大体积固相萃取浓缩-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定水中11种全氟化合物

目的:建立大体积固相萃取浓缩-超高效液相色谱(UPLC)串联质谱法快速测定11种常见全氟化合物的方法。方法:大体积水调pH近中性后,经Waters WAX固相萃取小柱富集净化,使用串联四极杆电喷雾离子源负离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,2 mmol/L醋酸铵水溶液-2 mmol/L醋酸铵甲醇溶液为流动相,内标法进行定量。结果:在1.0μg/L-50μg/L范围内的线性良好,11种全化氟化合物的方法最低检出限为0.02 ng/L-0.5 ng/L,回收率能达到71%~103%。结论:本方法操作简单、快速、自动实现对水中全氟化合物的测定。     

厦门市母乳中全氟有机化合物污染水平分析

目的研究福建省居民全氟有机化合物(PFASs)的人体负荷水平。方法在福建省厦门市采集50份母乳样品,乙腈提取并采用超高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱法测定母乳中PFASs的浓度水平。结果母乳中的主要污染物是全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA),其中位数浓度水平分别为429. 59 pg/ml和63. 91 pg/ml。母乳中未检出全氟己酸(PFHxA),全氟庚酸(PFHpA)的检出率仅为30%。全氟壬酸(PFNA)、全氟癸酸(PFDA)、全氟十一酸(PFUdA)和全氟己烷磺酸(PFHxS)的浓度水平均略高于定量限。分析产妇年龄、孕前BMI和饮食习惯对其母乳中PFASs浓度的影响,发现不同年龄、孕前BMI和饮食习惯组间的PFASs浓度水平差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 PFOS和PFOA为厦门市母乳中的主要污染物,PFOS在国内和国际上均处于较高污染水平。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中全氟辛酸和全氟辛基磺酸

目的建立液液萃取-超高液相色谱仪串联质谱对水样中全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic Acid,PFOA)和全氟辛基磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)的分析方法。方法水中全氟化物以乙酸乙酯萃取,取有机相用氮气吹干,残渣用流动相定容至1.0 ml,0.22μm滤膜过滤后进超高液相色谱串联质谱分离分析。超高效液相色谱以C18柱为分离柱,以2mmol/L乙酸铵溶液和甲醇为流动相。质谱采用多反应监测模式,标准曲线法定量。结果方法的线性范围是0.2 ng/ml~100 ng/ml,全氟辛酸和全氟辛基磺酸的方法检出限为2.5 ng/L,PFOA和PFOS的水样加标回收率分别为70.0%~121%和95.8%~114%,方法精密度分别为11.7%和13.7%。结论该方法快速简单,灵敏准确,适用于水中PFOA和PFOS的测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中全氟辛酸和全氟辛基磺酸

目的建立液液萃取-超高液相色谱仪串联质谱对水样中全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic Acid,PFOA)和全氟辛基磺酸(Perfluorooctane Sulfonate,PFOS)的分析方法。方法水中全氟化物以乙酸乙酯萃取,取有机相用氮气吹干,残渣用流动相定容至1.0 ml,0.22μm滤膜过滤后进超高液相色谱串联质谱分离分析。超高效液相色谱以C18柱为分离柱,以2mmol/L乙酸铵溶液和甲醇为流动相。质谱采用多反应监测模式,标准曲线法定量。结果方法的线性范围是0.2 ng/ml~100 ng/ml,全氟辛酸和全氟辛基磺酸的方法检出限为2.5 ng/L,PFOA和PFOS的水样加标回收率分别为70.0%~121%和95.8%~114%,方法精密度分别为11.7%和13.7%。结论该方法快速简单,灵敏准确,适用于水中PFOA和PFOS的测定。     

高效液相色谱—质谱法测定皮革及皮革处理剂中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的浓度

建立液-液萃取、超声协同液液萃取和超声协同液液萃取合并固相萃取的方法对皮革处理剂液体、固体和皮革样品中全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)进行提取,并用高效液相色谱/质谱联用仪选择性监测离子法(PFOA:m/z=413;PFOS:m/z=499)进行样品测定.两种物质检测方法的检测限均为1 ng/ml,线性范...     

水成膜泡沫灭火剂致土壤污染的健康风险分析

目的 了解消防训练场附近水成膜泡沫灭火剂(AFFF)所致的全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)和全氟辛酸及其盐(PFOA)的土壤环境风险.方法 通过高效液相-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)检测太原市某消防训练场附近土壤中PFOS、PFOA含量,并运用健康风险模型就该区域土壤中PFOS和PFOA对附近居民的致癌和非致癌风险进行评估.结果 训练场附近河流下游土壤中PFOS和PFOA的含量范围分别为127.2～510.5 ng/g和100.3～417.9 ng/g,其对附近居民的综合致癌累积风险值为7.70×10-6,超过了可接受风险水平.结论 排入环境中的消防泡沫残液可引起附近土壤中“C8类”氟碳表面活性剂如PFOS和PFOA的含量增加并不断蓄积,造成PFOS和PFOA对附近居民的健康损害风险.     

高效液相-串联质谱法测定餐饮冷菜中的庆大霉素残留量

【目的】建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定餐饮冷菜中的庆大霉素残留量的方法。【方法】素鲍鱼样品经磷酸盐缓冲液提取,C18固相萃取柱净化、浓缩后,使用七氟丁酸作为离子对试剂,Inertsil ODS-3色谱柱进行分离,HPLC-MS/MS法进行测定,以外标法定量。【结果】庆大霉素的检出限为20μg/kg;在20~500μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r0.99;平均回收率在90.49%~102.9%之间,相对标准偏差为4%~9%(n=6)。【结论】本方法灵敏、快速,可用于餐饮冷菜中庆大霉素残留量的检测。     

氨基糖苷类药物的危害及其检测方法研究进展

目的建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定餐饮冷菜中的庆大霉素残留量的方法。方法素鲍鱼样品经磷酸盐缓冲液提取,C18固相萃取柱净化、浓缩后,使用七氟丁酸作为离子对试剂,Inertsil ODS-3色谱柱进行分离,HPLC-MS/MS法进行测定,以外标法定量。结果庆大霉素的检出限为20 μg/kg;在20~500 μg/kg范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数r＞0.99;平均回收率在90.49%~102.9%之间,相对标准偏差为4%~9%(n=6)。结论本方法灵敏、快速,可用于餐饮冷菜中庆大霉素残留量的检测。     

贵阳市217例孕期妇女血清全氟辛酸、全氟辛烷磺酸负荷水平研究

目的了解贵阳市孕妇血清中全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的负荷水平,为妇女孕期保健提供参考。方法选取到目标产前保健就诊点就诊的孕周为9~22周的217例孕妇为研究对象,采集孕妇肘部静脉血1~3 ml,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)对血清标本中PFOS和PFOA的含量进行检测。结果 PFOS和PFOA的检出率分别为86.18%、92.63%;平均浓度分别为(3.55±2.67)ng/ml、(8.27±1.49)ng/ml,血清中PFOS、PFOA两种物质的含量呈正相关(r=0.35,P0.001);该地区孕妇血清中PFOS和PFOA的含量与昆明、成都和重庆成人血清含量差异有统计学意义。结论该地孕期妇女血清中PFOS和PFOA均检出。与国内临近城市成人血清中的平均水平相比,其血清中PFOS和PFOA含量差异情况各异。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蜂蜜样品中氯霉素和甲硝唑

目的探讨建立固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法同时检测蜂蜜样品中氯霉素(CAP)和甲硝唑(MNZ)残留量的方法。方法蜂蜜样品中氯霉素和甲硝唑采用优化的固相萃取方法提取,通过超高效液相色谱分离后,利用质谱正负离子切换模式同步测定合肥市本地25份蜂蜜样品中氯霉素和甲硝唑,以氘代同位素为内标,内标法定量,并分别添加低、中、高浓度标准液,测试精密度和回收率。结果该方法线性良好,相关系数(r)0.9992,当取样量为5.0 g时,氯霉素和甲硝唑的检出限(LOD)均为0.001μg/kg,3种浓度水平的加标回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD)分别在93.6%~105.0%之间和2.2%~7.6%之间。结论固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法灵敏度高、重现性好,能满足蜂蜜样品中氯霉素和甲硝唑残留量的快速筛查与检测。     

Levels of Perfluorinated Chemicals in Municipal Drinking Water from Catalonia,Spain: Public Health Implications

In this study, the concentrations of 13 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) (PFBuS, PFHxS, PFOS, THPFOS, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTDA, and PFOSA) were analyzed in municipal drinking water samples collected at 40 different locations from 5 different zones of Catalonia, Spain. Detection limits ranged between 0.02 (PFHxS) and 0.85 ng/L (PFOA). The most frequent compounds were PFOS and PFHxS, which were detected in 35 and 31 samples, with maximum concentrations of 58.1 and 5.30 ng/L, respectively. PFBuS, PFHxA, and PFOA were also frequently detected (29, 27, and 26 samples, respectively), with maximum levels of 69.4, 8.55, and 57.4 ng/L. In contrast, PFDoDA and PFTDA could not be detected in any sample. The most contaminated water samples were found in the Barcelona Province, whereas none of the analyzed PFCs could be detected in two samples (Banyoles and Lleida), and only one PFC could be detected in four of the samples. Assuming a human water consumption of 2 L/day, the maximum daily intake of PFOS and PFOA from municipal drinking water would be, for a subject of 70 kg of body weight, 1.7 and 1.6 ng/kg/day. This is clearly lower than the respective Tolerable Daily Intake set by the European Food Safety Authority. In all samples, PFOS and PFOA also showed lower levels than the short-term provisional health advisory limit for drinking water (200 ng PFOS/L and 400 ng PFOA/L) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Although PFOS and PFOA concentrations found in drinking water in Catalonia are not expected to pose human health risks, safety limits for exposure to the remaining PFCs are clearly necessary, as health-based drinking water concentration protective for lifetime exposure is set to 40 ng/L for PFOA.     

Perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in surface water in Japan

Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are synthetic surfactants used in Japan. An epidemiological study of workers exposed to PFOA revealed a significant increase in prostate cancer mortality. A cross-sectional study of PFOA-exposed workers showed that PFOA perturbs sex hormone homeostasis. We analyzed their concentrations in surface water samples collected from all over Japan by LC/MS with a solid phase extraction method. The lowest limits of detection (LOD) (ng/L) were 0.06 for PFOA and 0.04 for PFOS. The lowest limits of quantification (LOQ) (ng/L) were 0.1 for both analytes. The levels [geometric mean (GM); geometric standard deviation (GS)] (ng/L) of PFOA and PFOS in the surface waters were GM (GS): 0.97 (3.06) and 1.19 (2.44) for Hokkaido-Tohoku (n=16); 2.84(3.56) and 3.69 (3.93) for Kanto (n=14); 2.50 (2.23) and 1.07 (2.36) for Chubu (n=17); 21.5 (2.28) and 5.73 (3.61) for Kinki (n=8); 1.51 (2.28) and 1.00 (3.42) for Chugoku (n=9); 1.93 (2.40) and 0.89 (3.09) for Kyushu-Shikoku (n=15). The GM of PFOA in Kinki was significantly higher than in other areas (ANOVA p<0.01). Systematic searches of Yodo and Kanzaki Rivers revealed two highly contaminated sites, a public-water-disposal site for PFOA and an airport for PFOS. The former was estimated to release 18 kg of PFOA/d. PFOA in drinking water in Osaka city [40 (1.07) ng/L] was significantly higher than in other areas. The present study confirms that recognizable amounts of PFOA are released in the Osaka area and that people are exposed to PFOA through drinking water ingestion.     

Biomonitoring of perfluorinated compounds in children and adults exposed to perfluorooctanoate-contaminated drinking water

OBJECTIVE: 40,000 residents in Arnsberg, Germany, had been exposed to drinking water contaminated with perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Internal exposure of the residents of Arnsberg to six PFCs was assessed in comparison with reference areas. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: One hundred seventy children (5-6 years of age), 317 mothers (23-49 years), and 204 men (18-69 years) took part in the cross-sectional study. MEASUREMENTS: Individual consumption of drinking water and personal characteristics were assessed by questionnaire and interview. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanoate, perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoropentanoate, and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) in blood plasma and PFOA/PFOS in drinking water samples were measured by solid-phase extraction, high-performance liquid chromatrography, and tandem mass spectrometry detection. RESULTS: Of the various PFCs, PFOA was the main compound found in drinking water (500-640 ng/L). PFOA levels in blood plasma of residents living in Arnsberg were 4.5-8.3 times higher than those for the reference population (arithmetic means Arnsberg/controls: children 24.6/5.2 microg/L, mothers 26.7/3.2 microg/L, men 28.5/6.4 microg/L). Consumption of tap water at home was a significant predictor of PFOA blood concentrations in Arnsberg. PFHxS concentrations were significantly increased in Arnsberg compared with controls (p < 0.05). PFBS was detected in 33% of the children, 4% of the women, and 13% of the men in Arnsberg compared with 5%, 0.7%, and 3%, respectively, in the reference areas (p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that age and male sex were significant predictors of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS; associations of other regressors (diet, body mass index) varied among PFCs. CONCLUSIONS: PFC concentrations in blood plasma of children and adults exposed to PFC-contaminated drinking water were increased 4- to 8-fold compared with controls.     

Biochemical Responses and Accumulation Properties of Long-Chain Perfluorinated Compounds (PFOS/PFDA/PFOA) in Juvenile Chickens (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gallus gallus</Emphasis>)

One-day-old male chickens were exposed via oral gavage to mixtures of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) at either a low dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) or a high dose (1.0 mg/kg b.w.), or a saline/ethanol vehicle control, three times a week for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks of exposure, half of the chicks were sacrificed and the other half were allowed to depurate for a further 3 weeks. No dose-dependent statistically significant differences in body/organ weights were observed among treatment and control groups after 3 weeks of exposure or after three 3 of depuration. Neither 15 histological nor 14 measured plasma biochemical parameters were significantly different in chicks from the exposed groups and vehicle controls. PFOS, PFDA, and PFOA concentrations in blood/liver/kidney samples were measured throughout the exposure and depuration periods at different time intervals. PFOS and PFDA accumulated at much higher concentrations than PFOA during the experimental periods. Interestingly, PFOS and PFDA accumulation patterns in the blood were similar during the exposure and depuration periods. The half-lives for each PFC at the 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg doses were, respectively, approximately 15 and 17 days for PFOS, 11 and 16 days for PFDA, and 3.9 and 3.9 days for PFOA. PFDA accumulation in organs was greater than or similar to that of PFOS: the liver was the main target during exposure and the blood was the main reservoir during depuration. These results indicate that exposure to a 1.0-mg mixture of PFOS/PFDA/PFOA/kg b.w. has no adverse effect on juvenile chickens.     

Perfluoroalkyl acids in children and their mothers: Association with drinking water and time trends of inner exposures—Results of the Duisburg birth cohort and Bochum cohort studies

BackgroundPerfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely distributed in the environment and humans are globally exposed with them. Contaminated drinking water can considerably contribute to the inner exposure levels.ObjectivesWe report the results of a human biomonitoring study with mother–child pairs living in two German cities, one city with PFAA contaminated drinking water in the sub μg/l-range (Bochum) and the other one without contamination (Duisburg). Furthermore, we studied time trends of exposure levels within the Duisburg cohort study.MethodsWe measured seven PFAAs (PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFBS, PFDeA, PFDoA) in blood samples by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were taken during pregnancy, from umbilical cord blood (2000–2002), 6–7 years (5th follow-up) and 8–10 years after birth (7th follow-up). The consumption of drinking water was recorded by a standardized questionnaire. Statistical analyses were calculated with multiple linear regression models.ResultsChildren and mothers from Bochum showed higher PFOS and PFOA plasma concentrations than from Duisburg. The median concentrations (μg/l) for children were: PFOS 4.7 vs. 3.3; PFOA 6.0 vs. 3.6 μg/l (p ≤ 0.05). Consumption of >0.7 l (children) and >0.9 l (mothers) drinking water/day was associated with 13–18% higher PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS concentrations in children (p ≤ 0.01), and 22% higher PFOA in mothers (p ≤ 0.05). Within the Duisburg cohort, PFAA levels in children peaked in the 5th follow-up study (medians (μg/l): cord plasma: 2.7 (PFOS); 1.9 (PFOA); 5th follow-up: 3.6 (PFOS); 4.6 (PFOA); 7th follow-up: 3.3 (PFOS); 3.6 (PFOA)). PFOS concentrations in mothers declined from pregnancy to the 5th follow-up (medians: 8.7 vs. 4.0 μg/l).ConclusionResidents exposed to PFOS and PFOA through drinking water showed significantly higher PFOS and PFOA concentrations in blood plasma. Although PFAA concentrations in the children slightly decreased from the 5th to the 7th follow-up, we detected increasing exposure trends with increasing age in the 7th follow-up.     

武汉市一般人群血清中全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸分布特征

目的 对武汉市一般人群体内全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)和全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoate,PFOA)负荷状况及分布特征进行研究,为武汉市制定控制PFOS和PFOA污染的法规政策提供科学依据。 方法 2014－2015年间采用分层随机抽样方法收集在武汉市居住5年以上的、无职业性暴露的成人及儿童的血液样本,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法,测定血清中PFOS和PFOA含量。采用SPSS 22.0软件分析检测数据。 结果 武汉市人群血清中PFOS检出率为75.4%(儿童组)、83.3%(成人组),PFOA的检出率为80.5%(儿童组)、82.9%(成人组)。城市、农村地区儿童组、成人组男性和女性血清中PFOS和PFOA含量差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。城市地区女性血清中PFOS含量成人组( M=2.40 ng/ml,P₂₅=1.58 ng/ml,P₇₅=3.95 ng/ml)高于儿童组( M=2.00 ng/ml,P₂₅=0.23 ng/ml,P₇₅=3.20 ng/ml)(Z=-2.565,P=0.010),男性血清中PFOA含量成人组(M=1.80 ng/ml,P₂₅=0.25 ng/ml,P₇₅=5.82 ng/ml)低于儿童组(M=3.60 ng/ml,P₂₅=1.13 ng/ml,P₇₅=10.00 ng/ml)(Z=-2.158,P=0.031)。农村地区男性血清中PFOA含量成人组(M=1.29 ng/ml,P₂₅=0.05 ng/ml,P₇₅=3.60 ng/ml)低于儿童组(M=4.07 ng/ml,P₂₅=0.24 ng/ml,P₇₅=8.34 ng/ml)(Z=-2.820,P=0.005)。成人组女性血清中PFOS含量城市地区(M=2.40 ng/ml,P₂₅=1.58 ng/ml,P₇₅=3.95 ng/ml)高于农村地区(M=0.48 ng/ml,P₂₅=0.05 ng/ml,P₇₅=5.02 ng/ml)(Z=-4.316,P＜0.001),PFOA含量城市地区(M=3.30 ng/ml,P₂₅=0.85 ng/ml,P₇₅=6.85 ng/ml)高于农村地区(M=0.88 ng/ml,P₂₅=0.24 ng/ml,P₇₅=4.05 ng/ml)(Z=-3.639,P＜0.001)。武汉市人群血清中PFOS和PFOA含量之间存在正相关关系(P＜0.05)。 结论 地区、年龄、生理状态等因素的作用都可能造成人群体内PFOS和PFOA负荷的差异。 饮食摄入可能是武汉地区人群暴露于PFOS和PFOA共同途径。     

超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法检测血清中12种全氟化合物

目的 建立血清中12种全氟化合物的超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱分析方法。方法 血清样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白质,2.0% 甲酸水溶液酸化后,经Oasis WAX 固相萃取柱净化,2.0% 氨化甲醇洗脱,氮吹至干后复溶于甲醇- 2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液（40∶60, v/v）。采用Waters BEH C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm）分离,2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液-甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 ml/min。采用电喷雾负离子模式电离、多反应监测模式分段检测。结果 血清中12种全氟化合物在0.050 ~ 50 μg/L范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999;检出限、定量限分别为0.008 ~ 0.020 μg/L、0.026 ~ 0.066 μg/L;低中高三个水平的血清加标回收率为76.0% ~ 110.2%,相对标准偏差为0.4% ~ 7.3%;基质效应在72.0% ~ 117.6%之间。方法应用于20份人血清样本检测,PFOA、PFNA、PFHxS、PFHpS、PFOS均被检出,PFDA检出率为90.0%,中位数分别为:1.43、0.16、0.30、0.07、0.74和0.07 μg/L。结论 建立的方法快速简便、准确,适用于血清中12种全氟化合物的分析,为评估人群全氟化合物暴露情况提供技术支撑。     

Preliminary observations on perfluorinated compounds in plasma samples (1977-2004) of young German adults from an area with perfluorooctanoate-contaminated drinking water

In May 2006, a serious environmental contamination with perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) became evident in a rural area of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) (Region Sauerland), Germany. In autumn 2006, we performed a human biomonitoring study in which a 4-8-fold increase in perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)-plasma concentrations of children, their mothers and men living in Arnsberg (District Hochsauerlandkreis, NRW) was observed compared with a reference population. The exposure was clearly related to the consumption of PFOA-contaminated tap water. However, there is no clear information on the duration of this contamination. The current investigation involves the analysis of PFCs in 30 blood samples of young adults (age 20-31 years) who had ever lived in the affected area. The samples were taken between 1977 and 2004 and stored at the German Environmental Specimen Bank for Human Tissues. Analyses of PFOA, perfluoroctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoropentanoate (PFPA) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) in blood plasma were performed by solid-phase extraction, HPLC and MS/MS detection. PFOA values (median, range) were 6.1, 1.7-40.7 microg/l, PFOS values were 18.8, 8.1-150.7 microg/l and PFHxS values were 1.7, 0.5-4.6 microg/l. The concentrations of PFHxA, PFPA and PFBS in plasma were all below limit of detection. Time-trend analysis showed that between 1977 and 2004 PFOA and PFOS levels remained fairly stable. PFOS and PFOA levels were in the range of current background levels of the general population. In contrast, PFHxS plasma levels have steadily increased since 1977. There was a close association between PFOS and PFOA-plasma levels. From this pilot study there are no indications for an increased exposure to PFCs of residents in Arnsberg in the years 1977-2004 prior to the contamination in 2006.     

Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported developmental toxicity among rodents dosed with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship between concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in cord serum (surrogates for in utero exposures) and gestational age, birth weight, and birth size in humans. METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional epidemiologic study of singleton deliveries in Baltimore, Maryland. Cord serum samples (n = 293) were analyzed for PFOS and PFOA by online solid-phase extraction, coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Maternal characteristics and anthropometric measures were obtained from medical charts. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, both PFOS and PFOA were negatively associated with birth weight [per ln-unit: beta = -69 g, 95% confidence interval (CI), -149 to 10 for PFOS; beta = -104 g, 95% CI, -213 to 5 for PFOA], ponderal index (per ln-unit: beta = -0.074 g/cm(3) x 100, 95% CI, -0.123 to -0.025 for PFOS; beta = -0.070 g/cm(3) x 100, 95% CI, -0.138 to -0.001 for PFOA), and head circumference (per ln-unit: beta = -0.32 cm, 95% CI, -0.56 to -0.07 for PFOS; beta = -0.41 cm, 95% CI, -0.76 to -0.07 for PFOA). No associations were observed between either PFOS or PFOA concentrations and newborn length or gestational age. All associations were independent of cord serum lipid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Despite relatively low cord serum concentrations, we observed small negative associations between both PFOS and PFOA concentrations and birth weight and size. Future studies should attempt to replicate these findings in other populations.     

Perfluorinated compounds in the vicinity of a fire training area--human biomonitoring among 10 persons drinking water from contaminated private wells in Cologne, Germany

In Cologne, Germany, increased concentrations of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) have been observed in two private wells used for drinking water purposes. Both wells are located in the vicinity of a fire training area. Use of well water as a source of drinking water was prohibited by the Public Health Department of the City of Cologne. A human biomonitoring (HBM) survey was performed among all persons, who consumed water from these private wells (N=10). PFC concentrations in water of the private wells and in blood samples were analysed by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Repeated water analyses (seven measurements between December 2009 and November 2010) indicated a decrease of PFOS from 8.35 to 1.60 μg/l, (PFHxS: 2.36-0.15 μg/l; PFOA: 0.16-0.03 μg/l) in one private well. Although situated close together, PFC-concentrations in the other private well were significantly lower. PFOS-concentrations in blood samples of private well water consumers ranged from 4.8 to 295 μg/l (PFHxS: 12.1-205 μg/l; PFOA: 4.0-18 μg/l). Although no data on the formulation of the firefighting foams applied on the fire training area is available, firefighting foams are supposed to be the most likely source of contamination. These findings give reason to track systematically the application of PFC-containing firefighting foams in order to identify contaminations of surface, ground and drinking waters.