新疆兵团第二师0～6岁儿童麻疹抗体水平调查分析

目的了解新疆生产建设兵团第二师0-6岁儿童麻疹血清抗体水平,为制定免疫预防对策提供依据。方法按照随机抽样原则,2012年调查第二师所属5个团场0-6岁儿童共483人,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血清麻疹IgG抗体。结果麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为88.20%,麻疹抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）748;不同性别麻疹抗体阳性率及GMT差异无统计学意义（χ^2=3.56,F=3.72,P〉0.05）;不同年龄抗体阳性率、GMT差异均有统计学意义（χ^2=19.51,F=5.42,P〈0.01）;不同地区抗体阳性率、GMT差异亦均有统计学意义（χ^2=29.07,F=63.02,P〈0.01）。结论 0-6岁儿童免疫状况良好,短期内麻疹流行可能性较小,但应加强1岁以上幼儿和流动儿童麻疹疫苗的常规免疫和强化免疫及补种工作。     

2017—2020年云南省剑川县健康人群麻疹抗体水平监测分析

目的 了解云南省剑川县健康人群麻疹抗体水平,为制定麻疹防控措施提供科学依据。方法 按照《云南省麻疹等疫苗针对疾病人群抗体水平监测实施方案》的要求,采用分层整群抽样方法,于2017—2020年采集剑川县1 221名健康人群静脉血标本,以ELISA法检测血清中麻疹IgG抗体。结果 2017—2020年剑川县健康人群麻疹抗体总阳性率为94.19%,各年度差异无统计学意义（χ2=7.298,P>0.05）;总保护率为66.75%,各年度差异有统计学意义（χ2=22.257,P<0.05）;各年龄组人群麻疹抗体阳性率（χ2=32.423）和保护率（χ2=103.670）差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;抗体保护率随年龄增长呈明显的“V”字,15～34岁仅有48.63%～50.34%人群抗体有保护率,疫情暴发风险极高;有无免疫史人群麻疹抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ2=3.285,P>0.05）,保护率差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.980,P<0.05）。结论 剑川县麻疹抗体水平阳性率处于较高水平,显示免疫规划工作质量和疫苗接种效果较好;但麻疹抗体保护率偏低,现有的免疫策略已不能建立起牢固的人群免疫屏障;为防范暴发疫情,在抓好儿童麻疹接种的同时,提高疫情监测敏感性和快速处置能力才能有效控制疫情。     

2017-2020年云南省剑川县健康人群麻疹抗体水平监测分析

目的 了解云南省剑川县健康人群麻疹抗体水平,为制定麻疹防控措施提供科学依据。方法 按照《云南省麻疹等疫苗针对疾病人群抗体水平监测实施方案》的要求,采用分层整群抽样方法,于2017—2020年采集剑川县1 221名健康人群静脉血标本,以ELISA法检测血清中麻疹IgG抗体。结果 2017—2020年剑川县健康人群麻疹抗体总阳性率为94.19%,各年度差异无统计学意义（χ2=7.298,P>0.05）;总保护率为66.75%,各年度差异有统计学意义（χ2=22.257,P<0.05）;各年龄组人群麻疹抗体阳性率（χ2=32.423）和保护率（χ2=103.670）差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;抗体保护率随年龄增长呈明显的“V”字,15～34岁仅有48.63%～50.34%人群抗体有保护率,疫情暴发风险极高;有无免疫史人群麻疹抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ2=3.285,P>0.05）,保护率差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.980,P<0.05）。结论 剑川县麻疹抗体水平阳性率处于较高水平,显示免疫规划工作质量和疫苗接种效果较好;但麻疹抗体保护率偏低,现有的...     

精河县健康人群麻疹、风疹抗体水平调查

目的分析并掌握新疆精河县健康人群麻疹和风疹抗体水平,评价疫苗接种效果和人群免疫状况,查找基础免疫薄弱环节,为制定免疫规划策略和防治措施提供依据。方法按照分层随机抽样原则在县所辖的5个乡(镇、场)分层抽取7个年龄组健康人群215人,采用酶联免疫(ELISA)方法检测麻疹Ig G和风疹Ig G。结果麻疹Ig G总阳性率66.51%,风疹Ig G总阳性率48.37%;不同性别麻疹(χ2=0.27)和风疹(χ2=3.26)Ig G阳性率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),各年龄组麻疹Ig G阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.07,P0.05)和风疹Ig G阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.65,P0.05);不同族别麻疹(χ2=0.71)和风疹(χ2=7.27)Ig G阳性率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论精河县不同年龄、族别和性别组的健康人群麻疹Ig G和风疹Ig G阳性率、总Ig G阳性率均远低于接种后Ig G阳性率达到90.00%以上的标准,不具备有效的群体免疫屏障作用;今后应重视8月龄儿童"麻风"、18月龄儿童"麻腮风"疫苗的及时接种,持续开展对未种人群含麻疹、风疹类疫苗查漏补种,适时开展含麻疹和风疹类疫苗的强化免疫活动,扩大免疫覆盖率。     

2013—2017年天水市麻疹流行病学特征分析

目的了解甘肃省天水市麻疹发病情况,为制定有效的防控措施及消除麻疹提供依据。方法收集并整理中国疾病预防控制信息系统中麻疹监测信息报告管理系统2013—2017年甘肃省天水市报告的麻疹病例数据,用SPSS17.0进行统计学分析。结果2013-2017年天水市麻疹年均发病率1.90/10万,报告发病率2016年最高(4.68/10万)、2014年最低(0.91/10万),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=218.58,P<0.05);发病集中在4—7月(170例),占病例总数的54.14%,发病数5月最多(58例)、占18.47%,其次是7月(43例)、占13.69%;7个县(区)均有发病,张家川回族自治县发病率最高(6.54/10万),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=217.77,P<0.05);病例年龄0~79岁,其中15岁及以上病例数最多、占37.58%;男女发病性别比1.09∶1,差异无统计学意义(χ^2=0.55,P>0.05);以散居儿童为主、占56.37%,免疫史0剂次的病例最多、占63.38%,8月龄~组中0剂次70例、占75.27%,8月龄及以上组有1次免疫史的占7.96%、2次免疫史占4.46%。结论天水市应做好疫苗的常规免疫和补充免疫工作,建立牢固的免疫屏障;应加强麻疹预防知识的宣传教育,提高适龄儿童接种麻疹疫苗的及时性,降低发病率。     

2005－2014年血吸虫病门诊就诊者IHA检测结果分析?

目的 目的 了解血吸虫病专科门诊就诊者血清IHA检测阳性率变化。方法 方法 收集2005-2014年湖北省疾病预防控 制中心门诊就诊者IHA检测资料， 并进行统计分析。结果 结果 2005-2014年， 该专科门诊共采用IHA检测7 113人，547人 检测结果为阳性， 阳性率为7.69%； 2008年以前为阳性率增高阶段， 2008年血检阳性率达14.85%， 较2005年 （5.81%） 明显 升高 （χ2 = 47.40，P＜0.01）； 2008年后为回落阶段， 至2014年阳性率降至3.76%， 较2008年显著下降 （χ2 = 12.29，P＜ 0.01）。10 ～＜30岁年龄组IHA阳性率高于其他年龄组， 差异有统计学意义 （P 均＜ 0.012 5）； 男性就诊及血检阳性人数 均多于女性。结论 结论 湖北省血吸虫病疫情显著下降， 男性和10 ～＜30岁年龄组为感染高危人群， 应有针对性地开展健 康教育措施。     

2005～2012年甘肃陇南市麻疹疑似病例IgM抗体检测结果分析

目的检测麻疹疑似病例血清中麻疹IgM抗体,为麻疹的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对2005～2012年甘肃陇南市839例麻疹疑似病例的血清标本进行IgM抗体检测,数据用Spss19．0软件进行统计学分析。结果共检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性534份,阳性率63．6％;每年都有病例报告,其中2008年阳性率最高,为82．6％;各区（县）均检出阳性病例,不同地区阳性检出率差异有统计学意义（χ2=86．917,P〈0．05）;发病人群集中在8月龄。25岁年龄段,占阳性病例总数的74．5％;麻疹每月均有发病,但高峰在3～7月。结论检测麻疹IgM抗体对病例的早发现、早诊断、早治疗、及时采取控制措施起到关键作用,各级医疗机构要重视疑似病例的血清采集工作,同时应大力加强麻疹基础免疫和重点人群的强化免疫工作;高度重视查漏补种工作,消除免疫空白点,提高免疫接种的覆盖率和及时率;加强健康教育工作,提高麻疹预防知识的知晓率。     

2008年新疆精河县麻疹流行病学特征分析

目的分析2008年新疆精河县麻疹发病的流行病学特征。方法根据中国免疫规划信息管理系统的资料,对精河县2008年麻疹的流行病学特征进行描述流行病学分析。结果 2008年全县确诊麻疹病例103例,主要发生在2～4月;6岁及以下为麻疹高发年龄组,发病30例,占病例总数的29.13%;无免疫史者和免疫史不详者占69.90%;流动人口病例数占14.56%。结论小年龄组常规免疫工作和大年龄组儿童的麻疹疫苗复种工作急需加强,8月龄及以下婴儿正在成为麻疹控制中的一个焦点,应尽可能提高外来流动儿童的免疫覆盖率,并加强疫情监测,预防麻疹暴发。     

紧张性头痛患者的负性情绪调查

目的探讨紧张性头痛患者的焦虑抑郁症状。方法采用Zung氏焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）为调查工具,对80例紧张性头痛患者进行评定,并与对照组比较。结果焦虑阳性率病例组为83．75％,对照组为17．50N,两组比较有统计学意义（χ^2=70．24,P〈0．01）;抑郁阳性率病例组为73．75％,对照组为13．75%,两组比较有统计学意义（χ^2=58．51,P〈0．01）。结论紧张性头痛患者,多伴有焦虑抑郁障碍。     

8月龄前接种麻疹疫苗首剂儿童麻疹类疫苗血清IgG保护性的研究

目的 探讨〈8月婴幼儿接种麻疹类疫苗其血清IgG保护性,以评价起始月龄〈8月龄接种麻疹类疫苗可行性与必要性。方法 对2011年采集麻疹血清学调查中发现的10例第1剂次提前接种的儿童与在8~12月龄接种第1剂次的儿童对照,分别以年龄、性别、接种剂次、2剂次之间时间间隔（年）、最后1剂次距监测时间间隔（年）等条件按照1∶4进行配对,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）间接法检测麻疹IgG抗体,应用EPI-INFO统计分析软件,比较后期抗体麻疹IgG抗体显性感染保护水平之间的差别。结果 麻疹类疫苗首剂接种起始月龄〈8月龄将明显降低远期疫苗的显性感染保护水平,而提前接种麻疹疫苗并不能降低〈8月龄儿童的麻疹发病率（χ^2=12.22,P〈0.01,α=0.05,ORMLE=0.07,ORMLE95%CI为（0.01,0.83））。结论 不建议将麻疹首剂接种时间提前至8月龄前。     

Investigation of antibodies against measles antigen in institutionalized patients with severe motor and intellectual disability

Neutralizing antibody (NA), hemagglutination inhibition antibody (HI), and antibody assayed by IgG-enzyme immunoassay (EIA) against measles were tested as a set on sera of 119 out of 120 patients institutionalized for severe motor and intellectual disability and correlations among the 3 types of antibody titers were examined. 1) NA, HI, and EIA titers correlated positively. 2) If NA, HI, and EIA antibody titers were 4 (2(2)) or more, NA, HI, and EIA serum titers were positive. If they were 8 (2(3)) or more, all sera were positive for NA. If light absorption was 4 or more, serum HI was also positive for EIA. 3) Nine cases were certified as positive for measles infection, and 3 of these were vaccinated 2-3 years after infection. All 9 had positive NA and EIA even 15 years or more after infection. Of 29 cases certified as negative for measles infection and injected with measles vaccine, 21 (72.4%) had positive NA and 16 (72.4%) had positive HI. In EIA, 28 of the 29 (96.6%) showed positive. The only EIA-negative case was also the only one negative for both NA and HI, i.e., an 18-year-old man suffering from chromosomal aberration, 21-ring trisomy, and suspected of being a low responder to measles antigens, including NA, HI and EIA antigens. 4) The above facts suggest that EIA is a more sensitive test for positive history of wild measles virus or measles vaccine virus contact, making it possible to detect measles or measles vaccine injection. To prevent nosocominal infection, it is important to know whether institutionalized individuals are immune to measles, but many have no clear history of measles or measles vaccine injection, especially those 40 years old or older. 5) Institutionalized individuals 40 years old or more numbered 45. Their antibody titers against measles were positive, 82.2% in NA, 48.9% in HI and 91.1% in EIA. The high positive EIA rate suggests that most would sufferered from measles before institutionalization, because they had little chance of measles vaccination as children and little possibility of measles infection in the institution at nosocomial infection currence in 1983, which was limited in other ward, and no nosocomial infection of measles has been experienced in this institution during this more than 20 years.     

Brote de sarampión en el área sanitaria de Guadalajara (España): dificultad en el diagnóstico microbiológico en la era de su eliminación

IntroductionIn Spain, like in other countries where endemic measles has been eliminated, there is a need for available diagnostic tools for confirming any cases in order to prevent and control its transmission. We describe the different microbiological tests used for the diagnosis of measles during an outbreak that occurred in 2019 in the province of Guadalajara (Spain).MethodsSerological and molecular tests were performed at the Microbiology laboratory of the Guadalajara University Hospital and at the National Center for Microbiology of the Carlos III Health Institute (Majadahonda, Spain). Patient data were obtained from the surveillance system.ResultsA total of 43 patients had a laboratory diagnosis of measles: 29 cases by PCR (pharyngeal exudate or urine) and positive specific IgM, 11 cases by PCR, and 3 cases only by a positive IgM. Genotype D8 was identified in 35 confirmed cases and genotype A in 2 that were discarded as post-vaccination cases. PCR was positive in the acute sera of 11 out of 14 patients with a negative IgM. Eleven confirmed cases had recieved one or 2 vaccine doses. Twelve adult patients were hospitalizated, all of them with a diagnostic of hepatitis.ConclusionsThe combination of molecular tests and the presence of specific IgG and IgM are necessary for a correct diagnosis of measles and also to classify patients with a breakthrough infection or vaccine failures (primary or secondary). Genotyping is essential for the correct classification of the patients in the context of a measles elimination program.     

2011—2012年甘肃省麻疹实验室网络运转与监测分析

目的评价2011—2012年甘肃省麻疹实验室运转状况,为如期实现消除麻疹目标提供依据。方法对2011--2012年甘肃省麻疹实验室网络（MLN）血清IgM检测、病原学监测、实验室质量控制数据进行分析。结果麻疹监测系统（MSS）报告甘肃省疑似麻疹1275例,采集血清标本1242份,采集率97．41％;麻疹IgM抗体阳性710份,阳性率57．16％;检测风疹血清标本1198份,阳性率20．36％;2011—2012年共收到疑似麻疹、风疹咽拭子标本1019份,分离出58株麻疹病毒,鉴定为Hla基因亚型;分离出风疹病毒20株,为1E基因型;2011—2012年甘肃省疾病预防控制中心麻疹实验室。通过了世界卫生组织和国家麻疹实验室组织的现场认证,血清盲样考核和血清复核符合率均为100．00％;全省14个市、州疾病预防控制中心麻疹网络实验室,连续两年通过了省疾病预防控制中心组织的职能考核和现场认证,血清盲样考核符合率96．67％,血清抽样复核符合率98．41％。结论2011—2012年甘肃省MLN运转良好,为麻疹疑似病例实验室诊断和麻疹流行监测提供了技术支撑,为阻断麻疹病毒传播提供了科学依据。     

2006年娄底市麻疹实验室监测结果分析

目的 揭示娄底市麻疹IgM抗体的分布特征,探讨该市麻疹相对高发的主要原因.方法 采集麻疹疑似病例血清标本用ELISA法检测IgM抗体,全部数据录入MS Excel并用SPSS软件进行分析.结果 308份合格血清IgM总阳性率为50.99%,其中按要求完整填写相关信息的219份,标本总阳性率为49.32%;按有明确免疫史、无免疫史和免疫史不详分3组统计,其阳性率分别为38.46%,46.52%和52%,3组阳性率无统计学差异(χ2=1.793 0,P=0.408 0);按采样时间分组统计,出疹后5～10日采样检测阳性率显著高于其他组(χ2=16.967 0,P＜0.000 1),对其中麻疹IgM阴性的34份血清做风疹IgM检测,结果仅有4份显示弱阳性.结论 麻疹IgM检测采样的最佳时间为出疹后5～10日;免疫空白人群和原始免疫失败为本市麻疹感染发病的主要影响因素.     

Progress toward interruption of endemic measles transmission in Tunisia

Measles was the second leading cause of infant mortality in Tunisia prior to introduction of measles vaccination in 1979. The number of reported measles cases has decreased from 3007 in 1981 to 47 cases in 2000 due in part to the high coverage rates achieved after 1992. During 1998, a measles catch-up campaign vaccinated 1,846,657 children (95%) aged 6-16 years, and a follow-up campaign for children aged 9 months to 5 years in 2001 reached 547,766 (94%). During 1999-2001, 1717 cases of rash and fever illness were tested for measles; only 3 (0.2%) were positive for measles. From February to July 2002, an outbreak of measles involving 87 cases occurred in Tunisia in a health care setting and 56 (64%) patients were aged 15-30 years. The low number of laboratory-confirmed measles cases during 1999-2001 suggests endemic measles transmission may have been interrupted.     

Impact of nationwide measles vaccination campaign among children aged 9 months to 14 years,Zimbabwe, 1998-2001

Zimbabwe (population 11,365,000) introduced nationwide one-dose measles vaccination in 1981. This strategy reached 70%-80% of infants <1 year of age over the next two decades; in 1998, a nationwide supplemental immunization activity (SIA) targeting all children aged 9 months to 14 years achieved 93% coverage. Surveillance data were examined to determine the impact of these strategies. During 1985-1997, there were 8529-49,812 measles cases annually. After the SIA, laboratory confirmation of the first 5 outbreak cases and all sporadic cases was required. In 1999 and 2000, 1343 (88%) of 1534 suspected cases had adequate specimens submitted and 28 (2%) were measles IgM positive. In 2001, of 529 suspected cases, 513 (97%) had adequate specimens and only 7 (1%) were measles IgM positive. These data suggest that indigenous measles transmission in Zimbabwe has been interrupted and that high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity does not hinder vaccination-induced measles control. High vaccination coverage obtained through the routine health care system supplemented by periodic follow-up SIAs will be required to maintain low transmission levels.     

2008年桂林市麻疹流行分析

目的了解桂林市麻疹发病情况,为控制麻疹制定科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法统计分析。结果 2008年全市报告麻疹病例192例,报告发病率3.87/10万,<8月龄51例,占总病例数的26.6%,>15岁病例51例,占26.6%,散居儿童发病125例,占65.1%;病例以市区为主,占病例数的52.6%,主要集中在流动人口较多的城乡结合部;病例中未免疫的128例,免疫史不祥的52例,分别占总病例数的66.7%、27.1%。结论桂林市麻疹发病以小年龄婴儿和成人为主,要控制麻疹,在做好常规免疫工作的同时,必须加强流动人口的管理,提高流动儿童的接种率。     

Post mass-immunization measles outbreak in Taoyuan County, Taiwan: dynamics of transmission, vaccine effectiveness, and herd immunity.

OBJECTIVES: Analysis of national surveillance data and a seroepidemiologic investigation were conducted to elucidate the causes and epidemiologic characteristics of a measles outbreak in Taoyuan, Taiwan, 1994. METHODS: Measles cases were identified through a national surveillance system. Reported cases and their physician or school nurses were interviewed to trace additional suspect cases and were sampled for serologic diagnosis. Measles-specific IgG and IgM were assayed. A confirmed case was defined as being positive for measles IgM test but not having received measles vaccination within the previous 3 months. RESULTS: The outbreak began in Taoyuan City in December 1993 and continued to spread in primary schools and kindergartens, but caused only sporadic cases in neighboring towns. Among 42 confirmed cases, 15 (38%) were primary school children and 16 (38%) were kindergarten children. Among 24 confirmed cases with a vaccination record, 7 had one dose of vaccination, 4 had two doses of vaccination, and 13 (54%) were unvaccinated. The overall measles susceptible proportion at a kindergarten before the outbreak was 8.1% (17/209) and the overall measles cumulative incidence among susceptibles was 0.65 (11/17). CONCLUSIONS: A measles vaccination coverage of 82% with the first dose at 9 months of age and 63% with the second dose (measles, mumps, and rubella) at 15 months was inadequate to block measles virus circulation in Taoyuan City in 1994. The city center, with a growing population, represents a high risk as an epicenter for measles outbreaks. Measles outbreaks may occur in a school population with 92% herd immunity.     

上海地区2005年儿童麻疹临床流行病学特征分析

目的对上海地区2005年1月至6月儿童麻疹流行和临床特征进行分析。方法对567例麻疹初诊病例及其中333例住院病例进行临床流行病学分析。结果567例初诊患儿中有64例为外地发病至上海就医者,在上海发病的503例患儿中:外来儿童305例,占60.6%,本市儿童198例,占39.4%;<9月龄为301例,占59.8%,≥9月龄为202例(其中81.7%为外来儿童)。发病高峰为4～5月份。333例住院患儿中仅20例可以确定接种过麻疹疫苗,临床上仍以典型麻疹为主要表现,麻疹合并肺炎181例,占54.4%,其中129例为<1岁婴儿,占71.3%。529例送检麻疹特异性IgM抗体,502例为阳性,占94.9%。结论本次麻疹发病数明显高于往年,发病者绝大部分未接种过麻疹疫苗,高发年龄为<9月龄婴儿。肺炎仍是婴儿麻疹的常见并发症。