透析病人脂蛋白(α)的变化及其与心脑血管事件的关系

目的　研究血透 (HD)与腹透 (PD)病人脂蛋白 (α) [Lp(α) ]水平变化及意义。 方法　分析 4 5例HD及 5 0例PD病人临床及实验室资料 ,比较两种透析方法对Lp(α)及脂质水平影响的差别 ,分析Lp(α)与其他相关因素的关系。结果　两组TG和ApoB均显著增高 ,HDL C显著降低。两组Lp(α)水平均较对照组显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,PD组较HD组更高 (P <0 0 1) ;两组病人Lp(α)水平与UCG、ECG异常及心脑血管事件发生、TC及LDL C浓度正相关 ;而与ALb浓度负相关。结论　透析病人脂质代谢紊乱常见 ,以PD更突出 ,其中Lp(α)、TG、HDL C变化尤显著 ,Lp(α)可能是透析病人并发心脑血管事件的危险因素之一     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者血清脂蛋白a的意义

目的 :了解慢性肾功能衰竭患者的血清蛋白a的变化。方法 :利用免疫比浊法检测 36例慢性肾功能衰竭 (CRF)患者血清脂蛋白a [Lp (a) ]水平 ,并与 89例正常人对照。结果 :CRF患者血清Lp (a)明显于高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 0 1)。 结论 :CRF患者易发生动脉粥样硬化 (AS) ,并发心肌梗死、脑血管和周围血管疾病的机率较高。     

黄芪对血液透析患者肿瘤坏死因子和脂蛋白（a）的影响

目的：探讨黄芪对慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析（HD）患者肿瘤坏死因子－α（TNF-α）和脂蛋白（a)[Lp(a)]的影响。方法：用RIA法和ELISA法分别测定21例HD患者在HD前、后及黄芪治疗后血清TNF－α,Lp(a)、载脂蛋白B（Apo-B)、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（VLDL－C）均升高（P＜0．01）,而Apo-A1,Apo-A1/Apo-B、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C）均降低（P＜0．01）。HD前、后TNF－α和血脂各值均无明显变化（P＞0．05）。黄芪治疗后TNF－α,Lp(a)、TC、TG,LDL－C、VLDL－C均降低（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）,而Apo-A1,Apo-A1/Apo-B,HDL-C均升高（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。结论：（１）维持性ＨＤ患者有TNF－α升高和高脂血症。（２）HD不能纠正TNF－α异常和脂质代谢紊乱。（3）黄芪对维持性HD患者的TNF－α异常和脂质代谢紊乱有调节作用。     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者血清脂蛋白a的意义

目的：了解慢性肾功能衰竭患的血清蛋白a的变化。方法：利用免疫比浊法检测36例慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)患血清脂蛋白a[Lp(a)]水平，并与89例正常人对照。结果：CRF患血清Lp(a)明显于高于正常对照组（P＜0．001），结论：CRF患易发生动脉粥样硬化（AS）。并发心肌梗死，脑血管和周围血管疾病的机率较高。     

维持性血透者CRP与心血管事件的相关性分析

目的:探讨维持性血液透析患者C-反应蛋白(CRP)与心血管事件的关系.方法:选取维持性血液透析患者120例,采用免疫透射比浊法定期检测血脂、脂蛋白[Lp(α)]、血清白蛋白(ALB)、血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)与超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP),以起始hs-CRP正常参考值3 mg/L为分界点分为CRP正常组(54例)与CRP升高组(66例),观察2组患者心血管事件的发生率与病死率,分析维持性血液透析患者C-反应蛋白与心血管事件的关系.结果:CRP升高组心血管事件的发生率和病死率显著高于CRP正常组(P＜0.05).结论:维持性血液透析患者存在慢性微炎症状态,CRP升高是心血管事件的危险因素.     

慢性肺源性心脏病患者血清脂蛋白(a)的临床意义

目的观察慢性肺源性心脏病患者血清脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]的临床意义。方法采用联合火箭电泳法分别检测40例慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、32例慢性肺心病及40例健康志愿者血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TCH)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)及脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]水平。结果COPD及肺心病TG、TCH、HDL、Lp(a)、ApoB升高,LDL、ApoA1、ApoA1/ApoB降低,肺心病组Lp(a)水平较COPD组升高更为明显,各组间比较提示Lp(a)有统计学差异。结论脂蛋白(a)的异常更能反映慢性肺心病的脂质代谢异常,Lp(a)高低与慢性肺心病发病有相关性。     

不同血液净化方式对心血管稳定性影响的临床研究

目的 比较不同血液净化方法对慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)患者心血管稳定性的影响及其内在可能机制.方法 将90例CRF患者随机分为3组.A组(HD组)行每周3次标准血液透析(HD)治疗;B组(HDF组)行每周2次常规标准血液透析(HD)治疗和每周1次血液透析滤过(HDF)治疗;C组(HP组)行每周2次常规标准血液透析(HD)...     

肾脏疾病患者血清脂蛋白(a)的浓度变化及临床研究

目的为探讨肾脏疾病患者血清脂蛋白(a)〔Lp(a)〕的浓度变化与肾功能损害程度的关系。方法应用ELISA法检测50例来我院就诊的肾脏疾病患者血清脂蛋白(a)〔Lp(a)〕及血脂水平。结果检测发现肾病患者存在不同程度的Lp(a)等脂类代谢紊乱,其中肾病综合征患者和糖尿病肾病患者Lp(a)及血脂水平均明显高于正常对照组,(P<0.O1),而慢性肾小球肾炎患者Lp(a)及血脂水平正常或偏低。结论肾脏疾病患者LP(a)水平与肾脏早期损害有关。     

慢性肾脏病第5期患者脂蛋白(a)的变化

目的观察慢性肾脏病第5期(CKD5期)患者脂蛋白a[Lp(a)]变化及血液透析对其影响,并探讨原因。方法透析组80例,非透析组36例,对照组30例,测定Lp(a)、白蛋白、肌酐(Scr)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、载脂蛋白A(ApoA)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB),进行统计分析。结果透析组与非透析组Lp(a)、TG、LDL、ApoB、Scr显著高于对照组(P<0.01),白蛋白显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。透析组与非透析组各指标比较,Scr、白蛋白、HDL显著降低,Lp(a)、TC、TG、LDL、ApoA、ApoB两组间差异无显著性。结论 CKD5期患者Lp(a)升高,血液透析不能改善。     

血液透析患者血清脂蛋白(a)与炎症标志物的变化

目的探讨血液透析患者血清脂蛋白(a)与炎症标志物的变化及其相关性。方法 45例尿毒症血液透析患者分别在透析后测定血清脂蛋白(a)、CRP和IL-6含量。结果透析组脂蛋白(a)、CRP、IL-6含量增高了159.1%、54.5%和151.0%(P<0.01)。血液透析后,在CRP升高患者中,脂蛋白(a)和IL-6的含量较正常者分别增加91.6%和133.8%(P<0.01)。血液透析组患者的脂蛋白(a)含量与CRP和IL-6含量均呈显著的正相关。结论血液透析患者血清脂蛋白(a)与炎症标志物CRP、IL-6水平的变化有显著的相关性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.