经T管窦道纤维胆道镜治疗术后肝胆道残余结石失败因素分析

1998年1月至2003年8月间我们经T管窦道纤维胆道镜治疗术后肝胆道残余结石406例，其中35例失败，现报告如下。     

应用纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆管残余结石

目的 研究纤维胆道镜取石在肝胆管残余结石治疗上的价值以及彗星征定律的镜外表现。方法 对1996年4月至1999年12月的240例次胆道术后患者进行纤维胆道镜经T管窦道取石。结果 结石取净率达98.1%。结论 取石前胆汗色泽如呈米汤术改变或有絮状物,则必有结石残留。     

纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆管残余结石的评价

肝胆管结石是我国较常见的疾病,目前对其治疗以外科手术为主,但手术治疗残余结石难以避免,再手术率较高。近10年来我科应用纤维胆道镜治疗术后肝胆管残余结石40例,残余结石取净率为75％。现就纤维胆道镜治疗肝胆管残余结石进行评价。     

应用纤维胆道镜治疗胆道术后残余结石

胆道术后残余结石是胆道术后常见的并发症，纤维胆道镜技术的开展对胆道残余结石的治疗具有十分重要的临床意义。总结我院1986-2006年应用纤维胆道镜技术治疗胆道术后残余结石506例的经验，现报告如下。     

纤维胆道镜治疗术后残余结石和胆道蛔虫

从１９８１年６月到１９９２年１月用ＣＨＦ－Ｂ３型纤维胆道镜检查胆石症术后病人１２０例，发现残余结石４４例，胆道蛔虫１５例。４４例取石９７例次，取出残余结石２１７块，因胆管狭窄结石嵌顿取石失败３例，镜下取４１例，取率９３．１％。１５例胆道蛔虫取出１８例次，取出蛔虫１８条，取净率１００％。镜检后低烧３例， 症发生率４．１６％。本组通过近端套石、末端捅石、泥沙结石冲洗的方法，取残石及蛔虫效果较为满意。并     

肝胆管结石应用纤维胆道镜治疗的体会

肝胆管结石应用纤维胆道镜治疗的体会杨金煜，辛维藩，吴新民，郑大为我院从１９８４年底以来对３１８例肝胆管结石通过外科手术结合纤维胆道镜（以下简称胆道镜）的综合治疗，使肝胆管结石的治疗有明显的提高。现对应用胆道镜术中取石，术后难取结石的治疗的一些体会报告...     

纤维胆道镜在肝胆管结石治疗中的价值

目的 探讨手术和纤胆镜联合治疗肝胆管结石的应用价值。方法 回顾分析1998年9月～2003年6月共380例手术和纤胆镜联合治疗肝胆管结石病人的临床资料。结果 380例肝胆管结石病人术中应用纤胆镜技术后。残留结石率由38％降到12．9％,132例术中纤胆镜发现合并肝内胆管狭窄，其中30例为假性狭窄，经纤胆镜扩张后治愈，其余采用了相应的手术方式。49例残留结石的病人术后均采用纤胆镜取石，残留结石率为1．9％，4例因多次取石费用高而放弃，3例因胆道出血而放弃。结论 肝胆管结石的手术中联合应用纤胆镜可使肝内结石的诊断更明确、取石更有效，并对手术方式的选择有指导意义，术后经T管窦道纤胆镜取石是治疗肝H日管残留结石的的主要手段.     

应用纤维胆道镜治疗术后残余结石和胆道蛔虫

目的 探讨胆道术后残余结石和胆道蛔虫的治疗方法。方法 用胆道镜经T管窦道插入胆道检查51例胆道术后患者,用取石网套取结石,用三爪钳抓取蛔虫。结果 51例发现残余结石41例,取净者38例,结石取净率为92．7％;胆道蛔虫10例,取虫均1次成功,取净率100％,无严重并发症发生。结论 经纤维胆道镜治疗术后残余结石和胆道蛔虫安全、可靠,简单易行,可作为首选治疗方法。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜联合钬激光碎石治疗肝内胆管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合钬激光治疗肝内胆管结石的疗效及应用价值。方法将40例肝内胆管结石患者分为两组,对照组20例,以传统开腹手术配合术中胆道镜取石;观察组20例,以腹腔镜术中胆道镜联合钬激光碎石,比较两组临床疗效。结果观察组中残余结石完全取净18例（90％）,平均手术时间140min,半均住院时间8．3d,无切口感染,术后残余结石2例,经T管窦道胆道镜再次取石。对照组取净结石12例（60％）,平均手术时间125min,平均住院时间14．2d,切口感染4例,术后残余结石8例,经T管窦道配合胆道镜再次取石,其中多次镜下取石3例,再次开腹手术1例。两组在结石取净率、平均手术次数、切口感染率、平均住院时间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,平均手术时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜下钬激光联合胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石,安全、高效、微创。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜联合螺旋水刀碎石治疗肝内胆管结石的临床应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合螺旋水刀碎石治疗肝内胆管结石的临床疗效和应用价值。 方法：比较51例腹腔镜下胆道镜联合螺旋水刀治疗肝内胆管结石和56例开腹手术下胆道镜联合螺旋水刀治疗肝内胆管结石的临床资料,观测指标有结石清除率、手术时间、术后镇痛、肛门排气时间、术后并发症等。 结果：两组患者在结石清除率、性别、年龄、结石大小等比较差异无统计学意义。开腹组和腹腔镜组患者在手术时间（min）（150.3±36.5 vs 176.4±41.1,P = 0.003）、术后镇痛（41例 vs 14例,P = 0.005）、肛门排气时间（h）（57.2±13.7 vs 29.1±8.1,P = 0.000）、术后并发症（18例 vs 5例,P = 0.009）等方面比较,差异有统计学意义。 结论：腹腔镜下胆道镜联合螺旋水刀碎石治疗肝内胆管结石是安全、微创、有效的方法。     

肝胆动态显像对胆管结石手术前后肝胆排泄功能变化的观察

目的　应用肝胆动态显像研究胆管结石手术治疗前后肝胆排泄功能的变化及肝胆动态显像在胆道梗阻的临床应用。方法　通过对９ 例正常志愿者及１８ 例胆管结石病人手术治疗前后共行肝胆动态显像检查４０ 次。计算胆总管,胆囊及肠道显像时间,应用ＲＯＩ（感兴趣区域） 技术,得到ＴＡＣ（ 时间活性曲线） 及Ｔ１／２排泄时间和Ｒｅｘｃｒ６０排泄率。结果　各组数据正常与治疗前及手术治疗前后进行比较。正常组与治疗前,各数据差异有显著意义（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１）。对手术治疗病人,治疗前后胆总管及肠道显像时间差别无统计学意义,但Ｔ１／２ 排泄和Ｒｅｘｃｒ６０ 排泄率则差异有显著意义（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１）。结论　结果表明肝胆动态显像检查可以显示出胆管结石时肝胆排泄功能的异常,ＲＯＩ技术能够提高早期胆道梗阻的诊断率。对术后的功能评价,不能仅依靠传统的显像时间来判断,而应该结合Ｔ１／２ 排泄及Ｒｅｘｃｒ６０ 排泄率。     

围术期个性化护理干预在肝胆外科手术护理中的临床应用

目的 对围术期个性化护理干预在肝胆外科手术护理中的应用价值作出分析。方法 选择中山市人民医院收治的70例肝胆手术患者作为研究对象,依据干预措施的差异将其分为对照组和干预组两组,每组各35例。对照组接受常规护理干预,干预组在常规组基础上接受个性化护理干预。比较两组汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)与汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)评分、术后恢复情况及并发症发生率。结果 干预组HAMD、HAMA评分均低于对照组;进食、排气、排便、下床及住院时间则均短于对照组(P<0.05);此外,干预组感染、胸腔积液、腹腔出血等并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 在肝胆外科手术围术期护理中采用个性化护理干预可明显改善患者心理状态,缩短康复进程,减少并发症。     

Liver resection as the definitive treatment for unilateral non-oriental primary intrahepatic lithiasis

BACKGROUND: The current study sought to evaluate the results of liver resection as the treatment for unilateral non-oriental primary intrahepatic lithiasis (PHIL). METHODS: Twenty-seven symptomatic patients (mean age 42 years) were submitted to liver resection; the indications were parenchymal fibrosis/atrophy in 22 and biliary stenosis in 5. Resection was associated with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in patients with a significant degree of dilation of the extrahepatic biliary duct. RESULTS: There was no operative mortality and the morbidity rate was 7.4% (2 patients with biliary fistula). After a median follow-up of 41.2 months, the overall rate of good results was 92.6%. All patients submitted to liver resection alone presented good late results, while 80% of those with associated hepaticojejunostomy did not have complications (P = .12). Late complications were observed in 2 patients (7.4%): 1 with a liver abscess and 1 with cholangitis and recurrent stones. There was no mortality during long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Liver resection showed low incidence of complications and good long-term results. None of the patients with unilateral disease without associated extrahepatic bile duct dilation presented complications and they were considered cured. We believe that resection indications should be expanded and the procedure should be indicated as routine in patients with unilateral PHIL even in the absence of parenchymal fibrosis/atrophy or biliary stenosis.     

Surgical resection for non-Asian intrahepatic lithiasis: The Brazilian experience

BackgroundIntrahepatic lithiasis (IHL) is a rare disease in the western world. Complications associated with IHL include acute cholangitis, liver atrophy, secondary biliary cirrhosis, and risk for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Liver resection is considered the treatment of choice for IHL. The objective of this study was to analyze patients who underwent liver resection for non-Asian hepatolithiasis.Methods127 patients with symptomatic non-Asian hepatolithiasis underwent resection in six institutions. Demographic data, clinical presentation, diagnosis, classification according to stone location, presence of atrophy, bile duct stricture, biliary cirrhosis, incidence of cholangiocarcinoma, treatment and postoperative course were evaluated.Results52 patients (40.9%) were male and the mean age was 46.1 years. Sixty-six patients (51.9%) presented with history of cholangitis. Stones were located in the left lobe in 63 (49.6%), and right lobe in 28 patients (22.0%). Atrophy was observed in 31 patients (24.4%) and biliary stenosis in 18 patients (14.1%). The most common procedure performed was left lateral sectionectomy in 63 (49.6%) patients, followed by left hepatectomy in 36 (28.3%), right hepatectomy in 19 (15.0%), and associated hepaticojejunostomy in 28 (22.0%). Forty-two patients (33.0%) presented postoperative complications and the most common were biliary fistula (13.3%) and surgical site infection (7.0%). Postoperative mortality was 0.7%. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was observed in 2 patients (1.5%). Recurrence was identified in 10 patients (7.8%), mostly with bilateral stones and/or hepaticojejunostomy.ConclusionLiver resection is the standard treatment for symptomatic unilateral or complicated IHL with good operative results. Risk of cholangiocarcinoma was low in non-Asian patients.     

肝胆管结石并狭窄的外科治疗研究

目的　探讨肝胆管结石并狭窄外科治疗的有效方式。方法　总结６８ 例肝胆管结石并狭窄病人的诊疗结果、经验和体会。联合运用肝叶切除、狭窄胆管切开整形、胆肠吻合、盲袢置于皮下为主的方式方法治疗。结果　术后残留结石１７ 例，无死亡，随访５６ 例，随访时间１ － １０ 年，优良率８８．４２％ ，差者４ ．７３ ％ ，效果满意。结论　充分把握病情，合理选用并联合运用不同的方法是本病治疗的最佳选择。     

肝胆术后胆漏的非手术治疗

目的探讨运用无创和微创治疗胆漏的方法。方法对近5年来31例肝胆术后胆漏非手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。本组31例均采用非手术治疗。结果除1例带管出院、1例晚期胆管癌自动出院外，其余均痊愈出院，总治愈率93．5％(29／31)。结论在做好再手术准备的前提下，肝胆术后胆漏可选择无创和微创治疗。     

Intrahepatic periductal glands and their significance in primary intrahepatic lithiasis

Resected hepatic tissues of 24 patients with primary intrahepatic lithiasis were examined histo-pathologically. Calcium bilirubinate stones, cellular debris and mucinous substances occupied the lumen of large dilated intrahepatic bile ducts. Numerous mucin secreting glands were seen within or around the wall of these bile ducts. Similar structures were demonstrated in two patients with non calculous congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Cholestasis was often absent in the hepatic parenchyma. Production of intrahepatic gallstones may be caused by not only biliary stasis and infection, but also by intraductal mucin and slow flowing bile in combination with cellular debris, bile pigment and other bile components. Presented at the Third Annual Meeting of the International Biliary Association, New York, May 21, 1981     

Minimally invasive treatment of cholecysto-choledocal lithiasis:The point of view of the surgical endoscopist

The rate of choledocholithiasis in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis is estimated to be approximately 10%-33%,depending on the patient’s age.Development of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Laparoscopic Surgery and improvement of diagnostic procedures have influenced new approaches to the management of common bile duct stones in association with gallstones.At present available minimally-invasive treatments of cholecysto-choledocal lithiasis include:single-stage laparoscopic treatment,perioperative endoscopic treatment and endoscopic treatment alone.Published data evidence that,associated endoscopic-laparoscopic approach necessitates increased number of procedures per patient while single-stage laparoscopic treatment is associated with a shorter hospital stay.However,current data does not suggest clear superiority of any one approach with regard to success,mortality,morbidity and cost-effectiveness.Considering the variety of therapeutic options available for management,a critical appraisal and decision-making is required.endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography/EST should be adopted on a selective basis,i.e.,in patients with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis,severe biliary pancreatitis,ampullary stone impaction or severe comorbidity.In a setting where all facilities are available,decision in the selection of the therapeutic option depends on the patients,the number and size of choledocholithiasis stones,the anatomy of the cystic duct and common bile duct,the surgical history of patients and local expertise.