不同分娩方式对产妇心理影响

本文采用抑郁自评量表（ＳＤＳ），焦虑自评量表（ＳＡＳ）对１５５例孕产妇作了产前、产后心理状况调查，结果显示：产前、产后ＳＡＳ总分值高于常模值；产后ＳＤＳ分值高于产前，剖腹产者ＳＡＳ，ＳＤＳ高于常模值，也高于自然分娩者（均为Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＳＤＳ抑郁严重度指数≥０．５者：剖腹产２５例（３６．７６％），自然分娩者５例（５．２５％）。提示产前产后孕产妇有明显焦虑情绪，剖腹产后有明显抑郁。     

大学生焦虑,抑郁与睡眠质量的相关性研究

本研究应用焦虑自评量表（ＳＡＳ），抑郁自评量表（ＳＤＳ）和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（ＰＳＱＩ）测查了５６０名大学生。以ＳＡＳ≥４５和ＳＤＳ≥５０为界值（Ｘ＋ＳＤ），结果显示１４．４６％和１７．３２％的大学生存在焦虑和抑郁状态，１０．３６％的学生焦虑和抑郁并存。ＳＡＳ和ＳＤＳ评分呈高度正相关（ｒ＝０．７２８Ｐ＜０．０１），ＳＡＳ和ＳＤＳ分与ＰＳＱＩ各成份呈显著正相关关系。焦虑组、抑郁组和焦虑抑郁混合组ＰＳＱＩ评分显著高于正常组。     

口腔颌面部肿瘤患者的抑郁反应

用抑郁自评量表（ＳＤＳ）对５２例口腔颌面部良性肿瘤和２８例恶性肿瘤患者手术治疗前后作了评定。并与１００名健康自愿者作比较。结果表明良性肿瘤组术前术后均无明显抑郁情绪反应，而恶性肿瘤组术前和术后分别有明显抑郁反应（Ｐ＜０．０５）和强烈抑郁反应（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

用认知行为疗法治疗精神分裂症的继发抑郁

目的：探讨认知行为疗法治疗精神分裂症的继发抑郁的疗效。方法：使用“旧金山预防抑郁研究”教材录制的录像带，对２３例伴有抑郁症状，且符合ＤＳＭ－Ⅳ有关精神分裂症和分裂样精神障碍诊断标准患者，通过看录像进行认知行为疗法，每周一次，８周为一疗程。治疗前后用ＨＡＭＤ、ＣＥＳ－Ｄ、ＨＡＭＡ、ＢＰＲＳ、ＧＡＳ量表评定。结果：认知行为治疗后ＨＡＭＤ、ＣＥＳ－Ｄ、ＨＡＭＡ评分均有逐渐下降趋势、ＧＡＳ评分有逐渐上升趋势（Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＢＰＲＳ评分无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；治疗６周及８周ＨＡＭＤ减分率与ＢＰＲＳ减分率、ＧＡＳ变化值之间均呈密切相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：认知行为疗法能改善精神分裂症的抑郁和焦虑症状，能提高患者临床总体情况和功能水平     

骨髓增生异常综合征患者血小板内环核苷酸的变化

我们用放射免疫分析测定了２５例骨髓增生异常综合征（ＭＤＳ）、１８例急性非淋巴细胞性白血病（ＡＮＬＬ）、２９例正常人血小板内环一磷酸腺苷（ｃＡＭＰ）和环一磷酸鸟苷（ｃＧＭＰ）的含量，ＭＤＳ和ＡＮＬＬ病人血小板内ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ含量均明显高于正常对照（Ｐ均＜０．０１），而ＡＮＬＬ病人血小板内ｃＡＭＰ又高于ＭＤＳ病人（Ｐ＜０．０１），血小板内ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ（ｃＡ／ｃＧ）比值则缺乏规律性变化。ＭＤＳ病人的血小板聚集明显低于正常对照（Ｐ＜０．０１）．两组病人外周血小板数明显低于正常（Ｐ＜０．０１），且在正常组中，血小板内ｃＡＭＰ含量与血小板数成负相关（ｒ＝－０．７０６９，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示，ＭＤＳ病人血小板聚集功能减退可能与血小板内ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ含量升高有关，且血小板内ｃＡＭＰ含量随病情的恶性程度增加而升高。     

超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化脂质和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶变化与急性有机磷农药中毒的关系

本文对３３例急性有机磷农药中毒（ＡＯＩＰ）患者检测了超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ－１），过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ），ＡＯＩＰ组的ＳＯＤ－１、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ较对照组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。而ＬＰＯ较对照组明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＳＯＤ－１含量与胆碱酯酶活性呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６０２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。研究结果说明，氧自由基参于了有机磷农药对机体的损伤过程。     

一氧化氮在培养的大鼠心肌细胞缺氧—复氧损伤中的作用

目的：观察一氧化氮（ＮＯ）对心肌细胞缺氧－复氧损伤（ＨＲＩ）的作用。方法：培养的大鼠心肌细胞，培养液中分别预先加入ＮＯ前体Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）、ＮＯ供体ＳＩＮ－１或硝普钠（ＳＮＰ）、ＮＯＳ抑制剂Ｌ－ＮＮＡ或ＮＯＳ诱导剂脂多糖（ＬＰＳ），经缺氧１２０ｍｉｎ，复氧６０ｍｉｎ处理后，检测细胞存活率，乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）漏出量，亚硝酸盐（ＮＯ２）含量及细胞诱导型ＮＯ合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）活性等指标的改变。结果：①与常氧组比较，缺氧－复氧ＨＲ降低细胞存活率（２３％，Ｐ＜０．０１），增加ＬＤＨ漏出（６２倍，Ｐ＜０．０１），ｉＮＯＳ活性（７７％，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＮＯ２含量（６１７％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。②ＨＲ前预先加入ＳＩＮ－１、ＳＮＰ或Ｌ－Ａｒｇ，均引起ＬＤＨ漏出进一步增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），细胞存活率进一步降低（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）。③Ｌ－ＮＮＡ２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，单独应用对细胞损伤的影响无统计学意义，与Ｌ－Ａｒｇ联合应用，则减弱Ｌ－Ａｒｇ的细胞损伤作用。④ＬＰＳ１μｇ／ｍＬ，增加ｉＮＯＳ活性（２６倍，Ｐ＜０．０１）和ＬＤＨ漏出（５６％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＮＯ加重心肌细胞ＨＲＩ，是心肌细胞ＨＲＩ的损伤因子     

地奥心血康对心肌缺血再灌犬心肌细胞膜Na~＋，K~＋—ATP酶活性与LPO含量

１６只成年杂种犬复制心肌缺血再灌模型。分为地奥心血康治疗组（ＤＡＸＸＫＧ）和生理盐水对照组（ＮＳＣＧ）。差速离心分离心肌细胞质膜，无机磷法测定心肌细胞膜Ｎａ￣＋，Ｋ￣＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性，荧光法测定心肌细胞膜与血清脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量。结果表明：（１）ＤＡＸＸＫＧＮａ￣＋，Ｋ￣＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性明显高于ＮＳＣＧ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）血清ＬＰＯ含量，随着再灌时间延长，ＮＳＣＧ呈上升趋势，ＤＡＸＸＫＧ略下降，再灌２４０ｍｉｎ两组比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；心肌细胞膜ＬＰＯ含量，ＤＡＸＸＫＧ低于ＮＳＣＧ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（３）心肌细胞膜Ｎａ￣＋，Ｋ￣＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性与ＬＰＯ含量呈明显负相关（ｒ＝－０．８３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。这些结果提示ＤＡＸＸＫ可通过抗脂质过氧化而实现其保护心肌细胞膜的效应。     

大学生的防御方式与心理健康

使用防御方式问卷（ＤＳＱ）中译本和心理卫生自评量表（ＳＣＬ－９０），对４５８名大学生进行筛选并对其防御方式进行了比较研究和相关分析，结果发现高症状组与低症状组在不成熟和中间型防御机制上存在显著或极为显著的差异（Ｐ＜０．０００１，Ｐ＜０．０５），均值最大值落在高症状组；部分成熟防御机制差异极为显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），均值最大值落在低症状组。提示大学生的心理健康水平越低，其防御机制的成熟程度也越低的倾向。     

心肌顿抑时红细胞变形性变化机理及其意义初探

目的和方法：本文通过一次性阻断兔冠脉左室支１５ｍｉｎ后再灌注复制在体心肌顿抑（ＭＳ）模型，动态观察心肌缺血前后红细胞变形指数（ｄｅｆｏｒｍａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｄｅｘ，ＤＩ）、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅｄｉｓｍｕｔａｓｅ，ＳＯＤ）活力、红细胞ＡＴＰ、红细胞丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和心功能参数（左室舒张末压、左室收缩压±ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ）变化。结果：缺血末心功能下降最显著（Ｐ＜００１）；再灌注０５ｈ时ＭＤＡ明显升高，而ＤＩ、ＳＯＤ明显下降（Ｐ＜００１）。随继续再灌注上述指标逐渐恢复。各时点ＡＴＰ无明显变化。再灌注０５ｈ时红细胞ＭＤＡ与ＤＩ、ＳＯＤ均呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜００１），ＤＩ与＋ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ正相关（Ｐ＜００５）。结论：ＭＳ早期红细胞变形性降低与暂时性氧化－抗氧化失衡有关；再灌注早期红细胞变形性降低可能参与ＭＳ早期发生机制     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.