Cumulative Risk and Trends in Prostate Cancer Incidence in Mumbai,India

Background: Information relating to cancer incidence trends in a community forms the scientific basis for the ‍planning and organization of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. We here estimated the cumulative risk ‍and trends in incidence of prostate cancer in Mumbai, India, using data collected by the Bombay Population-based ‍Cancer Registry from the year 1986 to 2000. ‍Methods: During the 15 year period, a total of 2864 prostate cancer cases (4.7% of all male cancers and 2.4% of ‍all cancers) were registered by the Bombay Population-based Cancer Registry. For evaluation of the trend, we ‍applied a linear regression model based on the logarithm of the observed incidence rates. The annual percentage ‍changes were also computed for the evaluation. Cumulative incidence rates percentages were calculated by adding ‍up the age specific incidence rates at single ages and then expressed as a percentage. ‍Results: Analysis of the trends in age-adjusted incidence rates of prostate cancer during the period 1986 to 2000 ‍showed no statistically significant increase or decrease and the rates proved stable across the various age groups (00- ‍49, 50-69 and 70+) also. The probability estimates indicated that one out of every 59 men will contract a prostate ‍cancer at some time in his whole life and 99% of the chance is after he reaches the age of 50. ‍Conclusion: The stability in age adjusted-incidence rates indicates that there are no changes in the etiological ‍factors for prostate cancer in Mumbai, India. These findings may be of general interest because changes in diagnostic ‍practices are confounded in the time trends of prostate cancer change in many western countries preventing inferences ‍on the changes in risk. ‍     

Decreasing Trend in the Incidence of Stomach Cancer in Mumbai,India, during 1988 to 1999

The time trend in incidence of stomach cancer in males and females in Mumbai, India during 1988 to 1999 was ‍estimated using data collected by the Bombay Population-based Cancer Registry. During the 12-year period, a total ‍of 3657 stomach cancer cases (3.9% of all cancers) were registered by the Bombay Population-based Cancer Registry ‍of which 2467 (5.1% of all male cancers) were in males and 1184 (2.6% of all female cancers) in females. For evaluation ‍of the trend, we applied a linear regression model based on the logarithm of the observed incidence rates. The annual ‍percentage changes were also computed for the incidence rates for evaluating the time trend. A statistically significant ‍decreasing trend in the overall age-adjusted incidence rates of stomach cancer was observed during the period 1988 ‍to 1999, with an yearly decrease of 4.44% in males and 2.56% in females. This decrease was most striking in males ‍in the age groups 40-59 and 60+, and in females only in the age group 40-59. The probability estimates indicated that ‍one out of every 92 men and one out of every 187 women will contract a stomach cancer at some time in their whole ‍life and 95% of the chance is after his or her 40th birthday. The decreasing trend in the age-adjusted incidence rates ‍of stomach cancer in both the sexes indicates that there is a critical change in the etiology of this cancer. The findings ‍may provide clues relating to various life-style and environmental changes impacting on stomach cancer incidence.     

Incidence of Cancers in Kuzestan Province of Iran: Trend from 2004 to 2008

Background: Cancer is an increasing cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Incidences of commoncancers has been growing in different provinces of Iran in recent years but trends in Khuzestan which sharesa border with Iraq and is located in south west of Iran have not been investigated. This study aimed to assesssecular changes in incidences of common cancers in Khuzestan province from 2004 to 2008. Materials andMethods: Data were collected from Khuzestan cancer registry which is a branch of Iranian Ministry of HealthCancer Registry (http://ircancer.ir) for the period 2004-2008. Data were presented as incidence rates by site, sex,age, using the crude rate and age-standardized rate (ASR) per 105 persons. A direct method of standardizationwas applied according to the WHO guideline and data analysis was performed using the SPSS package. Results:During the 2004-2008 period, 14,893 new cases of cancer were registered in Khuzestan cancer registry. The agestandardizedincidence rate of all cancers was 153.7 per 105 in males and 156.4 per 105 in females. The incidencewas increased over the period of five years. The most incident cancers among males were skin cancer (ASR=18.7/105), stomach cancer (ASR13.8/105), lung cancer (ASR12.9/105), leukemia (ASR=12.6/105) and prostatecancer (ASR=12.4/105). In females, the most incident cancers were breast cancer (ASR=41/105), skin cancer(ASR=16.4/105), colorectal cancer (ASR=10.0/105), leukemia (ASR=8.1/105) and lung cancer (ASR=6.9/105).Conclusions: Incidences of various cancers are rising in Khuzestan. It is necessary to develop and implementcomprehensive cancer control programs in this region which could be monitored and evaluated by the futuretrend data from cancer registry.     

Incidence of Second Primary Cancers in Osaka Residents, Japan, with Special Reference to Cumulative and Relative Risks

This study was conducted to examine the incidence rates and cumulative risks of second primary cancers in Osaka and to compare the observed number of second primary cancers with the expected number calculated using cancer incidence rates among Osaka residents. Study subjects were all reported cases aged 0–79 who were first diagnosed as having a first primary cancer between 1966–86. Incidence of second primary cancer among the study subjects was examined through to the end of 1989. The total number of study subjects was 217,307. During the follow-up period (mean duration: 3.7 years), second primary cancers developed in 5,071 patients (2.3%). Incidence of synchronous (interval <3 months) and metachronous (interval ≥ 3 months) second primary cancers increased in the later years. Incidence rates of second primary cancers were significantly associated with gender (male), age and calendar year at diagnosis of the first cancer. Based on the incidence rates, cumulative risk of developing metachronous second primary cancer was calculated. The ten-year cumulative risk was estimated as 10% for those who developed their first cancer during their sixties in 1978–83. The observed number of second primary cancers (including synchronous) was compared with the expected number. The ratios of observed-to-expected numbers were generally lower than 1.0 among those who developed their first cancer in 1966–77, while these ratios were higher than 1.0 among those who developed their first cancer in 1978–86. The ratios were much higher than 1.0 among those who developed their first cancer in their childhood and youth. Patients who had developed cancer of the colon, larynx, lung, bladder, or breast (female) showed significantly higher risk of developing second primary cancer during the period 1–4 years after diagnosis of the first cancer.     

Lifetime Risk and Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence in Greater Mumbai

Objective: To estimate the probability of developing lung cancer in the entire life span of the people ofGreater Mumbai and variation according to age and sex. Information on cancer incidence trends in a communityforms the scientific basis for planning and organising prevention, diagnosis and treatment. During the last 24year period, a total of 11,458 lung cancer cases were registered (9,052 male and 2,406 female) by the BombayCancer Registry. Lung cancer accounts for 9.4% of all male cancers and 2.7% of those in females (6.2% of allcancers) in Greater Mumbai. The probability of developing cancer in the entire life span of the people of GreaterMumbai was estimated. Methods: A method based on the cumulative risk of cancer was used to estimate theprobabilities using lung cancer data collected by the population-based Bombay Cancer Registry from the years1982 to 2005. For evaluation of trends, a linear regression model based on the logarithm of the observed incidencerates was applied. The annual percentage change was also computed for the evaluation. The cumulative incidencerate percentage was calculated by adding up the age-specific incidence rates at single ages and then expressed asa percentage. Results: The results show that age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer during the period 1982to 2005 showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in males and a statistically significant increasingtrend among females. When these trends were examined across different age-groups (0-39, 40-64 and 65 orolder), the rates showed a statistically significant decreasing trend from 0-64 years in males and a statisticallysignificant increasing trend in females aged 65 years and older. The rates proved stable across the other agegroups.The probability estimates indicate that one out of every 74 men and one out of every 242 women willcontract lung cancer at some time in their whole life in the absence of other causes of death, assuming that thecurrent trends prevail over the time period. Most of them will acquire the disease after the age of 40 years, afterwhich risk increases with time. Conclusions: The variation in age-adjusted incidence rate across different agegroupsin both sexes clearly indicate that there has been a change in the etiology of lung cancer in GreaterMumbai over time. The most important reason for this would be decrease in smoking prevalence among males.The other reasons for this have to be explored through risk assessment studies, but these findings may be ofgeneral interest because changes in diagnostic practices are confounders in time trends of lung cancer in manydeveloped countries, preventing inferences on changes in risk factors.     

Epidemiological Study of Risk Factors for Oral,Laryngeal and Esophageal Cancers at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India

Background and Ais: An epidemiological shift in the form of increase in the incidence of cancer and decreasein the incidence of smoking is universally realized today. This study was conducted to observe an association ofsmoking, use of alcohol & tobacco and cancers of the oral cavity, larynx and esophagus Material and Methods: itwas a case control study conducted at Deptt. of Radiotherapy at GMCH, Chandigarh. The registers from radiologydepartment were utilized and studied for the presence of history of alcohol consumption, smoking and tobaccointake. Statistical analysis was done by calculating Odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval. Results: Outof 363 cases with the diagnosis of Laryngeal, Esophageal and Oral Cancer along with 568 controls studied, 42(11.6%) were in the age group of 30-44 years, 153 (42.1%) in the age group of 45-59 years and rest 171 (47.1%)in the age group of 60+ years. Among cases, the percentage of tobacco use, smoking and alcohol consumptionwas 10.5, 60.6 and 33.6 respectively as against the similar percentages among controls 1.4, 9.0 and 6.3. The oddsratio for tobacco use in relation to patients aged 60+ years was 2.39, in the age group of 45-59 years was 11.19and increased to 55.35 in the age group 30-44 years. Similarly the overall odds ratio for alcohol consumptionwas 7.48 and it was 4.98 in the age group 60+ years, 6.30 in the age group 45-59 years and increasing to 17.00in the age group of 30-44 years. Conclusion: Finding suggests that risk of cancer of the upper respiratory andalimentary tracts is higher with tobacco and alcohol use. Further studies are required.     

22年子宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌发病率及发病年龄趋势变化

目的：分析探讨该院22年来子宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌发病年龄趋势的变化。方法：通过医院计算机网络系统,将22年来该院收治的子宫颈癌与子宫内膜癌共3127例,其中宫颈癌2245例,子宫内膜癌882例（均经病理诊断证实）,逐年统计,将发病年龄分布情况经等级相关分析。结果：宫颈癌患者所占比例从1978年初至1999年呈下降趋势,而子宫内膜癌与之相反呈上升趋势。两种癌症≤40岁的患者有不断增加的趋势。结论：对子宫内膜癌发病的上升趋势及子宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌发病年轻化予以警惕。     

Cancer in Women in Mumbai,India

The challenge of population based cancer registration in developing countries is enormous. In India, the firstPopulation Based Cancer Registry named “Bombay Cancer Registry” was established by the Indian Cancer Societyin Mumbai (formerly Bombay) in 1963, covering the population of the Mumbai Agglomeration. Up to now thisregistry has collected epidemiological information on more than 200,000 cancer incidence cases and 100,000 cancerdeaths. At present this registry covers an area of 603.00 sq.kms having a population of 12 million. Here, an attempthas been made to analyse and interpret cancer incidence and mortality data for women, registered in Mumbaiduring 1993-97.     

Ovarian Cancer in Iranian Women,a Trend Analysis of Mortality and Incidence

Background: Ovarian cancer is an important cause of mortality in women. The aim of this study was toevaluate the incidence and mortality rates and trends in the Iranian population and make predictions. Materialsand Methods: National incidence from Iranian annual of National Cancer Registration report from 2003 to 2009and National Death Statistics reported by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education from 1999 to 2004 wereincluded in this study. A time series model (autoregressive) was used to predict the mortality for the years 2007,2008, 2012 and 2013, with results expressed as annual mortality rates per 100,000. Results: The general mortalityrate of ovarian cancer slightly increased during the years under study from 0.01 to 0.75 and reaching plateauaccording to the prediction model. Mortality was higher for older age. The incidence also increased during theperiod of the study. Conclusions: Our study indicated remarkable increasing trends in ovarian cancer mortalityand incidence. Therefore, attention to high risk groups and setting awareness programs for women are neededto reduce the associated burden in the future.     

广州市2005～2013年肺癌发病趋势分析

目的分析广州市2005~2013年肺癌发病趋势,为广州市肺癌防治措施的制定提供依据。方法根据广州市2005~2013年肿瘤登记处收集的发病资料以及相应的人口数据,分别计算肺癌的性别、年龄别发病率、年龄调整发病率（世标率）、年度变化百分比（APC%）,同时描述2005~2013年期间各年度肺癌的发病变化趋势。结果广州市2005-2013年肺癌发病共34873例,肺癌粗发病率和世标率分别为49.27/10万（其中男性65.44/10万,女性32.55/10万）和34.94/10万（其中男性49.68/10万,女性21.53/10万）。肺癌发病率随年龄增高而增长,在40岁开始迅速上升,80~84岁年龄组达到发病高峰为380.46/10万,85岁以上年龄组回落到307.08/10万。广州市2005~2013年肺癌粗发病率呈平稳增长态势,年度变化百分比为1.21%（95%CI:0.30%~2.10%）,粗发病率变化趋势有统计学差异（P<0.05）。世标率呈平稳下降态势,年度变化百分比为-1.16%（95%CI:-1.90%~-0.40%）,世标率变化趋势有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论广州市2005-2013年肺癌粗发病率发病呈平稳增长趋势,主要原因是人口老龄化造成的,应积极加强有效的防治措施。     

Trend Analysis of Gastric Cancer Incidence in Iran and Its Six Geographical Areas During 2000-2005

Objective: gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide . While it is one of the most commoncancers in Iran, there are only limited data regarding incidence trends in the country. This study is the first of itstype to investigate trends across six geographical areas during 2000-2005 using cancer registry data. Materialsand methods: The registered data for gastric cancer cases in National Cancer Registry System were extractedfrom the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Center for Disease Control & Management, code C16.First, according to WHO population, the sex-standardized incidence rate in both sexes and then the trends ofincidence rate during 2000-2005 were investigated separately for different geographical areas of the country.Results: the incidence rates of gastric cancer in Iran and its six geographical areas during 2000-2005 wereincreasing albeit with differences in their slopes. The overall incidence rate increased from 2.8 in 2000 to 9.1per 100,000 persons per year in 2005, rising from 4.1 to 13.2 in men. The average six-year incidence of gastriccancer in the central and northwestern border of Caspian Sea was 7.8 per 100,000 persons per year, while itwas 0.9 per 100,000 persons per year in the border of the Persian Gulf. Generally the incidence rate in men washigher than in women. Conclusion: Iran is one of the high-risk areas for gastric cancer. Increase in incidencemight continue in the future partly because of improvement in cancer registry systems as well as increase in riskof this cancer.     

Global Incidence and Trend of Uveal Melanoma from 1943-2015: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults arising from uveal tissue melanocytes. Considering limited population based studies, we performed a meta-analysis of uveal melanoma incidence rate in worldwide. Methods: For this meta-analysis, the electronic database of PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Google Scholar were utilized. Qualified Cohort studies and registry system databases were included in the study. Trend analysis and the estimation of incidences were reported. Thereafter subgroup analysis on gender and diagnostic tests were performed. Analyses were done using random effect models. Results: A total of 22 publications were eligible to include in the meta-analysis. The incidence rates of uveal melanoma were 5.74 (95%CI: 4.37-7.11) and 7.30 (95%CI: 6.36-8.24) in North America and Europe respectively. The analysis showed a significant decreasing trend in North America. It was expected that the risk of UM decreased approximately 0.09 (SE=0.04) per million persons per year. No significant trend was detected in Europe. There was not any significant difference between the incidence rate in male and female (6.58, 95%CI: 5.42-7.75 vs. 5.44, 95%CI: 4.40-6.48). In addition, the reported incidence rates in different diagnostic approaches were similar (6.61, 95%CI: 5.63-7.58 in clinical vs. 6.67, 95%CI: 5.83-7.42 in histological). Conclusion: This analysis confirmed in recent decades, there has been a steady decline in the incidence in North America. However, in European countries where they still have the highest incidence worldwide, the trend was stable. It seems that international melanoma registration collaboration can conduct a unified, multicentral study to estimate the worldwide incidence of UM and impact of different factors on its rate.     

Cancer Incidence and Mortality: District Cancer Registry,Trivandrum, South India

Background: Cancer is emerging as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries. Cancer registry figures help for planning and delivery of health services. This paper provided the first results of cancer incidence and mortality [Crude (CR) and age-standardized (ASR)] rates (world-standard population) of Trivandrum district, South India and compared with other registries under the network of National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP), Government of India. Materials and Methods: Trivandrum district cancer registry encompasses a population of 3.3 million, compiles data from nearly 75 sources (hospitals and diagnostic laboratories) and included under the NCRP in 2012. During 2012-2014, registry recorded 15,649 incident cases and 5667 deaths. Proportion of microscopic diagnosis was 85% and ‘Death certificate only’ was 8%. Results: Total cancer incidence (CRs) rates were 161 and 154 (ASR: 142.2 and 126) and mortality rates were 66 and 49 (ASR: 54 and 37) per 105 males and females respectively. Common cancers in males were lung (ASR:19), oral cavity (ASR:15), colo-rectum (ASR:11.2), prostate (ASR:10.2) and lymphoma (ASR:7) and in females, breast (ASR:36), thyroid (ASR:13.4), cervix-uteri (ASR:7.3), ovary (ASR:7) and colo-rectum (ASR:7). Nationally, the highest CRs for breast, prostate, colo-rectum, corpus-uteri and urinary bladder cancers and low incidence of cervix-uteri cancer were observed in Trivandrum. Conclusion: Cancer incidence (CR) in Trivandrum was the highest in both genders in India (except Aizwal). This is mainly due to the highest life-expectancy in Kerala. Also, an epidemiologic transition in cancer pattern is taking place and is changing to more similar to "western" jurisdictions.     

A Case-control Study of Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Mumbai,India

In the year 2010, it is estimated that nearly 1.35 million new cases and 1.18 million deaths with lung canceroccurred. In India, among males, lung cancer rates vary across the country which has encouraged us to conduct acase-control study to study the risk factors. The present unmatched hospital-based case-control study conductedat Tata Memorial Hospital included subjects registered between the years 1997-99. There were 408 lung ‘cancercases’ and 1383 ‘normal controls. Data on age, tobacco habits, occupational history, dietary factors, tea, coffeewere collected by the social investigators. Univariate and regression analysis were applied for obtaining theodds ratio for risk factors. In the study, cigarette smoking (OR=5.2) and bidi smoking (OR=8.3), as well asalcohol consumption (OR=1.8), demonstrated dose-response relationships with lung cancer risk. Among thedietary items, only red-meat consumption showed 2.2-fold significant excess risk. Consumption of milk showeda 60% reduction in risk; while coffee showed a 2-fold excess risk for lung cancer. In addition, exposure to useof pesticides showed a 2.5-fold significant excess risk for lung cancer.     

Trends of Lung Cancer Incidence by Histologic Type: A Population-based Study in Osaka, Japan

We investigated trends of lung cancer incidence from 1974 to 1993 by histologic type, using data from the population-based cancer registry in Osaka, Japan. Since the proportion of cases with histologic types identified was not sufficiently high, sex- and age-specific incidence rates by histologic types were estimated assuming that the distribution of histologic types was the same across the same sex and age group regardless of reporting status. Cumulative risk from 0 to 74 years old for total lung cancer increased 1.3-fold from the period 1974–77 to 1986–89 and then plateaued in the period 1990–93 for both males and females. When divided into histologic types, cumulative risk for incidence of squamous cell carcinoma was almost constant during the study period for both males and females. During the same period, adenocarcinoma increased up to 1.4-fold for both males and females. This increase seemed to have reached a plateau recently for males, but not for females. Small cell carcinoma increased monotonously up to 1.6- to 1.7-fold for both males and females. Large cell carcinoma showed over 2-fold increase for both males and females; however, the estimates fluctuated due to the small number of cases. This study provides further evidence of a relative increase of adenocarcinoma compared to squamous cell carcinoma. Recent trends of tapering increase of lung cancer incidence should be confirmed by further observation.     

Epidemiology and Trends in Incidence of Kidney Cancer in Iran

Background: Kidney cancer has shown an increasing trend in recent decades. This study aimed to determinechange in the incidence rate between 2003 and 2009 in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, national cancerregistry data were used. Crude incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 and age-standardized incidence rates(ASRs) were computed using the direct standardization method and the world standard population. Significanttrend of incidence rates was examined by the Cochran-Armitage test for linear trend. Results: A total of 6,944cases of kidney cancer were reported. The incidence cases increased from 595 patients in 2003 to 1,387 patientsin 2009. Sex ratio (male to female) was 1.67. ASR also increased from 1.18 in 2003 to 2.52 in 2009 per 100,000,but the increasing trend was not significant. Conclusions: A slow increasing trend of incidence rate was observedin the study population. This may be due to an increase of risk factors. It is suggested to perform a study on riskfactors for the cancer.