Exercise Intensity and Self-Efficacy Effects on Anxiety Reduction in Healthy, Older Adults

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of varying exercise intensities and changes in self-efficacy on anxiety reduction in a sample of healthy, older adults. Eighty older adults from a randomized controlled exercise trial participated in this study and completed measures of self-efficacy and the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) prior to and following light-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise. Latent growth curve modeling analyses revealed that although anxiety was reduced following the light-intensity condition, no significant changes in anxiety occurred following the moderate-intensity condition, and anxiety increased following the high-intensity condition. In addition, changes in self-efficacy were related to anxiety responses only in the moderate-intensity condition. An analysis of SAI items indicated that although the light-intensity condition resulted in decreased arousal and anxiousness, the high-intensity condition resulted in increased arousal and decreased anxiousness. These results are discussed in terms of social cognitive theory and the appropriateness of the SAI for use in exercise settings.     

The effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on wound healing: a preliminary study

Psychological factors have been shown to influence the process of wound healing. This study examined the effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on the speed of wound healing. The local production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors was studied as potential underlying mechanism. Forty-nine adults were randomly allocated to a waiting-list control group (n = 26) or an 8-week MBSR group (n = 23). Pre- and post-intervention/waiting period assessment for both groups consisted of questionnaires. Standardized skin wounds were induced on the forearm using a suction blister method. Primary outcomes were skin permeability and reduction in wound size monitored once a day at day 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 10 after injury. Secondary outcomes were cytokines and growth factors and were measured in wound exudates obtained at 3, 6, and 22 h after wounding. Although there was no overall condition effect on skin permeability or wound size, post hoc analyses indicated that larger increases in mindfulness were related to greater reductions in skin permeability 3 and 4 days after wound induction. In addition, MBSR was associated with lower levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and placental growth factor in the wound fluid 22 h after wound induction. These outcomes suggest that increasing mindfulness by MBSR might have beneficial effects on early stages of wound healing. Trial Registration NTR3652, http://www.trialregister.nl     

A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for HIV-Associated Chronic Pain

Treatment guidelines for chronic pain recommend nonpharmacologic modalities as part of a comprehensive management plan. Chronic pain is common among people living with HIV/AIDS, but there is little data to guide the choice of nonpharmacologic therapies in this complex population. We performed a mixed-methods feasibility study of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) versus health education control with 32 inner city, HIV-infected participants. Outcome measures included: the Brief Pain Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, HIV Symptoms Index, autonomic function testing, and audiotaped focus groups. Post-intervention, participants reported modest improvements in pain measures and perceived stress, but no effect of group assignment was observed. At 3-month follow-up, 79% of MBSR participants were still practicing, and pain intensity was improved, whereas in the control group pain intensity had worsened. Qualitative analysis revealed a strong sense of community in both groups, but only MBSR was perceived as useful for relaxation and pain relief.     

Developing a Psychosomatic Imagination in Medical Students and Psychotherapy Trainees

How can we help medical students and psychotherapy trainees to develop an awareness of the mind in relation to the body, so that both can develop a psychosomatic imagination? This is an exploration of some of the difficulties that medical students have in appreciating the role of emotions in illness and of the difficulties psychotherapy trainees have in considering the importance of the body in psychotherapeutic work with patients with physical symptoms. Student Balint discussion groups and student psychotherapy schemes give clinical medical students the opportunity to explore their own and their patients’ emotional reactions to illness and to learn about the interplay of emotions with the body in physical illness. The Royal College of Psychiatrists is now encouraging the development of such Balint groups and/or psychotherapy schemes in all UK medical schools. Psychotherapy trainees studying the effects of emotions in psychosomatic illnesses often have difficulty in learning how to interpret physical symptoms that occur in psychotherapy. They tend to want to see such symptoms as having symbolic meaning and find it hard to appreciate the medical logic of physical illness. It is important that some medical understanding of these conditions is also included in seminars on psychosomatic conditions.     

Changes in spirituality partly explain health-related quality of life outcomes after Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction is a secular behavioral medicine program that has roots in meditative spiritual practices. Thus, spirituality may partly explain Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction outcomes. Participants (N = 279; M (SD) age = 45(12); 75% women) completed an online survey before and after an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis that, following Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, the relationship between enhanced mindfulness and improved health-related quality of life is mediated by increased daily spiritual experiences. Changes in both spirituality and mindfulness were significantly related to improvement in mental health. Although the initial mediation hypothesis was not supported, an alternate model suggested that enhanced mindfulness partly mediated the association between increased daily spiritual experiences and improved mental health-related quality of life (indirect effect: β = 0.07, P = 0.017). Effects on physical health-related quality of life were not significant. Findings suggest a novel mechanism by which increased daily spiritual experiences following Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction may partially explain improved mental health as a function of greater mindfulness.     

医学生压力状况及其影响因素

目的 调查研究医学生的压力状况及其影响因素,以便有针对性的提高医学生的身心健康.方法 采用自编的医学生压力源调查问卷对山东大学的1262名医学生进行调查,用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析.结果 ①在所调查医学生中,近半数存在较大压力,主要压力源为专业学习压力和就业压力,深层压力源主要是父母期望、对自身发展的高要求和同辈竞争的压力;②不同性别的医学生在总体压力感知(t=-2.466,P＜0.05)、人际关系压力(t=3.528,P＜0.01)和情感压力(t=-3.663,P＜0.01)上存在显著性差异;③除专业学习压力之外,是否独生子女和城乡不同来源的医学生在总体压力感知和其他5个压力源上都存在显著性差异(t=2.067～96.788,P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 医学生主要存在专业学习压力和就业压力;性别、是否独生和城乡生源等是医学生压力的重要影响因素.     

Impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on attention, rumination and resting blood pressure in women with cancer: A waitlist-controlled study

The present study is a waitlist-controlled investigation of the impact of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on mindful attentiveness, rumination and blood pressure (BP) in women with cancer. Female post-treatment cancer patients were recruited from the MBSR program waitlist. Participants completed self-report measures of mindfulness and rumination and measured casual BP at home before and after the 8-week MBSR program or waiting period. MBSR group participants demonstrated higher levels of mindful attentiveness and decreased ruminative thinking following the intervention but no difference in BP, when compared to controls. In the MBSR group, decreases in rumination correlated with decreases in SBP and increases in mindful attention. When participants were assigned to “Higher BP” and “Lower BP” conditions based on mean BP values at week 1, “Higher BP” participants in the MBSR group (n = 19) had lower SBP at week 8 relative to the control group (n = 16). A MBSR program may be efficacious in increasing mindful attention and decreasing rumination in women with cancer. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate an impact on clinically elevated BP.     

医学生心理压力与应付方式的关系研究

目的探讨医学生不同程度心理压力与不同应付方式的关系。方法使用心身压力测试量表、应对方式问卷对426名学生进行调查。结果①24.4%的大学生心理压力程度较高,39.2%的大学生心理压力适中,36.4%的大学生心理压力程度较低;②高、中、低3个不同程度心理压力组学生应付方式各因子得分都有显著性差异(F=15.797,26.284,5.086,16.327,7.630,3.073;P<0.05);③心理压力较高的学生倾向于采取非成熟的应付方式,心理压力适中、较低的学生倾向于采取成熟的应付方式;④自责、幻想及解决问题对心理压力有非常显著的预测作用(R2=0.169,0.197,0.223;P<0.001)。结论倾向使用非成熟应付方式的医学生心理压力较高。     

Research on the Relationship between Psychological Stress and Coping Styles of Medical College Students

目的 探讨医学生不同程度心理压力与不同应付方式的关系.方法 使用心身压力测试量表、应对方式问卷对426名学生进行调查.结果 ①24.4％的大学生心理压力程度较高,39.2％的大学生心理压力适中,36.4％的大学生心理压力程度较低;②高、中、低3个不同程度心理压力组学生应付方式各因子得分都有显著性差异(F=15.797,26.284,5.086,16.327,7.630,3.073;P＜0.05);③心理压力较高的学生倾向于采取非成熟的应付方式,心理压力适中、较低的学生倾向于采取成熟的应付方式;④自责、幻想及解决问题对心理压力有非常显著的预测作用(R2=0.169,0.197,0.223fP＜0.001).结论 倾向使用非成熟应付方式的医学生心理压力较高.     

Stress and Coping Styles are Associated with Severe Fatigue in Medical Students

Fatigue is a common complaint among medical students and researchers consider it to be related to poor academic outcomes. The authors' goal in the present study was to determine whether stress and coping strategies were associated with fatigue in medical students. The study group consisted of 73 second-year healthy students attending the Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine. Participants completed a questionnaire about fatigue (Japanese version of Chalder Fatigue Scale), stress, stress coping (Japanese version of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations), overwork, and nocturnal sleeping hours. On univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for age and gender, stress was positively associated with fatigue. In addition, after adjustment for age, gender, and emotion- and task-oriented stress coping activities, avoidance-oriented stress coping activity was associated with fatigue. The results suggest that stress and the coping style are correlated with fatigue in medical students.     

DNA Repair Capacity in Healthy Medical Students During and After Exam Stress

There has been extensive research into the effects of stress on immune function but little on the effects of stress on DNA repair capacity (DRC), a process central to maintaining a normal cell cycle. Defective DRC is one of the factors responsible for carcinogenesis. In the present study we assessed DRC in healthy medical students during times of high and low stress. Sixteen medical students were evaluated during the third day of a 5-day exam period and then again 3 weeks later, after vacation. At both time points, participants underwent a brief physical examination, had venous blood drawn, and completed questionnaires to identify subjective stress levels. The DRC was assessed by the host-cell reaction assay, which measures nucleotide excision repair capacity. Participants reported significantly higher levels of subjective stress during the exam period than after vacation. DRC was also significantly higher during the exam period than after vacation, suggesting a positive association between subject stress levels and DRC. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings and implications for cancer research.     

医学生心理健康、应对方式与创伤后应激反应的相关研究

目的：探讨医学生创伤后应激反应的发生与其心理健康、应对方式的相关性。方法：采用创伤后应激障碍症状自评量表，90项症状自评量表（SCL-90），应付方式问卷，对405例医学本科生进行评定。结果：创伤后应激反应组SCL-90中各因子的得分要高于对照组，且存在显著性差异（P〈0.001）。与对照组相比，应激反应症状组在成熟型应对方式上的得分要低于前者（P〈0．05，P〈O．001），而在不成熟型和混合型应对方式上的得分要高于前者（P〈0.001）。应激反应症状总分与SCL-90总均分及各因子分呈正相关（P〈0．01），与解决问题、求助呈负相关（P〈0．01），而与幻想、退避、自责呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论：创伤后应激反应者心理健康状况普遍较差，可能与其不适当的应对方式有关。     

医学院校大学生人格特征对其生活满意度的影响

目的探讨医学院校大学生人格特征对其生活满意度的影响。方法采用艾森克人格问卷简式中国版和大学生生活满意度评定量表对346名医学院校大学生进行问卷调查。结果①精神质与学习成绩呈显著相关（P〈0．05）．外向性和神经质与朋友关系、形象表现、健康状况、经济状况、主观满意度、客观满意度、个人生活满意度均呈显著相关（P〈0．01）;②不同人格类型的生活满意度比较发现,在生活满意度主要成分上,除学习成绩外,其它均存在显著的类型差异;③对朋友关系、形象表现、健康状况、经济状况、主观满意度、客观满意度、个人生活满意度有影响的均为外向性和神经质因子。结论医学院校大学生人格特征对其生活满意度影响较大。     

放松训练对脑电、情绪的影响及与人格特征的关系

目的:探讨放松训练对脑电、情绪的影响以及与受试者人格、行为类型的关系.方法:68名医科大学生集体进行放松训练2个月,比较训练前后的焦虑自评量表(SAS)和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)得分,评估训练前后脑电、肌电、皮肤温度的变化,以及脑电指标改善程度与受试者个性特征的关系.结果:放松训练后受试者SAS、PSQI得分降低,与训练前相比差异有极显著性意义(t=3.7及5.2,P均<0.01).脑电、肌电、皮肤温度改善,脑电指标改善程度与艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)的N纬度得分、A型行为类型问卷的TH分、总分呈正相关(r=0.25～0.46).结论:放松训练可以改善大学生的生理、心理状况,脑电指标改善程度与受试者的人格特征和行为类型相关.     

广州地区医科大学生心理压力与社会支持、自我效能感相关性研究

目的 探讨广州地区医科大学生心理压力与社会支持和自我效能感之间的关系.方法 以广州地区3所医科大学在校932名本科生为研究对象,采用张林等编制的大学生心理压力量表、肖水源的大学生社会支持量表、张建新的大学生自我效能感量表(GSES)进行团体测试.结果 ①心理压力与社会支持、自我效能感有不同程度的显著性负相关关系(r=-0.177,-0.366;P＜0.01),社会支持与自我效能感有不同程度的显著性正相关关系(r=0.269,P＜0.05);②心理压力中的身体状况、人际关系、恋爱情感、经济压力因子与社会支持在统计学上差异有显著性(t=2.735,-7.941,-3.014,1.948;P＜0.05或P＜0.01);心理压力中的学习、父母期望、理想前途因子与自我效能感在统计学上差异有显著性(t =-4.644,-4.098,2.135;P＜0.05或P＜0.01);③社会支持在心理压力中的人际关系、恋爱关系、父母期望因子以及自我效能感之间有中介作用(c'/b=-0.389,-0.302,-0.390;P＜0.01).结论 可通过提高医学生的社会支持程度,提高自我效能感从而降低心理压力,促进心理健康.     

Exercise and the Experience and Appraisal of Daily Stressors: A Naturalistic Study

Thirty-eight men and 35 women completed diaries of exercise, mood, and the experience and appraisal of daily stressors over 12 consecutive days. It was hypothesized that exercise would be associated with positive moods and with the experience of fewer daily stressors. Positive moods were rated higher and depression lower on exercise days than no-exercise days. Participants low in trait anxiety reported fewer stressful events on the days on which they exercised. Those with strong personal (health, physical appearance, and mood) motives for exercise reported more stressful daily events overall; in addition, they experienced more potentially stressful events as nonstressful on the days during which they engaged in physical exercise. The results are discussed in relation to the acute after-effects of exercise on mood and stress responsivity and the long term of psychological benefits of regular exercise.     

医学生心理应激与心理和谐的关系:复原力的中介作用

目的:探讨医学生心理应激、复原力与心理和谐之间的关系。方法:采用中国大学生心理应激量表(CCSPSS)、亚洲复原力量表和青少年学生心理和谐问卷对931名医学生进行问卷调查。结果:1心理应激与复原力各维度、心理和谐各维度均呈负相关(r=-0.184~-0.113,P0.01),复原力各维度与心理和谐各维度均呈正相关(r=0.442~0.648,P0.001);2复原力的情绪管制维度在心理应激与心理和谐的内心和谐维度间起部分中介作用,在心理应激与心理和谐的人际和谐维度间起完全中介作用。结论:在心理应激对心理和谐的内心和谐维度与人际和谐维度的影响中,复原力的情绪管制维度起了不同的中介作用。     

论医学院校图书馆与医学生医德教育

分析了当前医学生的思想道德状况，指出了传统图书馆医德教育存在的不足，阐述了现代图书馆如何发挥独特优势，实施医学生医德教育的途径。     

医学生父母教养方式与拖延行为的关系:完美主义的中介作用

目的:以医学生为被试,探讨完美主义在父母教养方式和拖延行为之间的中介作用。方法:采用父母教养方式问卷(PBI)中文修订版,一般拖延量表(GPS)和中文版Frost多维度完美主义量表(CFMPS)对536名被试进行测量。结果:1积极的父母教养方式负向预测拖延,消极的父母教养方式正向预测拖延。2适应性完美主义负向预测拖延,非适应性完美主义正向预测拖延。3适应性完美主义在积极和消极父母教养方式与拖延的关系中起部分中介作用,非适应性完美主义在积极和消极父母教养方式与拖延的关系中也起部分中介作用。结论:完美主义在医学生父母教养方式和拖延行为之间起部分中介作用。