血栓素A2、前列环素与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征及其合并高血压的相关性研究

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)及其合并高血压患者血浆血栓素B2(TXB2)、6-酮前列腺素F1α(6-Keto-PGF1α)水平的变化.方法检测OSAHS及其合并高血压患者血浆TXB2、6-Keto-PGF1α水平并与正常人进行对照,将检测结果与睡眠呼吸监测指标进行相关性分析.结果 OSAHS患者血浆TXB2及TXB2/ 6-Keto-PGF1α(T/P)比值明显高于正常对照组[(77.37±20.13) ng/L vs (47.97±12.05) ng/L,(5.47±3.83) vs (1.73±0.99)](P<0.01),6-Keto-PGF1α浓度明显低于正常对照组[(20.07±12.11) ng/L vs (31.27±9.41) ng/L](P<0.01),且OSAHS合并高血压组与单纯OSAHS组比较血浆TXB2及T/P比值比较差异有统计学意义[(141.78±21.66) ng/L vs (77.37±20.13) ng/L,(11.06±6.97) vs (5.47±3.83)](P<0.01);血浆TXB2、6-Keto-PGF1α水平与OSAHS的病情严重程度有相关性.结论 OSAHS及其合并高血压患者存在TXA2与PGI2的失衡,这种变化在OSAHS合并高血压患者中更为明显.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者肝功能损害研究

目的 探讨中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及部分患者经鼻持续正压通气(nCPAP)治疗后的变化及意义.方法 研究经多导睡眠监测仪(PSG)确诊的59例OSAHS患者及28例健康对照血清ALT、AST、TC、TG、VEGF水平及13例经nCPAP治疗后的患者血清VEGF水平,并监测患者呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)、血氧饱和度《90%的时间(SIT90)、平均血氧饱和度(MSaO2)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)等睡眠指标.结果 OSAHS患者根据AHI分为中、重两组.健康对照组与OSAHS中度、重度组比较血清ALT、AST、TC、TG、VEGF水平,差异均有统计学意义(P均《0.01).OSAHS患者其血清ALT、AST水平与MSaO2呈负相关,与VEGF呈正相关(相关系数分别为-0.137,-0.245,0.101,0.115,P均《0.01).13例重度OSAHS患者nCPAP治疗3个月后血清ALT(37±7)U/L、AST(24±5)U/L、TC(1.51±0.14)mmo/L、VEGF水平(520±90)ng/L,治疗前ALT(65±18)U/L、AST(52±4)U/L、TC(1.82±0.12)mmol/L、VEGF(704±93)ng/L,治疗前后差异有统计学意义(P《0.01).结论 OSAHS患者夜间反复低氧血症可能影响肝脏功能从而引起ALT、AST,TC、TG血清水平升高,经nCPAP治疗后,血清ALT、AST、TC水平下降亦证实反复低氧参与肝脏功能损害.     

OSAHS和CHD发病率与GMP-140、D-二聚体变化的相关性

目的了解血浆GMP-140、D-二聚体在重度阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者和冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)患者体内浓度的变化,探讨OSAHS患者CHD发病率增高的机制。方法对重度OSAHS组18例、CHD组22例、OSAHS合并CHD组12例和健康对照组20例应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血浆中GMP-140与D-二聚体浓度,应用统计学方法处理数据。结果OSAHS组、CHD组和OSAHS合并CHD组(合并组)血浆GMP-140浓度分别为(18.84±1.99)ng/ml、(18.82±1.59)ng/ml和(18.88±1.79)ng/ml,与正常对照组(12.79±1.32)ng/ml有明显差异(P<0.05);三组的D-二聚体浓度分别为(0.43±0.003)mg/L、(0.50±0.001)mg/L、(0.50±0.004)mg/L,均显著高于健康对照组(0.22±0.001)mg/L(P<0.05)。而OSAHS组、CHD组和合并组之间GMP-140浓度、D-二聚体浓度相比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。且GMP-140与D-二聚体浓度呈正相关,相关系数γ=0.69,P<0.05。结论重度OSAHS患者因乏氧体内存在血管内皮(包括冠脉内皮)损伤、血小板活化、凝血系统激活和继发性纤溶系统功能亢进,这些可能是OSAHS患者CHD的发生、发展机制。     

高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者治疗前后血管紧张素Ⅱ与血压昼夜节律的变化

目的 探讨高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者持续气道内正压通气(CPAP)或手术治疗前后血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)与血压昼夜节律的变化.方法 入选连续入院的高血压患者182例,根据多导睡眠仪监测结果分为单纯高血压组72例、高血压合并轻度OSAHS组62例和高血压合并中、重度OSAHS组48例.CPAP或手术治疗前后检测AngⅡ浓度并行24 h动态血压监测,比较各组间治疗前及组内治疗前后AngⅡ浓度及血压昼夜节律变化.结果 高血压合并轻度OSAHS组、高血压合并中重度OSAHS组治疗前与单纯高血压组的血浆AngⅡ浓度分别为(16.17±3.43)ng/ml、(18.13±4.32)ng/ml和(12.34±3.72)ng/ml,治疗后高血压合并OSAHS组分别下降至(11.87±2.21)ng/ml和(15.35±3.97)ng/ml,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).单纯高血压组昼夜血压呈非杓型占25.3%,高血压合并轻度和中、重度OSAHS组治疗前昼夜血压呈非杓型的分别占44.4%和56.8%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗后OSAHS组呈非杓型的比例分别为36.7%和47.6%,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).中、重度OSAHS组下降更明显.相关分析表明AngⅡ浓度与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)呈正相关(r=0.7613,P<0.01),与收缩压夜间下降率呈负相关(r=-0.6174,P<0.01).结论 高血压合并OSAHS与单纯高血压相比,AngⅡ浓度及非杓型比例均大于后者,并与OSAHS严重程度呈正比.高血压合并OSAHS的患者在CPAP或手术治疗后AngⅡ浓度明显下降,血压非杓型比例明显减少.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征及重叠综合征患者血管内皮生长因子表达差异

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)及重叠综合征(overlap syndrome,OS)患者血清血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)表达水平差异。方法中重度COPD、OSAHS和OS患者各30例,采用ELISA法检测3组血清VEGF水平,并进行比较。结果 OS组血清VEGF水平[(727.72±42.86)ng/L]高于COPD组[(665.25±78.10)ng/L]和OSAHS组[(623.23±29.76)ng/L],且COPD组高于OSAHS组(P0.05)。结论 OS患者缺氧程度较COPD和OSAHS患者严重。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征及合并高血压患者8-异前列腺素F2α与C-反应蛋白的变化

目的 检测血浆8-异前列腺素F2α8-iso-PGF2α及血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平在单纯阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)及合并高血压患者中的变化,探讨OSAHS的病理生理变化及合并高血压的发病机制.方法 单纯OSAHS患者19例,OSAHS合并高血压患者21例,同期健康体检者20例,分别用ELISA法检测3组研究对象血浆8-iso-PGF2α血清CRP的水平并进行比较.结果 单纯OSAHS组血浆8-iso-PGF2α(11.08±3.26)μg/L]及血清CRP[(1.75±0.82)mg/L]水平均高于健康对照组[分别为(7.49±2.10)μg/L与(0.52±0.26)mg/L,P均<0.01].OSAHS合并高血压患者血浆8-iso-PGF2α[(14.84±3.43)μg/L]及血清CRP[(3.13±1.06)mg/L]水平均高于单纯OSAHS患者及健康对照组(P均<0.01).结论 OSAHS患者存在炎症及氧化应激水平升高,并参与OSAHS合并高血压的发生发展.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者呼出气冷凝液中一氧化氮浓度与体内氧化应激的关系

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者慢性间歇低氧对氧化应激的影响.方法 选取2005年6月至2006年6月于我院呼吸科就诊的120例成年OSAHS患者及30例健康志愿者,OSAHS组中轻度60例,中重度组60例.采用硝酸还原酶法测定晨起呼出气冷凝液中一氧化氮(NO)浓度,并同时抽取静脉血测定其丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)浓度.结果 各组睡前呼出气冷凝液中NO浓度无明显差别[OSAHS中重度组(15±8)μmol/L,轻度组(16±10)μmol/L,正常对照组(14±6)μmol/L];晨起各组呼出气冷凝液中NO浓度分别为:OSAHS中、重度组(8±5)μmol/L,轻度组(11±6)μmol/L,正常对照组(13±7)μmol/L,OSAHS组和正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);OSAHS中重度组、轻度组和正常对照组血清MDA和SOD浓度分别为(16.78±1.99)、(7.76±0.87)、(4.73±0.92)μmol/L和(69.38±12.65)、(90.05±16.12)、(120.65±19.78)μU/L,OSAHS组和正常对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);OSAHS组晨起凝冷液中NO浓度与呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)呈负相关(r=-0.463,P<0.05),与最低氧饱和度(SaO2min)呈正相关(r=0.675,P<0.05).而MDA与AHI呈正相关(r=0.862,P<0.01)、与SaO2min呈负相关(r=-0.774,P<0.01),SOD与AHI呈负相关(r=-0.619,P<0.05)、与SaO2min呈正相关(r=0.687,P<0.05).结论 OSAHS患者晨起呼出气冷凝液中NO浓度明显下降,可间接反映机体NO消耗情况,MDA升高、SOD下降,从而导致氧化应激,与OSAHS病情严重程度显著相关.     

经鼻持续气道正压通气治疗睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并冠心病心律失常临床研究

目的初步探讨经鼻持续气道正压通气(nCPAP)治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)合并冠心病心律失常患者的疗效和机制。方法选择OSAHS合并冠心病心律失常患者252例,随机分为两组,实验组126例在药物治疗基础上加用nCPAP治疗,对照组126例仅为药物治疗,疗程均为3个月,观察两组治疗效果。结果实验组治疗后与对照组比较,呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)明显下降15.2±3.3 vs 52.5±14.3(P<0.01),TSTSaO2<90%明显下降(16.7±4.6)%vs(67.5±11.4)%(P<0.01),夜间最快心率明显下降(86.3±15.2)次/min vs(106.3±16.01)次/min(P<0.05),SaO2low明显升高(87.5±6.3)%vs(58.4±10.9)%(P<0.05),夜间最慢心率明显升高(60.2±10.1)次/min vs(47.4±9.8)次/min(P<0.05),夜间心律失常发生次数明显减少(19.6±9.4)次/min vs(62.5±19.6)次/min(P<0.01)。结论nCPAP治疗可以消除呼吸暂停,纠正低氧血症,减少夜间心律失常发生次...     

肝细胞生长因子和血管内皮生长因子在急性髓系白血病中的表达以及与血管新生的关系

目的 探讨肝细胞生长因子(HGF)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在急性髓系白血病(AML)中的表达及与AML血管新生的关系.方法 应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定AML 25例初发未治、17例完全缓解、16例未缓解、12例复发患者血清中HGF和VEGF的浓度,并与正常对照组比较.结果 血清HGF的浓度:AML初发未治组[(1357.29±358.64) ng/L]、未缓解组[(1175.93±306.71)ng/L]、复发组[(1261.21±340.83) ng/L]患者均明显高于正常对照组[(232.62±99.13) ng/L]和缓解组[ (256.65 ±94.32) ng/L](F=78.35,P＜0.01);血清VEGF的浓度:AML初发未治组[(253.84±49.14) ng/L]、未缓解组[(245.87±54.68) ng/L]、复发组[(264.75 ±62.52) ng/L]患者均明显高于正常对照组[ (97.61±16.19) ng/L]和缓解组[(99.76±15.93) ng/L](F=68.65,P＜0.01);缓解组患者血清HGF和VEGF的浓度与正常对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).HGF和VEGF在AML中呈正相关(r=0.49,P＜0.05).结论 HGF和VEGF与AML的发生、发展密切相关,通过阻抗HGF治疗白血病有望成为新的治疗方法.     

脑损伤伴呼吸衰竭患者血浆内皮素水平变化的临床意义

目的探讨脑损伤伴呼吸衰竭患者血浆内皮素水平的变化及其临床意义。方法34例脑损伤伴呼吸衰竭的患者(观察组),于治疗前后测定血浆内皮素浓度,并与32名健康体格检查者(对照组)作比较。分析观察组患者动脉血氧饱和度、氧合指数与内皮素的相关性。结果观察组入ICU治疗后第1日的血浆内皮素浓度为(82±15)ng/L、对照组为(48±6)ng/L,比较差异有统计学意义,P<0.01。观察组治疗后第3日,血浆内皮素浓度为(68±17)ng/L,较治疗第1日的血浆内皮素浓度明显降低(P<0.01)。观察组患者机械通气前、后的血浆内皮素水平与PaO2呈负相关(r值分别为-0.331、-0.430,均为P<0.01);与氧合指数也呈负相关(r值分别为-0.406、-0.372,均为P<0.01)。结论脑损伤伴呼吸衰竭患者的血浆内皮素明显上升,监测血浆内皮素浓度的变化,对判断脑损伤伴呼吸衰竭患者的病情严重程度、转归有一定参考价值。     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.