引入高斯函数的互信息法多模态图像配准

目的：最大互信息作为相似度测量在医学图像配准中已被广泛应用。在计算图像互信息时,为了避免引入新的灰度值一般采用部分体积插值统计两幅图像的联合直方图。但用该方法计算中,当图像平移整数点时,统计联合直方图会出现缺陷,使目标函数出现局部极值,从而造成误配准。方法：将高斯函数引入到直方图统计中,选取适当的邻域,用高斯函数计算邻域内各点像素对联合直方图的贡献。利用高斯函数的平滑性,避免了在互信息计算过程中统计图像联合直方图时出现误差。使用Powell优化方法,寻找最佳的优化参数,实现图像的最佳配准。结果：采用CT-PET数据进行实验,该方法平滑了目标函数,有效地消除了局部极值,提高了多模态图像配准的精确性,并且,对噪音图像配准也产生很好的效果。结论：该方法适用于多模态医学图像配准,克服了传统互信息计算时的不足,提高了配准的正确率和精确度。     

生物组织连续切片图像的配准与三维显示

连续组织切片图像的的三维重建和显示，是一种重要的形态学研究方法，三维重建过程中，首先要对连续切片图像进行配准，本文首先介绍了作者提出的用于自动图像配准的分割一计数法，该方法通过对图像做简单的阈值分割，将优化的准则函数定义为图像的联合直方图特定区域上的计数值，大大加快了配准速度，然后将该方法用于小鼠胚胎的连续切片图像配准，得到空间上配准的三维数据场，为三维显示奠定了基础，最后给了一个初步的表面绘制结果。     

基于混合互信息和改进粒子群优化算法的医学图像配准方法

为满足医学图像辅助诊断与治疗的需要,提出一种基于混合互信息和改进粒子群优化算法的医学图像配准方法。在每次迭代时,首先使用基于Renyi熵的改进粒子群优化算法对图像进行全局搜索,再使用基于Shannon熵的Powell算法对当前得到的最优解进行局部寻优。实验图像为60幅模拟图像和10幅临床图像,对70幅图像进行单模态和多模态的医学图像配准实验,所提出算法的单模态医学图像配准结果均达到亚像素级。在多模态医学图像配准实验中,采用5种性能指标,评价配准结果的质量。同3种医学图像配准算法进行比较,结果显示新算法除计算时间外,其他4项指标均为最优,MI指数、NMI指数和CC指数的均值分别为1.338 6、1.363 1和0.837 8。主观和客观分析显示,所提出算法在精确度和收敛速度方面均优越于其他配准算法。     

基于概率和引力优化模型的医学图像配准

基于互信息的配准方法,其目标函数经常存在许多局部极值,给配准的优化过程带来很大困难。提出一种基于概率模型的引力优化算法,在空间中随机构造参考物体与浮动物体,根据牛顿万有引力定律,搜索空间中质量最大的物体。利用该算法,实现以归一化互信息为相似性测度的医学图像配准实验。实验结果表明,这种方法能够有效地克服互信息的局部极值,在配准精度、配准时间和抗噪性方面都有较好的性能。     

一种改进的条件方差和医学图像配准

多模医学图像配准是将不同医学成像模式提供的影像信息进行融合的关键步骤。条件方差和(SCV)是一种新的用于多模图像配准的相似性测度,但SCV的主要缺点是它仅使用量化信息来计算联合直方图。基于此,设计了一种新的插值函数来计算联合直方图,从而提高SCV的性能。将改进后的SVC用于多模医学图像配准,并与归一化互信息(MI)、交叉累积剩余熵(CCRE)和原SCV进行了比较。实验证明,相比NMI、CCRE和原SCV,本研究方法能配准具有不同空间变换和噪声的图像,具有更高的配准成功率和鲁棒性。     

基于互信息的多光谱图像配准

研究了多模态医学图像配准的一种，即多光谱图像的配准，分析了该配准存在的困难：运算量巨大，速度较慢，占用内存多，提出了用parzen窗口函数来估计概率密度，以及用样本平均来估计熵；在搜索策略上采用了快速有效的模拟退火算法。实验证明，本文的方法很好地解决了多模态配准中存在的问题，能够快速稳定地实现多光谱图像的配准。     

基于互信息的多光谱图像配准

研究了多模态医学图像配准的一种，即多光谱图像的配准，分析了该配准存在的困难：运算量巨大，速度较慢，占用内存多，提出了用Parzen窗口函数来估计概率密度，以及用样本平均来估计熵；在搜索策略上采用了快速有效的模拟退火算法。实验证明，本文的方法很好地解决了多模态配准中存在的问题，能够快速稳定地实现多光谱图像的配准。     

基于多目标交叉变异粒子群算法的多模医学图像非刚性配准

以互信息为相似性测度,采用B样条变换对多模态医学图像进行非刚性配准时,由于噪声及图像插值等原因造成的互信息局部极值使得传统优化方法不能搜索到最佳配准参数。为此,使用粒子群智能优化方法作为搜索策略,以降低对图像预处理的要求,进一步提高基于互信息的非刚性配准的鲁棒性。为了克服粒子群算法受初始值选取等因素的影响易陷于局部最优的缺点,使用LBFGS优化得到的结果构造初始粒子群,采用多目标优化方法结合交叉变异策略加以改进,使得算法在解空间搜索的遍历性得到改善,优化结果更接近全局最优。MR-T2与MR-PD图像的配准实验证明,该方法提高了基于互信息的B样条非刚性配准的鲁棒性,配准率达到94%;CT与PET图像的配准实验表明该方法相比惯性权重粒子群算法提高了配准精度,互信息增加了0.026;另外,CT与CBCT图像的配准实验也验证了本方法的有效性。     

基于调幅-调频与熵图多模态医学图像的配准

背景：基于传统互信息量的多模态医学图像配准方法配准时需要利用二维直方图或者Parzen窗函数的方法估计概率密度分布,进而计算互信息量,这种方式计算速度慢,而且只考虑了图像的灰度信息,容易出现误配。 目的：针对目前主流的配准方法鲁棒性差、耗时的缺点,提出了一种新的基于调幅-调频(AM-FM)特征互信息量的快速配准方法。 方法：该方法考虑了图像的空间和结构信息;首先通过AM-FM模型对图像进行分解,得到图像的AM-FM特征,与图像的灰度特征一起组成高维特征;然后利用熵图和最小生成树加快AM-FM特征互信息量的计算,从而实现了医学图像的快速配准。 结果与结论：对20组磁共振T1-T2加权图像、CT/正电子发射计算机断层成像图像进行了实验,结果表明该方法在图像空间分辨率较低,有噪声影响等情况下均可以达到较好的结果,且配准精度优于国际上的主流方法,具有计算速度快,精度高,鲁棒性强的特点,适于临床应用。     

心脏灌注磁共振成像的图像配准

医学时序图像的配准是医学图像分析诊断的基础，也是图像融合等图像处理需要先行解决的问题。本研究提出了一种新的基于图像分割和相关法的算法，用于准确、快速实现心脏灌注核磁共振成像(MRI)图像的配准。该方法以图像相关系数为目标函数，利用迭代运算确定心脏图像的水平位移、垂直位移和旋转角度等参数。该算法优点在于充分考虑了心肌灌注图像的特殊性以及被测对象的身体物理运动、生理运动。结果表明，此方法能有效地对心脏灌注磁共振图像进行配准处理。     

大鼠松质骨切片图像的三维重建与定量分析

本文研究动物松质骨连续切片图像数据集的获取、分割、配准、及三维重建的技术方法.利用病理切片和图像数码摄入技术,获取了大鼠腰椎松质骨连续切片图像数据集,用基于外置标记点和分割-计数法两种方法进行参数计算,依参数对图像进行刚体变换完成配准,将配准后的切片图像输入二维图像处理软件进行分割,提取感兴趣区域后输入三维重建软件进行三维重建与定量分析.重建后的松质骨三维立体图像呈均匀、致密的立体网状结构,骨小梁连接清晰可见.     

虚拟中国人女性一号松质骨图像数据的配准与三维重建

目的：研究从虚拟人体数据集中松质骨连续切片图像的分割、配准、及三维重建的技术方法。方法：利用现有的虚拟中国人女性一号数据集中腰椎和股骨部分解剖连续切片数据集，用基于外置标记点和分割—计数法两种方法进行参数计算，依参数对图像进行刚体变换完成配准，将配准后的切片图像输入二维图像处理软件进行分割，提取感兴趣区域后输入三维重建软件进行三维重建。结果：重建后的松质骨三维立体图像呈均匀、致密的立体网状结构，骨小梁连接清晰可见。结论：利用现有软件及技术可重建虚拟人体的精细结构。     

基于Mimics软件虚拟人膝关节三维图像融合实验

背景：国内外已有学者利用不同的方法对人体膝关节进行三维建模,根据各自研究侧重点不同,在方法和最终效果上各有不同。 目的：根据不同模态中膝关节影像的特点,将膝关节建模结果进行配准、融合,为进一步生物力学研究提供一种方便的方法。 方法：采用Mimics V 10.0软件根据膝关节在CT和MR断层图像的特点,选择不同分割算法进行膝关节解剖组织分割,并对不同的分割图像进行三维重建。 结果与结论：基于逆向工程原理,利用虚拟人膝关节连续CT断面图像分别重建出膝关节的骨性结构如股骨、胫骨、腓骨、髌骨;并利用膝关节的连续MRI断面图像重建出半月板、髌韧带、内侧副韧带、前交叉韧带、后交叉韧带等结构,并成功对上述结构进行融合,融合后的三维膝关节模型可以任意角度或单独观察,并可以进行体视学测量。说明通过不同模态图像融合的方法可以建立膝关节的三维模型,为计算机辅助膝关节损伤康复研究奠定基础。     

Medical Image Registration Based on Phase Congruency and Regional Mutual Information

In this paper, a new approach of multimodality image registration is represented with not only image intensity, but also features describing image structure. There are two novelties in the proposed method. Firstly, instead of standard mutual information ( MI ) based on joint intensity histogram, regional mutual information ( RMI ) is employed, which allows neighborhood information to be taken into account. Secondly, a new feature images obtained by means of phase congruency are invariants to brightness or contrast changes. By incorporating these features and intensity into RMI, we can combine the aspects of both structural and neighborhood information together, which offers a more robust and a high level of registration accuracy.     

Non-rigid registration between 3D ultrasound and CT images of the liver based on intensity and gradient information

In order to utilize both ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) images of the liver concurrently for medical applications such as diagnosis and image-guided intervention, non-rigid registration between these two types of images is an essential step, as local deformation between US and CT images exists due to the different respiratory phases involved and due to the probe pressure that occurs in US imaging. This paper introduces a voxel-based non-rigid registration algorithm between the 3D B-mode US and CT images of the liver. In the proposed algorithm, to improve the registration accuracy, we utilize the surface information of the liver and gallbladder in addition to the information of the vessels inside the liver. For an effective correlation between US and CT images, we treat those anatomical regions separately according to their characteristics in US and CT images. Based on a novel objective function using a 3D joint histogram of the intensity and gradient information, vessel-based non-rigid registration is followed by surface-based non-rigid registration in sequence, which improves the registration accuracy. The proposed algorithm is tested for ten clinical datasets and quantitative evaluations are conducted. Experimental results show that the registration error between anatomical features of US and CT images is less than 2 mm on average, even with local deformation due to different respiratory phases and probe pressure. In addition, the lesion registration error is less than 3 mm on average with a maximum of 4.5 mm that is considered acceptable for clinical applications.     

Evaluation of cost functions for gray value matching of two-dimensional images in radiotherapy

In external beam radiotherapy, portal imaging is applied for verification of the patient setup. Current automatic methods for portal image registration, which are often based on segmentation of anatomical structures, are especially successful for images of the pelvic region. For portal images of more complicated anatomical structures, e.g., lung, these techniques are less successful. It is desirable to have a method for image registration that is applicable for a wide range of treatment sites. In this study, a registration method for two-dimensional (2D) registration of portal and reference images based on intensity values was tested on portal images of various anatomical sites. Tests were performed with and without preprocessing (unsharp mask filtering followed by histogram equalization) for 96 image pairs and six cost functions. The images were obtained from treatments of the rectum, salivary gland, brain, prostate, and lung. To get insight into the behavior of the various cost functions, cost function values were computed for each portal image for 20,000 transformations of the corresponding reference image, translating the reference image in a range of +/- 1 cm and rotating +/- 10 degrees with respect to the clinical match. The automatic match was defined as the transformation associated with the global minimum (found by an exhaustive search). Without preprocessing, the registration reliability was low (less than 27%). With preprocessing, about 90% of the matches were successful, with a difference with our gold standard (manual registration) of about 1 mm and 1 degree SD. All tested cost functions performed similarly. However, the number of local minima using mutual information was larger than for the other tested cost functions. A cost function based on the mean product of the corresponding pixel values had the least number of local minima. In conclusion, gray value based registration of portal images is applicable for a wide range of treatment sites. However, pre-processing of the images is essential.     

Large deformation three-dimensional image registration in image-guided radiation therapy

In this paper, we present and validate a framework, based on deformable image registration, for automatic processing of serial three-dimensional CT images used in image-guided radiation therapy. A major assumption in deformable image registration has been that, if two images are being registered, every point of one image corresponds appropriately to some point in the other. For intra-treatment images of the prostate, however, this assumption is violated by the variable presence of bowel gas. The framework presented here explicitly extends previous deformable image registration algorithms to accommodate such regions in the image for which no correspondence exists. We show how to use our registration technique as a tool for organ segmentation, and present a statistical analysis of this segmentation method, validating it by comparison with multiple human raters. We also show how the deformable registration technique can be used to determine the dosimetric effect of a given plan in the presence of non-rigid tissue motion. In addition to dose accumulation, we describe a method for estimating the biological effects of tissue motion using a linear-quadratic model. This work is described in the context of a prostate treatment protocol, but it is of general applicability.