汉语阅读技能诊断测验（CRSDT）的初步编制

目的：为汉语儿童阅读障碍（ＲＤ）的研究与临床标准化诊断试编制一个《汉语阅读技能诊断测验（ＣＲＳＤＴ）》。方法：根据认知心理语言学与神经语言学理论，结合ＲＤ症状学特点编制了ＣＲＳＤＴ，在小学三～六年级２４５名阅读障碍与正常儿童中作一试验。结果：（１）在测验各项目及总分上，正常儿童与ＲＤ儿童差别显著（Ｐ＜．０００１）；正常儿童不同学绩水平间的差别大于不同年级之间的差别。（２）分半信度为．７７～．８１；重测信度为．９０（．６７～．９４）；α系数为．９０。（３）测验总分与语文成绩相关为．８５；临床按标准分７０划界诊断的灵敏度为９４．７％，特异度为９８．５％；因素分析所获三因子模型（字识别、词句理解、记忆－把握）可解释６４．４％的变异，符合汉语失读症的神经语言学层级理论。结论：ＣＲＳＤＴ的信度、效度初步达到心理测量学要求，具有临床实用价值，并与国外同类测验作了比较。     

阅读障碍儿童汉字字形、字音和字义启动效应

目的：探讨汉语阅读障碍儿童与正常者汉字字形、字音和字义启动效应的差异。方法：选取阅读障碍儿童（25人）及与之年龄和阅读水平相配比的两组对照儿童（各25人）。应用启动范式让被试进行真假字判断。真字启动条件分别设为形近、音同、义近和无关4类,无关字对作为基线,假字字对作为干扰刺激。考察被试在各启动条件下的反应时、启动量及应答错误率的差异。结果：阅读障碍组儿童汉字形、音、义校正启动量（-0.010、-0.010、0.001）明显低于对照组儿童（年龄对照组分别为0.026、0.026、0.022;阅读水平对照组分别为0.062、0.058、0.031）（F=17.91,P〈0.001）。正常儿童汉字启动效应可能的大小排序为：字形〉字音〉字义。阅读能力和启动效应间交互作用不显著。结论：阅读障碍儿童存在着一种普遍的字形和读音加工缺陷,支持联结模型关于阅读障碍的假设。     

20例先天愚型患儿红细胞免疫功能检测分析

为进一步了解先天愚型（ＤＳ）患儿红细胞免疫功能状况。本文对２０例ＤＳ患儿进行了红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体（ＲＢＣ－ｃ３ｂ）花环试验和红细胞免疫复合物（ＲＢＣ－ＩＣ）花环试验，并与５０例正常儿童进行比较。结果显示：ＤＳ患儿ＲＢＣ－ｃ３ｂ花环率显著低于对照组（Ｐ＞０．０５）；而ＲＢＣ－ＩＣ花环率稍低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）但无统计学意义。提示ＤＳ患儿红细胞免疫功能较正常儿童是明显降低的。     

学习障碍儿童绘人测验的分析

目的：探索智商（ＩＱ）值正常的学习障碍（ＬＤ）儿童在绘人测验（ＨＦＤ）中的反应特征；方法：用（ＨＦＤ）和ＷＩＳＣ－ＣＲ对ＬＤ儿童和正常儿童进行了测试，并依ＷＩＳＣ－ＲＣ结果将ＬＤ组分为ＶＩＱ优势组、ＰＩＱ优势组、无差别组，就两测验结果进行了相关分析，进而对ＨＦＤ三部分计分通过率作了比较分析。结果：ＬＤ组及其亚组的ＨＤＦ－ＩＱ与ＷＩＳＣ各ＩＱ值间呈低相关，ＬＤ组在人物总体貌上与对照组无明显差别，但在各部位比例和细节技巧上明显逊于对照组，ＶＩＱ优势组与ＰＩＱ优势组通过率间无显著性差异。结论：ＨＦＤ并不完全反映儿童的操作智力，ＬＤ儿童可能存在“构图思维能力”的某种障碍。     

用反向点杂交法对广东地区35例重型β地中海贫血患儿及双亲的基因突变研究

为探讨临床对β地中海贫血（β－地贫）的快速基因诊断方法，应用ＰＣＲ反向点杂交（ｒｅｖｅｒｓｅｄｏｔｂｌｏｔ，ＲＤＢ）技术，对广东地区３５例重型β地贫患儿及其双亲的基因突变特征进行了研究。结果显示：（１）广东重型β地贫基因突变可见７种类型：ＣＤ４１－４２（－ＴＣＴＴ），ＩＶＳ２ｎｔ６５４（Ｃ→Ｔ）。ＴＡＴＡｂｏｘ－２８（Ａ→Ｇ），ＣＤ１７（Ａ→Ｔ），βＥ（２６）（Ｇ→Ａ），ＣＤ７１－７２（＋Ａ）及ＣＤ１４－１５（＋Ｇ），其结构比依次为：４０％，２８．６％，１１．４％，７．１％，７．１％，７．１％，４．３％及１．４％，和１３种基因组合形式；（２）基因突变类型不同致临床表型不同，β°纯合子临床多表现重症，发病早（３～６个月），靠输血维持生命；β°／β－（Ｅ或－２８）双重杂合子多表现中间型或重型，发病年龄较晚，贫血较轻，输血较少，ＰＣＲ－ＲＤＢ技术不需依赖同位素、操作简便、快速，宜于临床推广应用。     

T细胞表面6种细胞表型的变化与大肠癌分期及术式的关系

应用流式细胞仪检测３９例大肠癌患者手术前后Ｔ细胞表面６种细胞表型，发现随着Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期的增高，术前ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８、ＣＤ１６、ＣＤ６９及ＣＤ３＋／ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋逐渐下降，ＣＤ８逐渐增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ａ期大肠癌患者机体免疫功能活跃，术前ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＣＤ８、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８、ＣＤ１６、ＣＤ３＋／ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋与对照组相同；根治及姑息性切除术后，ＣＤ８降低，ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８、ＣＤ１６、ＣＤ６９、ＣＤ３＋／ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ＋升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；肿瘤未切组术后ＣＤ３、ＣＤ１６、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８进一步下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示大肠癌患者术前免疫状态与疾病的程度呈负相关，切除肿瘤有益于改善患者细胞免疫功能。     

小鼠胸腺基质细胞单抗对胸腺细胞及脾细胞增殖的抑制作用

试验两种大鼠抗小鼠胸腺基质细胞（ＭＴＳＣ）ＭｃＡｂｓＰｆ１８－３、Ｒｓ２１－Ｃ６的生物作用。Ｐｆ１８－３ＭｃＡｂ识别分子表达于胸腺细胞、脾脏Ｔ及Ｂ细胞；Ｒｓ２１－Ｃ６只表达于ＭＴＳＣ。加Ｐｆ１８－３或Ｒｓ２１－Ｃ６于ＭＴＥＣＩ与胸腺细胞或脾细胞的体外培养中，在ＣｏｎＡ存在及不存在下，均可抑制ＭＴＥＣ１诱导胸腺细胞及脾细胞的增殖作用。ＣｏｎＡ活化下，其对胸腺细胞增殖的抑制率Ｐｆ１８－３为９６％；Ｒｓ２１－Ｃ６为９１％。对脾细胞的抑制率Ｐｆ１８－３为７５％；Ｒｓ２１－Ｃ６为５１％。Ｐｆ１８－３对单纯ＣｏｎＡ活化的胸腺细胞增殖也有显著的抑制作用，而Ｒｓ２１－Ｃ６无此作用。包被于平皿的固相Ｐｆ１８－３ＭｃＡｂ，对胸腺细胞、脾细胞均有轻度但显著的促增殖作用。故Ｐｆ１８－３ＭｃＡｂ识别的抗原分子（及其配基）参与Ｔ细胞的活化过程。鉴于Ｐｆ１８－３＋细胞的分布有其特异性，分析此抗原分子的功能有重要的意义。     

川崎病患者外周血淋巴细胞凋亡减少的初探

目的：探讨川崎病（ＫＤ）的免疫发病机制。方法：对２６例ＫＤ患者和２０名正常儿童外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）经ａｎｔｉ－ＣＤ３诱导体外培养不同时间的凋亡进行计数凋亡细胞百分率和片段ＤＮＡ分析。结果：ＫＤ患者凋亡细胞百分率和片段ＤＮＡ出现时间较正常对照降低（Ｐ〈０．００１）和延迟，ＰＢＭＣ体外培养产生ＩＬ－６水平较正常对照显著升高（Ｐ〈０．００１）；加抗ＩＬ－６单抗培养或静脉注射免疫球蛋白（ＩＶＩＧ）     

造血生长因子促进RV介导LacZ—Neo^R基因在人骨髓造血细胞中 …

目的：本文探索了不同组合的造血生长因子ＳＣＦ、ＩＬ３及ＩＬ６对逆转录病毒（ＲＶ）介导的ＬａｃＺ－Ｎｅｏ＾Ｒ双标志基因转染人骨髓造血细胞转染效率、表达水平的影响及其相关机理。方法：采用ＲＶ转染人骨髓非粘附造血细胞（ＮＡＢＭＣ）及经ＳＣＦ、ＩＬ３及ＩＬ６不同组合预激４８ｈ后的ＮＡＢＭＣ。经荧光素二－β－Ｄ－半乳糖呋喃苷脂（ＦＤＧ）标记的半乳糖苷酶、Ｇ４１８＾ＲＣＦＵ－ＧＭ及ＰＣＲ／Ｓｏｕｒｔｈｅｒｎ－     

造血生长因子促进RV介导LacZ-NeoR基因在人骨髓造血细胞中转染的机制

目的：本文探索了不同组合的造血生长因子ＳＣＦ、ＩＬ３及ＩＬ６对逆转录病毒（ＲＶ）介导的ＬａｃＺ－ＮｅｏＲ双标志基因转染人骨髓造血细胞转染效率、表达水平的影响及其相关机理。方法：采用ＲＶ转染人骨髓非粘附造血细胞（ＮＡＢＭＣ）及经ＳＣＦ、ＩＬ３及ＩＬ６不同组合预激４８ｈ后的ＮＡＢＭＣ。经荧光素二－β－Ｄ－半乳糖呋喃苷脂（ＦＤＧ）标记的半乳糖苷酶、Ｇ４１８ＲＣＦＵ－ＧＭ及ＰＣＲ／Ｓｏｕｒｔｈｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ检测ＮｅｏＲ和ＬａｃＺ基因的表达。结果：早期造血生长因子（ＨＧＦｓ）的预激明显改善了ＲＶ介导的ＬａｃＺ－ＮｅｏＲ基因在人骨髓造血细胞中的转染效率与表达水平,ＳＣＦ＋ＩＬ３＋ＩＬ６＞ＳＣＦ＋ＩＬ３＞ＩＬ３＋ＩＬ６＞ＳＣＦ＋ＩＬ６。氚标记脱氧胸苷（３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ）自杀及５－溴脱氧尿苷－碘化丙啶（ＢｒｄＵ－ＰＩ）双标流式细胞仪（ＦＣＭ）检测显示,ＨＧＦｓ预激后人骨髓造血细胞及ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ的Ｓ期比例显著提高。结论：ＳＣＦ＋ＩＬ３＋ＩＬ６的联合预激可显著改善ＲＶ介导的外源基因在人骨髓造血细胞中的转染效率与表达水平,这可能与ＨＧＦｓ预激后明显提高人骨髓造血细胞及ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ的Ｓ期比例密切相关     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.