第二十届美国听力学年会报道(Ⅰ)——聆听永远 健康常驻

2008年4月2～5日,美国听力学年会在美国北卡罗莱纳州的夏洛特市召开。2008年恰逢美国听力学学会创建20周年,从最初32名听力学家倡导建会到现     

儿童言语图像识别测试及在正常儿童的初步应用

目的开发一套适应于学龄前儿童应用的图形识别测试材料（MAPPIDN）和软件,为评估使用助听器或人工耳蜗的儿童在噪声下的言语识别能力提供一个测试工具。材料与方法测试工具包括双字词和不同声调的单字词,并混合成不同的信噪比（signal-to-Noise Ratio,SNR）。对26名4-9岁的正常听力儿童进行测试。测试中使用了不同的SNR,以及噪声和言语信号处于相同或不同的给声方向二类实验条件,绘得SNR与识别率的函数曲线并计算出50%正确率时的SNR。结果当噪声和言语信号分开呈现时,SNR-50%随着年龄的增长得以改善。结论随着年龄的增长,儿童能更好地利用声音在双耳间强度和时间差异上的信息。     

儿童变应性鼻炎舌下特异性免疫治疗的近期疗效观察

目的　观察舌下特异性免疫治疗（sublingual immunotherapy,SLIT）应用于治疗儿童变应性鼻炎的近期临床疗效。方法　采用前后自身对照,比较44例3～13岁尘螨过敏的变应性鼻炎患者治疗前及治疗3、6个月的症状评分、药物评分、视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分及血液嗜酸性粒细胞（eosinophil,Eos）水平,评价SLIT的近期临床疗效。结果　SLIT治疗3个月和6个月后,患者的鼻部症状评分、药物评分及VAS评分较治疗前显著下降,差异有统计学意义（P 均<0.05）;SLIT治疗3个月 与治疗6个月相比,患者鼻塞、流涕、喷嚏症状评分,鼻部总症状评分、药物评分及VAS评分相似,差异无统计学意义（P 均>0.05）,而鼻痒症状评分差异具统计学意义 （Z =-4.185,P <0.05）;SLIT治疗6个月与治疗前相比,血液Eos水平显著下降,差异具有统计学意义（Z=-4.544,P<0.05）。结论　舌下含服标准化粉尘螨滴剂是治疗尘螨变应性鼻炎儿童患者的一种安全有效的治疗方法,可在治疗3个月左右观察到疗效,SLIT治疗6个月后患者Eos百分比显著降低。     

Speech perception in noise: Masking and unmasking

Speech perception is essential for daily communication.Background noise or concurrent talkers,on the other hand,can make it challenging for listeners to track the target speech(i.e.,cocktail party problem).The present study reviews and compares existing findings on speech perception and unmasking in cocktail party listening environments in English and Mandarin Chinese.The review starts with an introduction section followed by related concepts of auditory masking.The next two sections review factors that release speech perception from masking in English and Mandarin Chinese,respectively.The last section presents an overall summary of the findings with comparisons between the two languages.Future research directions with respect to the difference in literature on the reviewed topic between the two languages are also discussed.     

北京地区中小学生常见吸入性变应原的调查分析

目的　了解北京地区中小学生中常见吸入性变应原的种类分布情况。方法　在北京地区参加调查的学生中,对其中1280名学生进行皮肤点刺试验,495名变应原阳性。结果　北京地区中小学生中有49.3%的人对4种及4种以上变应原呈阳性反应,对常年组和夏秋季花粉变应原均呈阳性的最为常见（37.4%）;城区中常见的前3位变应原为粉尘螨、屋尘螨、大籽嵩花粉;郊区为粉尘螨、柳树、大籽嵩花粉;按性别及年龄分组中,粉尘螨、屋尘螨、大籽嵩花粉为最常见的三类变应原,随年龄增长,阳性率降低。结论螨虫及夏秋季花粉是北京地区中小学生中最重要的变应原。     

第二十九届国际听力会议报道

2008年6月8～12日,第二十九届国际听力会议(International Congress of Audiology)在香港会议展览中心举行。国际听力会议是目前国际听力学界最高级别的会议之一,由国际听力学会(International Society of Audiology,ISA)主办,每两年一届,在不同的国家或地区轮流举行。     

"肾虚"对老龄豚鼠听觉功能影响的实验研究

目的研究“肾虚”对老龄豚鼠听觉器官形态及功能的影响。方法29只26月龄豚鼠，经ABR检测分为听阈异常的耳聋组和听阈正常的正常老龄组。正常老龄组又随机分为老龄组和造模组。造模组豚鼠制备“肾虚”模型。另取3月龄豚鼠8只作为正常对照组。比较各组豚鼠ABR反应阈、各波潜伏期以及耳蜗外毛细胞数量及“肾虚”相关指标差异，分析老龄豚鼠听功能变化与“肾虚”之间的关系。结果反映“肾虚”状态的各项检测值及“肾虚”总评分显示，造模组的“肾虚”最重，耳聋组其次，老龄组与3月龄组豚鼠在“肾虚”程度上差异无统计学意义。造模组听阈明显提高，ABR各波潜伏期延长，外毛细胞缺失明显（P〈0.01）。结论豚鼠在衰老过程中发生的听觉功能退化与“肾虚”状态有一定的相关性，“肾虚”状态加重时，听觉功能的退化也呈现相应的趋势。     

水杨酸钠作用后大鼠耳蜗K-Cl协同转运体家族mRNA表达研究

目的 研究水杨酸钠作用后大鼠耳蜗K-Cl协同转运体家族(K - Cl- cotransporter ,KCC)成员KCC1～4mRNA的表达情况,探讨KCC在水杨酸盐耳毒性中的作用及意义.方法 选用30只正常大鼠,随机分成五组,每组6只:第一组为预实验组,未给予任何处理,采用逆转录PCR技术检测大鼠耳蜗中KCC1～4mRNA表达情况;第二、三、四、五组分别为对照组(不用药)、慢性组(肌肉注射水杨酸钠175 mg/kg,2次/天,连用14天后处死观察)、急性组(一次肌肉注射水杨酸钠400 mg/kg后处死观察)、恢复组(水杨酸钠用量及用法同慢性组,停药14天后处死观察),运用荧光定量PCR技术比较各组大鼠耳蜗内KCC1～4mRNA表达情况. 结果 KCC1～4mRNA在正常成年大鼠耳蜗中均有表达;在对照组及水杨酸钠作用后大鼠耳蜗KCC1～4mRNA表达均有变化,急性组KCC1mRNA、慢性组和恢复组KCC2mRNA、恢复组KCC4mRNA表达水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),急性组KCC2mRNA、急性组、慢性组和恢复组KCC3mRNA以及急性组、慢性组KCC4mRNA表达水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 KCC1～4mRNA在正常大鼠耳蜗中均有表达,提示其可能共同参与耳蜗内淋巴液Cl-浓度的维持;在水杨酸钠作用后KCC1～4mRNA表达的不同变化,破坏了耳蜗内淋巴液Cl-浓度平衡,影响外毛细胞能动性.     

数字使用中的注意事项

数字使用中的注意事项:①尾数0多的5位以上数字,可以改写为以万和亿为单位的数。一般情况下不得以十、百、千、十万、百万、千万、十亿、千亿等作单位(百、千、兆等词头除外)。如1 800 000可写成180万;142500可写成14.25万,不能写成14万2千5百;5000字不能写5千字。②纯小数必须写出小数点前用以定位的0。数值有效位数末尾的0也不能省略,即应全部写出。如1.500、1.750、2.000不能写作     

过敏性疾病免疫治疗国际共识（2015）解读

自2 0 世纪初期特异性过敏原免疫治疗（allergen-specific immunotherapy,ASIT）就已被用来治疗过敏性疾病。尽管大量的临床试验和Meta分析证明ASIT的有效性,但是ASIT仍然得不到广泛的应用。ASIT是唯一能够改变过敏性疾病自然病程的治疗措施,表现在能够预防哮喘的发生和新的过敏原致敏以及诱导机体对特异性过敏原的免疫耐受。因此,制定一个详细广泛的ASIT共识是非常重要的。本文通过对ASIT国际共识的解读,为临床医师采用免疫治疗过敏性疾病提供帮助。     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Congenital nasal masses: diagnosis and management

One hundred and nine congenital nasal masses which presented to two children's hospitals over a 20 year period are reviewed. The diagnosis of the nasal mass is discussed with respect to age, mode of presentation, and site of the lesion, and a management protocol is advocated.     

Reverse Optokinetic After-nystagmus Generated by Gaze Fixation During Optokinetic Stimulation

Gaze fixation during optokinetic stimulation generates an after-nystagmus with a slow component towards the reverse direction of the optokinetic stimulation. The duration and maximum slow component velocity (SCV) of this "reverse OKAN" were observed by changing the duration, velocity and direction of the optokinetic stimulation in nine normal volunteers. The duration of reverse OKAN increased with increasing stimulation time but was unaffected by changes in the stimulation velocity. The maximum SCV of reverse OKAN decreased with an increase in the stimulation velocity but was not significantly affected by changes in the optokinetic stimulation time. There was no directional difference among the horizontal, upwards and downwards reverse OKANs. The reverse OKAN was thought to be generated by a mechanism different from the velocity storage mechanism which produced optokinetic nystagmus and the first phase of OKAN. Retinal slip during the optokinetic stimulation was considered to be an input to the mechanism which generated the reverse OKAN. We hypothesize that the mechanism causing the reverse OKAN may be a generator of the second phase of OKAN, which was also intimately connected with self-motion sensation during the optokinetic stimulation.     

Tissue-engineered human nasal septal cartilage using the alginate-recovered-chondrocyte method

OBJECTIVES: Tissue engineering of nasal septal cartilage has numerous potential applications in craniofacial reconstruction. Chondrocytes suspended in alginate gel have been shown to produce a substantial cell-associated matrix. The objective of this study was to determine whether cartilage tissue could be generated using the alginate-recovered-chondrocyte (ARC) method, in which chondrocytes are cultured in alginate as an intermediate step in tissue fabrication. METHODS: Nasal septal chondrocytes from five patient donors were isolated by enzymatic digestion, then expanded in monolayer culture. At confluency, a portion of those cells were seeded at high density onto a semipermeable membrane and cultured for 14, 21, or 28 days (monolayer group). The remaining cells were suspended in alginate and cultured until a cell-associated matrix was observed (10-17 days). Cells and their associated matrix were released from alginate (ARC group), seeded onto a semipermeable membrane, and cultured as already described. DNA (Hoechst 33258 Assay), glycosaminoglycan (GAG; dimethylmethylene blue assay), and collagen (hydroxyproline assay) were analyzed biochemically. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess expression of collagens type I and type II. Histochemistry was performed to localize cells accumulating sulfated GAG (Alcian blue stain). RESULTS: The ARC constructs, in contrast to the monolayer constructs, had substantial structural stability and the histologic and gross appearance of cartilaginous tissue. ARC constructs demonstrated significantly greater GAG and collagen accumulation than monolayer constructs (P <.05). Histologic analysis revealed substantial GAG and collagen type II production and only moderate collagen type I production. The composition of the matrix was thus similar to that of native human septal cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue-engineered human nasal septal cartilage using the ARC method has the histologic and gross appearance of native cartilage and has biochemical composition more like that of native cartilage than monolayer constructs. This is the first report of human nasal septal neocartilage formation without the use of biodegradable scaffolds.     

Jaw osteosarcomas

Introduction

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent bone malignant tumor. It is usually found on long bones, 5 to 10% are located on jaws, accounting for 0.5 to 1% of all facial tumors. There is little published data which concerns only few patients. Our aim was to study retrospectively cases of facial bone OS in adults, and to compare our results with published data to suggest an optimal management scheme.

Patients and method

Thirty-three patients were managed for an OS, from January 1997 to January 2007. Fourteen patients with a maxillary and mandibular OS, treated in first-intention in our unit, were included. The following data were analyzed: age; personal history; circumstance of discovery; clinical, functional, and physical signs; loco-regional extension and metastasis radiological investigation. The histological slides were systematically reviewed. The protocol, therapeutic outcome, and follow-up were studied.

Results

The mean age at diagnosis was 43. Swelling was the most frequent functional sign. The mean delay before management was 3.4 months. The most frequent radiological presentation was a lytic and hyperdense image. The diagnosis was suggested after CT scan in 57.1% of cases. The biopsy was correlated to the anatomopathological analysis in 78.6% of cases. The most common treatment was surgical exeresis completed by chemotherapy. The 5-year survival rate was 50%.

Discussion

Jaw OS are specific because of their localization and specific bone ultrastructure. Their management remains controversial: should they be managed like limb OS or treated more specifically? Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, even if it delays exeresis for 3 months, seems to stop the growth or reduce the tumor. An early anatomopathological analysis of the surgical piece determines adjuvant therapy. The negative prognostic factors are: maxillary localization because of limited exeresis margins, tumoral size, and osteoblastic sub-type.     

Patterns of practice regarding surgical site infection prevention in head & neck surgery: An international survey

IntroductionHead & neck surgery encompasses a variety of surgical approaches for benign and malignant conditions. Due to the complexity in treating patients with head and neck pathology, it is necessary to adhere to basic surgical principles to decrease complications. Among them, surgical site infection can be prevented using a surgery quality protocol including the correct use of antibiotics and optimization of nutritional status.Materials and methodsA survey was sent through the YO-IFOS and SEORL-CCC international mailing list.ResultsA total of 435 surgeons completed the survey. Of the respondents, 97.7% confirm that they scrub their hands before surgery, 40.9% respondents recommend nutritional support according to sign and symptoms, 60.9% use of antibiotic prophylaxis in clean surgery and just 9.2% use clindamycin in combination.ConclusionThis survey has broadened the scope regarding H&N surgical safety around the globe. Identifying innovative ways in which surgical care may be improved is mandatory.