高频通气治疗COPD呼吸衰竭18例疗效分析

于传统治疗的基础上应用高频喷射通气治疗COPD呼吸衰竭18例。结果表明，当采用高频喷射通气频率110次／分，氧气驱动压力98～147kPa，血气分析示，PaO2、PaO2／FiO2较治疗前明显改善（P＜0．05），PaCO2亦明显升高（P＞0.05）；采用频率90次／分，氧气驱动压力50kPa，加用呼吸中枢兴奋剂，动脉血PaO2、PaO2／FiO2改善明显（P＜0．01），PaCO2治疗前后变化无统计学差异（P＞0．05）；高频喷射通气以较低流量供氧时，PaO2，PaO2／FiO2提高显著（P＜0．01），而PaCO2无明显升高（P＞0．05）。因此，适当调整高频喷气治疗的频率和压力对伴有CO2潴留的COPD呼衰，纠正低氧血症，仍然安全有效。     

60s深呼吸8次法与传统吸氧去氮法比较

目的：对全麻插管诱导前60s深呼吸8次法与传统吸氧去氮法进行比较。方法：20例气管插管患者随机分为吸氧去氮组（3MIN组）与60s深呼吸8次组（8DB组），入手术室后在呼吸空气情况下采集动脉血气标本测定血气分析，并记录SpO2值。3MIN组采用完全密闭面罩，氧流量10L，麻醉机活瓣旋开以15次／min频率自然呼吸3min。8DB组在相同条件下在60s内深呼吸8次。吸氧结束时记录SpO2和动脉血的血气分析，在相同条件下快诱导插管，插管后在无呼吸状态下保持气管导管开放，记录各例患者SpO2降至97％、95％，93％的时间，在SpO2降至93％时采集动脉血标本测定血气分析。结果：3MIN组患者SpO2降至97％、95％、93％各时点的时间均与8DB组相近（P〉0．05）；3MIN组吸氧后PaO2与8DB组相近（P〉0．05），SpO2降至93％时两组PaO2相近（P〉0．05）；3MIN组吸氧后PaCO2降低值与8DB组相近（P〉0．05），PaO2降至93％时3MIN组PaCO2与8DB组相近（P〉0．05）。结论：全麻诱导前的给氧方法中，60s深呼吸8次法与传统吸氧去氮法比较有相同的优点。     

双腔鼻导管联合无重吸入面罩持续吸氧对冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者氧疗指标的影响

目的：观察双腔鼻导管吸氧联合无重吸入面罩（去除储氧囊）吸氧方式对冠状动脉旁路移植术后（ CABG）患者吸氧效果的影响。方法采用方便抽样法,选取40例CABG后拔除气管插管的患者,比较使用双腔鼻导管吸氧与双腔鼻导管联合无重吸入面罩（去除储氧囊）吸氧前后患者脉搏血氧饱和度（ SpO2）、动脉血氧分压（ PaO2）、动脉二氧化碳分压（ PaCO2）、动脉血pH值、动脉血氧饱和度（ SaO2）等氧疗指标的变化。结果患者单独使用双腔鼻导管吸氧后其 SpO2为（92．35＆#177;1．44）％,PaO2为（66．70＆#177;7．30）mmHg,SaO2为（93．33＆#177;1．91）％;联合应用无重吸入面罩（去除储氧囊）后,患者SpO2为（97．33＆#177;2．02）％,PaO2为（91．88＆#177;22．46）mmHg,SaO2为（96．750＆#177;1．90）％,与仅使用双腔鼻导管吸氧相比,各指标显著升高,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（ t 值分别-16．009,-7．138,-10．203;P ＜0．05）。联合应用无重吸入面罩（去除储氧囊）后,患者PaCO2为（40．38＆#177;5．60） mmHg,与仅使用双腔鼻导管吸氧比较无明显变化,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。两种吸氧方式患者动脉血pH值变化均在正常范围内。结论 CABG术后患者使用双腔鼻导管联合无重吸入面罩持续吸氧,可以更有效地提高患者PaO2及SpO2水平,迅速缓解患者的缺氧状况,且不增加CO2潴留。     

压缩雾化吸入对全身麻醉开胸术后患者的影响

目的 探讨压缩雾化吸入对全身麻醉开胸术后患者的影响.方法 将120例全身麻醉开胸术后患者按随机数字表法分为压缩雾化组与超声雾化组,各60 例,分别采用压缩雾化吸入和超声雾化吸入.比较2组患者雾化吸入治疗前后血气分析指标[动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)]、经皮血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼吸频率(RR)变化及呼吸道刺激症状.结果 雾化吸入后压缩雾化组患者PaO2、SpO2升高较超声雾化组患者明显(P＜0.05);PaCO2降低较超声雾化组患者明显(P＜0.05);呼吸道刺激症状发生率明显低于超声雾化组(P＜0.05).2组患者RR变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05) .结论 压缩雾化吸入在提高全身麻醉开胸术后患者PaO2、SpO2和降低PaCO2,减少呼吸道刺激症状等方面优于超声雾化吸入,提示其为开胸术后患者较理想的雾化方法.     

两种吸氧方法在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中氧疗效果观察

目的 为慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)病人找到一种更有效的家庭氧疗方法.方法 选择40例COPD病人随机分成A、B两组,A组采用单鼻塞吸氧管吸氧,B组采用双鼻塞吸氧管吸氧,并于吸氧前,吸氧后60 min对患者的呼吸频率(R)、脉搏血氧饱和度( SpO2)、动脉血pH值、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)及氧分压(PaO2)进行观察.结果 B氧组与A组比较,PaO2、pH值、SpO2相比差异均有显著意义(P＜0.05).结论 双鼻塞吸氧管吸氧效果优于单鼻塞吸氧管吸氧,是慢性阻塞性肺部疾病病人的一种更有效的家庭氧疗方法.     

两种婴幼儿心脏术后拔除经鼻气管插管方法的比较

目的 探讨婴幼儿心脏术后采用正压通气膨肺联合喉头喷雾法拔除气管插管(简称拔管)与常规边吸引边拔管两种方法对心血管指标、动脉血气、呼吸道并发症的影响差异.方法 将50例10kg以下经鼻气管插管行一期心内畸形矫治术的先天性心脏病婴幼儿随机分为研究组和对照组,各25例.研究组采用正压通气联合喉头喷雾法拔除气管插管,对照组采用常规边吸引边拔除气管插管.比较两组患者拔管前、拔管即刻及拔管后1,5,10,15 min的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、末梢氧饱和度(SpO2);拔管前和拔管后30min,2,6,12 h动脉血气pH值、氧分压(PaO2)及二氧化碳分压(PaCO2);呼吸道并发症发生例数.结果 两组患者MAP、HR、SpO2、pH、PaO2、PaCO2值拔管前差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).拔管后HR、SpO2差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而MAP差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).拔管后各时刻PaO2、PaCO2,拔管后30 min pH值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),拔管后2,6,12h pH值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).研究组拔管期间未发生误吸和喉头水肿并发症,与对照组比较除误吸并发症差异无统计学意义外(P＞0.05),其余差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 正压通气膨肺联合喉头喷雾法拔管可预防低氧血症,稳定血流动力学,改善通气功能,减少呼吸道并发症,是一种安全的拔管方法.     

新型口鼻面罩用于慢性阻塞性肺病病人氧疗效果观察

为观察新型口鼻面罩（Ventrui面罩）和双侧鼻导管氧疗效果,对30例慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期病人吸氧前后动脉血pH值、PaCO2及PaO2进行观察。结果显示：Ventrui面罩吸氧组病人的PaO2上升幅度较大,且迅速,能尽快改善病人的缺氧症状,而不加重二氧化碳潴留,与鼻导管组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。建议对慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期病人使用Ventrui面罩持续吸氧,可迅速改善病人的缺氧症状。     

靶控输注依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼配伍咪达唑仑或丙泊酚用于肠镜检查的观察

目的 观察靶控输注依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼加用咪达唑仑或丙泊酚用于肠镜检查中的麻醉效果.方法 择期ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行电子肠镜检查患者80例,随机分为A组(瑞芬太尼+依托咪酯+咪达唑仑)40例、B组(瑞芬太尼+依托咪酯+丙泊酚)40例.记录麻醉前(T0)、达到目标效应室浓度(T1)、靶控输注2 min(T2)、停药时(T3)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2);抽取T1、T3时点动脉血,检测氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2);记录麻醉诱导时间、停药后清醒时间、靶控输注依托咪酯总量、阿托品、麻黄素用量;观察各组肌颤、体动、恶心、呕吐、呼吸暂停、清醒后头晕等不良反应发生率.结果 两组SBP、DBP、HR、RR、SpO2及PaCO2不同时点比较及组间比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);两组PaO2T1时与T3时组内比较,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);B组清醒时间较A组短(P＜0.05);肌颤、头晕的发生率较A组低(P均＜0.05),体动、恶心、呕吐的发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 靶控输注依托咪酯,配伍小剂量丙泊酚,复合瑞芬太尼,是更适于肠镜检查的麻醉方式.     

纤维支气管镜吸痰治疗对脑卒中重症肺部感染患者的临床疗效

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)吸痰治疗在脑卒中重症肺部感染中的应用价值.方法 收集2010年6月至2013年2月重症肺部感染者108例,随机分为两组,治疗组(54例)予纤支镜吸痰联合常规抗感染治疗,对照组(54例)予常规抗感染治疗,并将两组血气分析指标、体温、临床疗效进行统计学比较.结果 经纤支镜吸痰治疗后,治疗组的酸碱度(pH)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、经皮血氧饱和度(SpO2)均较前明显好转,差异均有显著性差异(P均＜0.01);而对照组的上述指标比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);治疗组治疗后第3天体温下降明显,两组体温比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗组疗效显著高于对照组,两组总有效率比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 经纤支镜吸痰联合常规抗感染治疗脑卒中重症肺部感染患者,是一种有效的方法.     

“30-60-90”规则在新生儿氧疗中的应用

目的 观察采用“30-60-90”规则滴定调节新生儿吸入氧浓度的相关指标变化.方法 选择需要吸氧的新生儿100例,其中早产儿50例,足月儿50例,用脉搏血氧饱和度监测仪监测脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2);采用“30-60-90”规则按照目标SpO2滴定调节吸入氧浓度,稳定半小时后进行血气分析;计算符合要求的调节成功率,用双变量相关分析对SpO2和动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)进行相关性分析.结果 达到PaO2目标范围的调节成功率早产儿为88％,足月儿为92％,平均为90％.经相关分析,早产儿组SpO2和SaO2,以及SpO2和PaO2之间均存在正相关关系(r值分别为0.765,0.593;P =0.000);足月儿组SpO2和SaO2,以及SpO2和PaO2之间均存在正相关关系(r值分别为0.778,0.726;P=0.000).早产儿SpO2和SaO2数值均低于足月儿,差异有统计学意义(Z值分别为-3.175,-2.409;P ＜0.05);两组之间PaO2数值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 “30-60-90”规则是十分方便和有效的床边指导新生儿氧疗的规则,值得推广实施.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.