AST/ALT比值在慢性肝病患者中的特点和判断预后价值

目的 分析不同病因、不同病情的慢性肝病患者天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶比值(AST/ALT)的特点,评价AST/ALT比值判断慢性肝病患者预后方面的价值.方法 对534例不同病因的肝硬化、原发性肝癌患者的住院资料进行分析,比较各类患者AST/ALT比值的特点.运用接受者运行曲线(ROC)及曲线下面积,比较AST/ALT比值与终末期肝病模型(MELD)、Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP)分级(CC)和评分(CS)在判断慢性肝病患者中短期预后方面的准确性;运用非参数相关分析,计算Spearman相关系数,分析三者之间的相关性.结果 在原发性肝癌患者,AST/ALT比值明显高于肝硬化患者(P＜0.05);病毒性肝病患者和非病毒性肝病患者的AST/ALT比值无明显差异(P=0.852).死亡患者的AST/ALT比值明显高于生存患者的平均值(P=0.000);随着CTP分级的升高,AST/ALT比值也逐渐升高,A、B、C三级之间的AST/ALT比值具有显著差异(P＜0.05).AST/ALT比值和MELD、CS及CC在判断慢性肝病患者生存3个月的ROC曲线下面积分别是0.88、0.92、0.69和0.59,判断生存1年时间的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.64、0.77、0.65和0.63;AST/ALT比值与MELD、CS和CC三者之间的相关系数分别是0.185、0.291和0.297(P=0.000).结论 AST/ALT比值随着肝脏病变的加重而逐渐升高.AST/ALT比值和MELD在判断慢性肝病患者短期预后方面是较好的指标.AST/ALT比值和MELD、CS、CC三者之间具有显著相关性.     

终末期肝病模型及Child—Pugh分级对失代偿期肝硬化患者的预后分析

目的探讨终末期肝病模型（MELD）及Child—Pugh评分对失代偿期肝硬化预后评估的应用价值。方法应用MELD评分公式及Child—Pugh分级对136例失代偿期肝硬化患者进行评分及分级,比较两种系统对肝硬化预后的评估。结果分别有19．85％和33．82％患者3个月和6个月内死亡,死亡组MELD和Child—Pugh评分均高于生存组（P〈0．001）;MELD评分在3个月预后评估的ROC曲线AUC高于Child—Pugh评分（P〈0．05）;生存分析表明MELD与Child—Pugh评分均可有效地分辨6个月内可能生存及死亡的患者（P〈0．005）;MELD评分与Child评分显著相关（r=0．67,P〈0．001）。结论MELD评分及Child—Pugh评分均可预测失代偿期肝硬化患者短期预后,MELD评分短期评估优于Child—Pugh分级。     

终末期肝病模型对肝硬化住院患者预后评估的临床意义

目的　探讨终末期肝病模型 (MELD)对肝硬化住院患者预后评估的价值。方法　 1999- 0 1～ 2 0 0 3-0 1同济大学东方医院消化科分别记录 16 7例肝硬化患者入院当天的MELD评分和Child Pugh评分 ,检验两种评分系统的相关性 ,以受试者工作特征曲线 (ROC)下面积衡量各评分系统预测患者预后的能力。结果　 16 7例住院患者中上消化道出血、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征及自发性腹膜炎等并发症的发生率分别为 33 5 %、2 0 9%、4 8%、6 6 %。在住院期间有 33名患者死亡 ,主要死因是上消化道出血、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征及自发性腹膜炎 ,分别占 39 4 %、30 3%、2 1 2 %、9 1%。生存组MELD及Child Pugh评分分别为 14 1± 5 2 6、8 74± 2 15 ,死亡组分别为 2 3 8± 10 2 ,11 0 3± 2 36 (P <0 0 1) ,MELD评分和Child Pugh评分显著相关 (r =0 71,P <0 0 1)。MELD评分与Child Pugh评分的ROC曲线下面积分别为 0 82 9、0 75 6 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　MELD是住院肝硬化患者生存预后评估的一个较好的预测指数 ,其评估效率优于Child Pugh评分 ,值得临床应用。     

ICGR15在肝硬化断流术前评估肝脏储备功能的应用价值

目的 探讨吲哚菁绿试验15 min滞留率(ICGR15)在评估肝硬化断流术前肝脏储备功能的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析我院收治的75例肝硬化行断流术的患者,Child - Pugh A级患者55例,Child - Pugh B级患者20例.手术方式均为贲门周围血管离断术.对Child - Pugh A、B级两组患者术前测定的ICGR15及肝功能良好组和肝功能不全组间年龄、ALT、TBil、PT、Alb、ICGR15值、Child - Pugh评分进行比较,并应用ROC曲线评价ICGR15值的评估价值.结果 Child - Pugh A、B级两组ICGR15值分别为(17.98±12.12)％、(34.19 ±9.90)％,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01);肝功能良好组和肝功能不全组间ICGR15值、Child - Pugh评分差异存在统计学意义(P＜0.01),年龄、ALT、TBil、PT、Alb差异无统计学意义(P＞0.01);ROC曲线下面积为0.971,差异有统计学意义(P =0.000).结论 ICGR15值是肝硬化断流术前评估肝脏储备功能较好的指标.     

终末期肝病模型评分差值对失代偿期肝硬化患者预后评估的价值

目的 评价终末期肝病模型（MELD）近期变化（AMELD）对我国失代偿期肝硬化患者短期（3个月）预后的预测价值。方法回顾性分析具有完整病历资料和随访结果的116例失代偿期肝硬化患者,计算每例患者入院时的MELD值及Child—Pugh评分,1个月后再次行MELD评分,根据两次MELD值之差计算AMELD。并以受试者工作曲线（ROC曲线）及曲线下面积（AUC）比较MELD、Child—Pugh、AMELD预测失代偿期肝硬化患者3个月生存率的准确性。结果116例患者随访3个月内有34例患者死亡,死亡组AMELD（3．43±2．58）与生存组（0．33±0．55）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）;AMELD、MELD、Child Pugh评分对3个月预后评估的Auc分别为0．845、0．787、0．712,AMELD对失代偿期肝硬化患者短期预后评估价值显著优于初始MELD及Child—Pugh评分（P〈0．01）。结论AMELD是判断失代偿期肝硬化患者短期预后的一个较好的指标,其准确性优于MELD及Child—Pugh评分和分级。     

不同非侵入性标记物预测肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张出血的效能分析

目的 评估不同非侵入性标记物预测肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张出血(esophageal varices blooding,EVB)的效能。方法 2016年1月至2019年2月,纳入了在6个月内接受CT和上消化道胃镜检查的86例肝硬化患者。通过ROC曲线评估瞬时弹性成像技术(FibroScan)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)与丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)比值(AST/ALT)、AST与血小板比值指数(APRI)、血小板计数与脾脏直径(PL/SD)、纤维化指数-4(FIB-4)、纤维化指数、King评分对EVB的诊断性能。结果 在86例肝硬化患者中,有21例出现EVB,发生率为24.4%。与非EVB组相比,EVB组患者的血红蛋白显著降低(P0.05),而FibroScan值显著升高(P0.05)。ROC分析结果显示,FibroScan值在预测EVB方面具有最高的特异性(75.3%)、PPV(51.3%)、AUC(0.70)和准确度(70.2%)。logistic回归分析显示,EVB与FibroScan值之间存在显著相关性(OR=1.57;95%CI:1.15-2.14),而其他非侵入性标记物(纤维化指数、King评分、APRI、PL/SD和AST/ALT)未显示与EVB存在显著关联。结论 FibroScan值是肝硬化患者EVB最可靠的预测因子。尽管诊断准确率低,FibroScan值是最有效的非侵入性肝纤维化标志物,可作为EVB的初步筛查工具。     

失代偿期肝硬化患者的终末期肝病模型预后分析

目的尝试性研究终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分系统与失代偿期肝硬化患者短期(3个月) 预后的关系;研究Child—Pugh分级与失代偿期肝硬化患者3个月预后的关系。方法应用MELD模型公式及Child—Pugh分级对110例住院治疗的失代偿期肝硬化患者进行评分及分级,同时了解其3个月内的病死率。结果39例患者在3个月内死亡。MELD10～19、20～29、≥30分患者3个月的病死率分别为38.18%、64.71%、75.00%,明显高于MELD≤9分患者(11.76%,P<0.05)。MELD≥18分患者3个月的病死率明显高于MELD<18分患者(58.06%与26.58%,x2=9.643,P<0.01)。Child A级患者3个月病死率为14.89%,B级为42.55%,C级为75.00%。结论MELD模型能准确预测肝硬化失代偿期患者短期的临床预后,而Child—Pugh分级也可准确预测失代偿期肝硬化患者3个月的病死率。     

肝硬化患者肠黏膜通透性与Child—Pugh分级的相关性研究

目的探讨肝硬化患者肠黏膜通透性（IP）与Child—Pugh分级的相关性及肠道去污剂对肝硬化患者肠道屏障功能及肝功能状态的影响。方法按Child—Pugh分级标准将76例肝硬化患者分为A、B、C3组,并选择30例体检者作为对照组,采用高压液相色谱法检测各组患者尿液乳果糖／甘露醇排出比（L／M）;给予76例肝硬化患者选择性肠道去污剂,比较用药前后各组患者肝功能Child—Pugh分级和肠黏膜通透性。结果肝硬化患者尿乳果N／甘露醇排出比明显高于对照组（0．208±0．025vs0．057±0．019）,肝硬化患者按Child。Pugh分级各组尿乳果糖／甘露醇排出比也均明显高于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0．01）;采用Spearman等级相关分析发现,肝功能Child—Pu巾评分与乳果糖／甘露醇排出比呈正相关（r=0．658,P〈0．05）;给予肠道去污药物2周后肝硬化Child-Pugh分级各组患者尿液乳果糖／甘露醇排出比与治疗前比较均明显下降（P〈0．05）,各组Child—Pugh评分均有改善。结论肝硬化患者的肠黏膜通透性与肝功能Child—Pugh评分呈正相关,即肠道通透性随肝功能下降而升高,肠黏膜通透性对于肝硬化患者的诊断和治疗有临床意义。     

血清学指标联合终末期肝病模型用于失代偿期肝硬化患者预后预测模型的研究

目的探讨血清学指标联合终末期肝病模型(MELD)对失代偿期肝硬化患者预后的预测价值。方法选取我院2015年1月—2018年1月收治的失代偿期肝硬化患者60例,均给予拉米夫定+阿德福韦酯片治疗。根据其6个月内的预后情况分成预后良好组、预后不良组。患者均于入院当日采集血样检测血清总胆红素(TBil)、肌酐(Scr)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白蛋白(Alb)、血钠(Na~+)、白细胞计数(WBC)水平,根据MELD标准对患者进行评分。比较两组各血清学指标水平与MELD评分,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析各指标对患者预后的预测价值,获得最佳截断值以及相应的敏感度、特异度。结果在60例患者中,有16例显效,27例有效,17例无效,总有效率为71.67%。预后良好组的血清TBil、Scr、AST、ALT水平及MELD评分低于预后不良组,血清Alb水平高于预后不良组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血清TBil、Scr、AST、ALT、Alb水平及MELD评分预测患者预后的曲线下面积分别为0.804、0.725、0.772、0.737、0.653、0.695。各血清学指标联合MELD评分预测预后的曲线下面积为0.813。结论血清TBil、Scr、AST、ALT、Alb水平联合MELD评分对失代偿期肝硬化患者的短期预后具有一定预测价值。     

HBV DNA联合ALT对HBeAg阴性慢性活动性乙型肝炎的诊断价值

[目的]探讨HBV DNA联合ALT对HBeAg阴性慢性活动性乙型肝炎的诊断价值。[方法]选取2014年8月-2015年11月于我院诊治的HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者320例,根据肝组织活检结果分为慢性活动性乙型肝炎（229例）与慢性非活动性乙型肝炎（91例）,采用ROC曲线分析天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、HBV DNA、HBV DNA联合ALT诊断HBeAg阴性慢性活动性乙型肝炎的价值。[结果]与非活动性乙肝组比较,活动性乙肝组患者AST、ALT、HBV DNA水平较高（P〈0.001）。ROC曲线图显示,AST、ALT、HBV DNA、HBV DNA联合ALT曲线下面积分别为0.798、0.846、0.852、0.953（P〈0.05）。以AST≥40IU/L为标准诊断HBeAg阴性慢性活动性乙型肝炎时,其敏感性为78.4%、特异性为64.5%;以男性ALT≥30IU/L、女性ALT≥19IU/L为标准时,敏感性为90.3%、特异性为54.4%;以HBV DNA≥1×105cps/ml为标准时,敏感性为52.3%、特异性为98.4%;以男性ALT≥30IU/L、女性ALT≥19IU/L联合HBV DNA≥1×105cps/ml为标准时,敏感性为90.2%、特异性为98.6%。[结论]HBV DNA联合ALT诊断HBeAg阴性慢性活动性乙型肝炎的价值高于单用AST、ALT、HBV DNA,可以男性ALT≥30IU/L、女性ALT≥19IU/L联合HBV DNA≥1×105cps/ml为标准诊断HBeAg阴性慢性活动性乙型肝炎。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.