLUSION: Most psychiatric patients with MDD have at least 1 current comorbid disorder. Comorbid disorders are associated not only with other comorbid disorders, but also with sociodemographic factors, inpatient versus outpatient status, and lifetime number of depressive episodes. The influence of these variations on current comorbidity patterns among MDD patients needs to be taken account of in treatment facilities.     

Mental disorders among internal medical inpatients: prevalence, detection, and treatment status

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of ICD-10 mental disorders among internal medical inpatients, the relation between mental disorder, age, and gender, and the recognition and referral of the disordered patients. METHOD: 294 consecutive medical inpatients were examined with a two-phase design using the SCAN (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry) for ICD-10 psychiatric diagnoses. Information from questionnaires and interviews with patients, doctors, nurses, and from medical records. RESULTS: The prevalence of current mental disorders was 38.7%, being heavily increased in young patients. Main diagnoses were somatoform disorders (17.6%), phobias (12.9%), substance use disorders (10.9%), and depression (8.3%). Psychiatric consultations were very few. About 38-56% of the cases were recognized by medical doctors and nurses, and only about 20% were in mental health treatment. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of mental disorders among internal medical inpatients is high and increased in young patients and women. Detection and referral are low, and few are treated.     

GHQ-28 as an aid to detect mental disorders in neurological inpatients

Lykouras L, Adrachta D, Kalfakis N, Oulis P, Voulgari A, Christodoulou GN, Papageorgiou C, Stefanis C. GHQ-28 as an aid to detect mental disorders in neurological inpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 212–216. © Munksgaard 1996. The prevalence of mental disorders (DSM-IIIR criteria) among 107 neurological inpatients was estimated, as well as the extent to which disorders were detected by neurologists. The validity of the scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and DSM-IIIR as external criteria. Of the 107 patients who submitted to a structured psychiatric interview (SCID-R), 56 (52.3%) showed evidence of a mental disorder. Major depressive episode (n= 16), generalized anxiety disorders (n = 13) and dysthymia (n = 12) were the most frequent diagnoses. The neurologists recognized only 13/107 cases (12.1%). Significantly more women than men exhibited some form of mental disorder. The validation of GHQ-28 in the series of 107 neurological inpatients indicated that the best trade-off between sensitivity and specificity was the cut-off score of 5/6. The high occurrence of mental disorder, in association with the low rate of detection by the neurologists, points to the need for special attention to be paid to this problem by staff and experts.     

Affective disorders in older inpatients

BACKGROUND: After dementia the group of depressive disorders is considered to be the second most common psychiatric disorder in the elderly. There is dispute regarding whether depression in the elderly differs from depression in the younger age groups by a longer duration of inpatient treatment, a more frequent occurrence of delusions, more cognitive impairment or by a more frequent co-occurrence of physical disease. This study aimed to compare younger with older inpatients with respect to these aspects. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all admissions to the psychiatric department of a General University Hospital (n=9400) and review of the documentation of 15 348 psychiatric consultations in the years 1990-1998. The clinical diagnoses were made according to the ICD-10 criteria. RESULTS: 15.5% of the psychiatric inpatients in this period suffered from depressive episodes (ICD-10 F31.3-31.5,32,33). The proportion of depressive episodes increased with age, making up 5.4% in the age group below 30 years and 37.4% in the age group of 70-79 years. On the basis of the ICD-10 criteria for the severity of depressive episodes no significant differences could be demonstrated between the younger (< 65 years) and the older inpatients (>/= 65 years). In particular, no higher frequency of psychotic symptoms with increasing age could be found. The length of inpatient treatment did not significantly differ between both age groups. The elder patients showed less suicidal attempts prior to admission and less psychiatric comorbidity, but a significantly higher rate of concurrent physical illness. In 923 inpatients a psychiatrist was consulted by the other medical departments because of a co-occurrence of physical with affective disorders, making up 8.6% of the total seen by the psychiatric consultation service. Here again, the proportion of depressive episodes increased with age. The pattern of the depressive episodes in these patients did not differ from that seen in the psychiatric inpatients. LIMITATIONS: Only clinical diagnoses made by experienced psychiatrists were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results older depressive inpatients differ from younger ones only with regard to concurrent comorbidity but not with respect to the duration of inpatient treatment or the pattern or severity of depressive symptoms. They more frequently suffered from physical illness but less often showed concurrent psychiatric comorbidity.